Chen Zhou just stood in place.

I stood for a while without moving.

Yang Yiyi turned around and began to busy herself with her own affairs.

She knew that she must not disturb Chen Zhou at this time.

The time that Chen Zhou was stunned alone was much longer than just now.

This shows that Chen Zhou is trying to grasp it at the moment, and that may be the inspiration she brings.

Yang Yiyi was indeed not wrong in what he thought.

At this time, countless thoughts burst out in Chen Zhou's mind.

This is far beyond the idea of a linear representation of the Artin L-function of the Galois group.

As time passed, Chen Zhou settled for nearly 7 minutes.

Finally moved slowly.

Unlike before, this time he walked steadily to his desk.

Glancing at the scratch paper in his hand, Chen Zhou put them back on the table, and said silently in his heart: "You wait first......

I replaced the few refills I had left, and took out a new stack of scratch paper in case I needed it.

Subsequently, Chen Zhou began to engage in this inspirational chase.

As we all know, particle detectors are indispensable tools and means for nuclear physics, particle physics research and radiation applications.

Of course, there are countless physical experiments that require detectors and advanced detection methods, or experiments in other disciplines.

There's more to it than just particle detectors.

But there are many similarities in the so-called detection.

This is also one of the reasons why Chen Zhou asked Yang Yiyi for advice.

Chen Zhou recalled the document he had read and began to write on the scratch paper.

It's not that he hasn't sorted out the principles of detectors, and the types of detectors.

It's just that he thinks that in order to grasp that possible inspiration, it is extremely necessary to comb through these contents again.

As for whether you can find that trace of inspiration from the combing again, and successfully grasp it.

Chen Zhou didn't know.

However, it is man-made.

On the scratch paper, Chen Zhou wrote very quickly:

[When particles interact with the matter inside the detector to produce certain information, such as electricity, light pulses, or changes in the structure of a material.]

It is then amplified and recorded and analysed to determine the number of particles, their position, energy, momentum, time of flight, velocity, mass, and so on.

According to the recording method, particle detectors are roughly divided into two categories: counters and track chambers. 】

Writing this, Chen Zhou habitually took a pen and clicked twice on the scratch paper.

After a brief reminiscence, he continued:

[Counter: Recording and analyzing certain information generated by radiation in the form of electrical pulses.]

Track chamber: Measurement of nuclear radiation by recording and analyzing the track images generated by radiation. 】

After writing this text, Chen Zhou stopped his pen again and habitually lit it on the scratch paper.

It's just that this time there are more dots left on the scratch paper than just now.

Chen Zhou's mind recalled all the particle detectors.

It's not just a matter of what kind of detector is needed in the rubber ball experiment.

Referring to more and less, from quantitative to qualitative change, is a method that Chen Zhou is familiar with.

"For example, there are counter-type particle detectors, the main types are ionization chambers, proportional counters, and Geiger counters, which measure radiation by collecting the ionizing charge generated by the rays in the gas. ”

"and multifilament chambers and drift chambers that are variants of proportional counters, as well as others such as semiconductor detectors, scintillation counters, Cherenkov counters, traversal radiation counters, electromagnetic energizers, ......"

"The structure of gas ionization detectors is basically similar, generally a cylindrical container with two electrodes, filled with a certain gas, and the voltage between the electrodes is ......"

"The difference is that the operating voltage range is different, the ionization chamber operating voltage is lower, and the ion-pairing ...... that is originally generated by the radiation in the gas is directly collected."

"However, the output pulse amplitude of the ionization chamber is small, and the rise time is fast, which can be used for radiation dose measurement and energy spectrum measurement......"

Thinking of this, Chen Zhou muttered: "Structure, deconstruction?"

Immediately, he began to deconstruct the gas ionization detector on scratch paper.

In the face of this sudden idea, Chen Zhou naturally would not let it go.

All the ideas that come out in the process of combing through and looking for possible inspiration.

He won't let it go!

After deconstructing the ionization chamber, Chen Zhou took a closer look at the contents of the scratch paper.

The deconstruction of the proportional counter and the Geiger counter, which are both gas ionization detectors, began.

