"Hadrons are about 1 Fermi in size, and in this area, confinement corresponds to the corresponding number of valence quarks and gluons......"

"In the MIT-bag model (pocket model), quarks and gluons, imprisoned in a pocket, can often be seen as a spherical cavity ......"

"The confinement effect behaves as a boundary condition with a constant energy density B......"

Chen Zhou thought about it while writing the corresponding formula on the scratch paper.

Here, Chen Zhou adopts the same method as the physicists at MIT.

That is, the boundary condition causes the color flow to be 0 at the surface, resulting in a quantized energy level.

Energy density B, which produces a constant energy term, keeps the pocket finite.

And the solution of the equation of motion of the gluons that satisfies the boundary conditions corresponding to the gluon field mode in the cavity is nμGμa=0.

Chen Zhou looked at the solution of this equation and habitually nodded.

Then, quickly write next to the equation:

[where nμ is the normal direction of the cavity surface, Gμa is the gluon field strength tensor, and the lowest mode is calculated as:]

【Transverse Electric JP=1+，xTE=2.844】

【Transverse Electric JP=1-，xTM=4.493】

[From this, the low-mass glue ball state is obtained:

【(TE)?? ，0++，2++，M=960MeV；】

【(TE)(TM)，0-+，2-+，M=1.3GeV；】

【(TE)?? ，0++，1+-，3+-，M=1.45GeV.】

Chen Zhou glanced at what he had written, and took a pen to circle the last three lines of text.

Inside, (TE)?? The pattern corresponds to a three-gluon glue ball.

In fact, under the pocket model, it is possible to study multiple rubber balls with different quantum numbers in depth.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology physicists did just that.

There is also a comparison chart of the quality of the rubber balls under the pocket model.

However, Chen Zhou does not plan to conduct in-depth research for the time being.

After all, it's on an airplane, and it's hard to get into that state of immersion.

And the immersion state is easy to be interrupted.

Therefore, Chen Zhou's current idea is mainly to understand the pocket model.

So that you know what to expect.

Chen Zhou opened the scratch paper, took the pen, and began to study the grid QCD theory.

Speaking of which, Chen Zhou is more curious about the research methods of this theoretical model.

Because studying rubber balls inevitably requires knowledge of the properties of the quantum chromodynamic vacuum.

This involves non-perturbation quantum chromodynamics, which cannot be calculated by standard quantum chromodynamics perturbation.

Therefore, in the study of the physics of quantum chromodynamics non-perturbation energy region, the first principles of quantum chromodynamics are started.

At present, the most reliable method is the lattice QCD theory.

This is also a numerical method known as Lattice QCD.

When thinking of numerical calculations, Chen Zhou thought of what Friedman said, computational physics.

Not only Friedman's praise, Chen Zhou himself also understands that because of mathematics, he is indeed superior to other physicists in numerical calculations.

It's just that it's only relative.

After all, as the saying goes, most of the best physicists are also good mathematicians.

Without sufficient mathematical knowledge and computing power as support, in the world of physics, it will not go far.

Think of Newton and Einstein.

Of course, Chen Zhou and Friedman's criteria for judging are not the same.

Chen Zhou based his own actual measurements, while Friedman relied on those two physics papers.

If you really look at those two papers, Chen Zhou himself knows that it is because of the addition of the wrong question set that he will give people a keen sense of directional judgment.

But from another aspect, the set of wrong questions is Chen Zhou's, and it is Chen Zhou's, so it can also be counted on Chen Zhou.

Therefore, Friedman's assessment is not wrong......

Time passed on the tip of Chen Zhou's pen.

On the scratch paper, the calculated values are left one by one.

It's just that as the calculation unfolded, Chen Zhou's brows couldn't help frowning slightly.

Finally, Chen Zhou slowly stopped his pen and habitually lit on the scratch paper.

This time, Chen Zhou's time will be much longer.

Glance at each step on the scratch paper calculations.

From beginning to end, Chen Zhou made another silent calculation in his heart.

It is important to know that even the theoretical calculation of lattice QCD requires a lot of parameters.

For example, the mass of quarks, the energy scale ΛQCD, the lattice distance r0, and so on.

The embarrassing problem that Chen Zhou is facing now is whether the determination of parameters can meet the corresponding conditions.

After all, the results of theories ultimately need to be verified by experiments.

The uncontrollability of the experiment and the error of the experiment may lead to the failure of the theoretical verification.

This is one of the reasons why some physical problems in computational physics are difficult to solve.

In addition, there is a lack of corresponding algorithms, inability to analyze the corresponding numerical solutions, excessive complexity and chaotic phenomena.

These are all reasons why physical problems are difficult to solve even when computational physics methods are used.

Just like the Stark effect, the solution of the electron wave function requires a very complex set of algorithms to solve.

If you don't get it, you can only solve part of it.

This Stark effect is also a problem in quantum mechanics.

This means that when an atom is in a strong electric field, the behavior of electrons changes accordingly.

In addition, the solution of the Stark effect problem sometimes requires the use of perturbation theory in mathematics to approximate the solution.

Of course, the perturbation theory here refers to the perturbation theory in quantum mechanics.

Chen Zhou didn't like this kind of approximate solution.

What he prefers is the accuracy of the data, or the accuracy of the values.

For example, if there is a calculation related to the speed of light, most people will bring in 3.0×10^8m/s to calculate.

But in precise calculations, the speed of light is 299792458m/s, which is not bad at all!

Maybe that's because Chen Zhou was a mathematician first......

Therefore, Chen Zhou is a little picky when he uses the methods of computational physics.

Of course, this pickiness refers to his calculations of himself.

On the other hand, this is also Chen Zhou's habit all along.

If it weren't for this picky habit, he would not have been praised by Mr. Qiu Chengtong as a person who "calculates extremely rigorously".

After reading the scratch paper in front of him, Chen Zhou read all the contents of the theoretical calculation of grid QCD.

This time, it's not just a look.

Chen Zhou began to look at it while sitting next to him annotating.

It's just that this note is a bit confusing.

In Chen Zhou's own words, it was the previous calculation, and it could not be wrong.

The current calculation is not correct.

It's just that if you think about it, you have to count it again.

If you do a lot of calculations, the data will naturally tell me the answer.

The journey from San Francisco back to Boston is not a short journey from the west coast of the United States to the east coast of the United States.

But except for the necessary toilet time, Chen Zhou almost always sat in his seat, holding a pen and writing on scratch paper, line after line of numbers and matches.

In the past, Chen Zhou didn't know how much scratch paper he could write on a plane.

However, after this voyage, Chen Zhou probably knew.

There are twenty pieces of this densely filled scratch paper!

And this time, the flight time was only a little more than five hours.

In other words, Chen Zhou wrote about four full sheets of A4 scratch paper in an average hour!

Although it is a little slower than his usual efficiency.

But it's not bad.

When he got off the plane, Friedman saw the scratch paper that Chen Zhou was packing up, and said in an appreciative tone: "Your research efficiency is the most efficient among the students I have ever seen!"