"In contrast, a proportional counter operates at a higher voltage, which causes the original ions moving at high speed in the electric field to produce more ion pairs, and collect many more ion pairs on the electrodes than the original ones, which is called gas amplification. ”

“...... As a result, a higher output pulse is obtained, and the pulse amplitude is proportional to the energy lost by the incident particle, which is suitable for energy spectrum measurement. ”

"The Geiger counter, also known as the Geiger-Maitreya counter or G-M counter, operates at a higher voltage and has multiple ionization processes. ”

“...... As a result, the amplitude of the output pulse is so high that it is no longer proportional to the number of ion-pairs of the original ionization, and can be recorded without amplification. ”

“...... It can only measure the number of particles, not the energy, and it takes a long time to complete a pulse count......"

When Chen Zhou was engrossed in his own "deconstruction" research, Yang Yiyi deliberately tilted his head to look at him.

I watched it for about 10 seconds.

Then, Yang Yiyi began to think about what takeaway she brought to Chen Zhou today.

Because judging from Chen Zhou's state, there will probably be continuous liver explosion research in the future.

I have to say that the work of deconstruction is not easy to do.

Compared with the previous combing, the time taken this time may be doubled.

And even more than that......

However, time is not about how much, but how you use it.

Spending time on meaningful things is the best way to enjoy it.

After the deconstruction of the gas ionization detector was completed, Chen Zhou began to deconstruct the multifilament chamber and the drift chamber.

Since it is a variant of the proportional counter, these two things are definitely more powerful than the proportional counter.

The reason is simple.

If the proportional counter is sufficient, then why make a multifilament chamber and a drift chamber?

This is also true, as the multifilament chamber and the drift chamber have both a counting function and the ability to distinguish the area through which the charged particles have passed.

Moreover, there is also a progressive relationship between the multifilament chamber and the drift chamber.

The multifilament chamber has many parallel electrode wires that are in working condition with proportional counters.

Each filament and its adjacent space correspond to a detector, which is then connected to a recording instrument.

Therefore, the associated recording instrument records an event only when the probed particle enters the space adjacent to the filament.

In order to reduce the number of electrode filaments, the location of ion generation can be determined by measuring the time of ion drift to the filament, which requires another detector that gives a starting signal and roughly specifies where the event occurred.

The counting device made according to this principle is called a drift chamber.

It has better position resolution up to 50μm.

It's just that the progressive efficiency of the multifilament chamber and the drift chamber is not high.

The allowable count rate of the drift chamber is not as high as that of the multifilament chamber.

Chen Zhou at the desk kept writing the content in his mind with the pen in his hand.

This state of complete immersion efficiently exerts his talent in physics, and also drives his physics thinking, constantly looking for possible inspiration.

As the ink in the refill decreases, there is more and more content on the scratch paper.

The blank pile of scratch paper is also being consumed at an even rate.

This also shows that Chen Zhou's thinking is extremely clear.

It also represents Chen Zhou's purpose, which is absolutely clear.

Approaching 1 p.m., Yang Yiyi first broke away from her own world.

Tilting her head and glancing at Chen Zhou again, she was ready to go buy lunch.

In order not to disturb Chen Zhou, Yang Yiyi tried her best to lighten her movements.

In order not to make the chair move, Yang Yiyi turned around slightly before getting up.

Before leaving the dormitory, the door was also closed with a key twisted.

Because she knows that the current Chen Zhou only needs his own world.

Any superfluous sound, for Chen Zhou, is tantamount to an alien object.

After Yang Yiyi left, about 10 minutes passed, and Chen Zhou put down the pen in his hand.

It's just that after looking at the time, Chen Zhou turned his head and didn't see Yang Yiyi.

After being stunned for a second, Chen Zhou smiled.

Previously, because of Yang Yiyi's advice, he didn't dare to neglect his three meals a day.

But now, he was finally able to study the liver with peace of mind.

At the same time, Chen Zhou still has some feelings, sure enough, when there is still a subject by his side, he can thoroughly explode the liver research......

Without the slightest hesitation, Chen Zhou decisively rushed into the world of particle detectors that he had just left.

"The carriers generated by radiation in semiconductors are collected in a reverse bias electric field, and the ...... is measured by the electrical pulse signal generated."

For semiconductor detectors, Chen Zhou is still quite familiar.

Familiarity is not only with the semiconductor detector itself, but also with the semiconductor device.

At the beginning, for the topic of the 43rd Institute of Huaguo Science and Technology Group, he did not read much information in this area.

Moreover, in the subsequent particle accelerator experiments, in his own physics graduation thesis, he also dealt with this thing.

is still a familiar thing, and the efficiency of Chen Zhou's deconstruction is naturally much higher.

"Today's semiconductor detectors commonly use silicon and germanium as semiconductor materials, and there are three main types. ”

"Surface-type ...... spraying a layer of gold film on n-type monocrystals"

"Diffusion junction ...... that diffuses a layer of electron-providing impurities on a p-type silicon wafer with high resistivity"

"Lithium drift type ...... in which a thin layer of lithium metal is sprayed on the surface of p-type germanium or silicon and drifted"

The improvement of efficiency is one thing, and the more thinking that experience brings is another.

On the scratch paper, Chen Zhou circled the words "silicon" and "germanium" with a pen.

Then the word "diamond" was noted on the side.

It seemed that it was not right, and the word "carbon" was added after "diamond".

Regarding the extension of this aspect, or the development of a new topic, Chen Zhou did not go into depth.

After all, that's not the point at the moment.

After Yang Yiyi brought back lunch, Chen Zhou quickly solved the stomach problem.

For the next few days, it was almost every day.

Chen Zhou stays at home, and eats and drinks all by Yang Yiyi.

All that was in his mind was particle detectors.

And the sub-topic of mathematics, as well as Goldbach's conjecture, were all put aside by Chen Zhou.

In general, through the exchange of disciplines, it is possible to improve the efficiency of research to a certain extent.

After all, when the research of a discipline is sluggish, it is always good to change the brain.

However, when the research of a discipline enters a state of full-scale explosion, it is urgent to pursue that glimmer of inspiration.

It's a different story at all.

Only with full and uninterrupted devotion, the countless ideas in the mind can be released.

"The scintillation counter is to ionize and excite atoms or molecules by hitting charged particles on the scintillator, emitting light in the process of deexcitation, and passing through optoelectronic devices such as photomultiplier tubes, turning the optical signal into a measurable electrical signal to measure ......"

"It has a short resolution time, high efficiency, and can measure the energy of particles according to the magnitude of the electrical signal......

"There are subdivisions, inorganic scintillators that are suitable for both energy measurement and time measurement......"

"Organic scintillators are commonly used in time measurement due to their short optical attenuation time and have an efficiency of nearly 100 percent detection of charged particles......"

"and gas scintillators that use inert gases such as helium, which have low luminous efficiency but short light attenuation time......"

After the semiconductor detector, the next thing Chen Zhou completed was the deconstruction of the scintillation counter.

At this point, Chen Zhou has finished deconstructing the most basic detector.

Later, it will be that he is more concerned about several detectors.

"The first one took a day and a half, and it took about 23 hours in total......

Before starting the deconstruction of the next probe, Chen Zhou silently counted the time it would take.

I have to say that Chen Zhou is the highest in terms of efficiency and tenacity.

But he still doesn't think that's enough.

Time, it's tight.

"Three more days!"

silently set a deadline for himself, and Chen Zhou's eyes revealed a trace of perseverance.

Although Professor Friedman did not look for him even after Coyle and McIson arrived.

But this rubber ball experiment topic really can't be delayed any longer.

It's 2017 soon!

Do you want to take this thing with you for New Year's Eve?

If it was because he didn't catch that glimmer of inspiration in the end, he had nothing to say.

But if it's because of his seriousness, or the efficiency of deconstruction, it didn't reach the limit, which led to New Year's Eve.

Then he will never allow it!

After the time limit was set, Chen Zhou once again increased the intensity of his liver explosion.

"Cherenkov radiation occurs when the speed of high-velocity charged particles in a transparent medium exceeds the speed of light in that medium. ”

"The radiation angle is related to the velocity of the particles, so a detector to measure the velocity of charged particles, the Cherenkov counter......"

"Cherenkov counters are often used in conjunction with photomultiplier tubes, which can be divided into two types: a threshold formula that only records particles greater than a certain velocity, and a differential formula that selects only a certain velocity particles......"

After the deconstruction of the Cherenkov counter was completed, Chen Zhou immediately devoted himself to the deconstruction of the traversal radiation counter.

This is a new method to identify high-energy particles in the energy region when the velocity of the particle is extremely high, very close to the speed of light, and the speed cannot be distinguished by the speed of the particle and the Cherenkov counter.

Here, the high-velocity charged particles passing through the interface of the two media produce a pass-through radiation, the radiant energy of which is proportional to the energy of the particle.

December 28, 3:35 a.m.

Chen Zhou finished deconstructing the radiation counter before turning off the lights and going to sleep.

Although it was late, Chen Zhou felt very fulfilled.

At 8 o'clock in the morning, Chen Zhou got up, after a simple wash, after eating the breakfast that Yang Yiyi bought, he continued to start his work.

That's right, Chen Zhou has temporarily canceled his morning run.

All the factors that interfere with time from the outside world are all eliminated by him.

"Electromagnetic energizers, also known as cluster counters, produce electromagnetic clusters of high-energy electrons or γ photons in a medium, and the total energy loss of the secondary particles is proportional to the total energy of the incident particles......"

"Therefore, once the total energy loss has been collected, the total energy ...... of the particle can be determined"

Halfway through the deconstruction of the electromagnetic energy generator, Chen Zhou stopped the pen in his hand and found the scratch paper that had been deconstructed two days ago.

The reason for this is that there are two types of things: all-absorption and sampling.

The sampling type consists of a sample counter and a lead plate overlapped.

Whereas, the sampling counter can be a liquid argon ionization chamber, a plastic scintillation counter, and a multifilament chamber......

December 29, 3:26 a.m.

After the deconstruction of the electromagnetic energy generator, Chen Zhou also completed the deconstruction of the hadron energy generator and the self-quenching streamer counter.

Only then did I go to bed contentedly with the lights out.

At 11:11 a.m., Chen Zhou finished deconstructing all the counter-type particle detectors.

Immediately, the deconstruction of particle detectors such as track chambers began.

With the previous experience, Chen Zhou's efficiency has also improved a little.

And that glimmer of inspiration seems to be right in front of you.

Chen Zhou has a hunch that the time to seize it should not be far away.

"Nuclear Latex Method for Photographic Emulsion that Records Individual Trails of Charged Particles......

"The 'cloud chamber and bubble chamber method' in which the ion group produced by the incident particles forms a condensation center in the supersaturated vapor and thus forms a droplet, and the vaporization center is formed in the superheated liquid and becomes a bubble, which is recorded by photographic method and the track of the charged particles is visible......

December 30, 4 a.m. sharp.

After Chen Zhou finished deconstructing the 'nuclear latex method' and the 'cloud room and bubble room method', he turned off the lights and went to sleep.

Although I know that after waking up, I will be able to deconstruct all the particle detectors according to the deadline.

But even if Chen Zhou is asleep, he still maintains a state of putting himself into work at any time.

In fact, Chen Zhou also wanted to stay up all night and continue to research.

But he knew that the state of extreme fatigue would seriously slow down the speed of research.

Although he also sleeps for a short time now, it is far better than not sleeping.

The human body is sometimes wonderful, and even if you sleep more during the day, it is not as good as the few hours of sleep at night.

"When the particles enter the device to produce ionization, the ions move under a strong electric field to form multiple ionizations, which multiply quickly, and in the process of multiple ionizations, a streamer is generated first, and then a spark is generated, so that the track of the charged particles becomes a visible ......"

"Heavily charged particles hit materials such as mica and plastics, causing damage along their paths, and after chemical etching, the damage expands into observable cavities......"

12:34 a.m.

While Chen Zhou habitually took a pen and pointed at the scratch paper, he also breathed a sigh of relief.

All the particle detectors, all the particle detectors on that literature.

Their deconstruction work has been completed by Chen Zhou.

No longer holding a pen to scratch paper, Chen Zhou slowly put down the pen in his hand.

I took all the big stacks of scratch paper that I got from bursting my liver these days.

Then, take the set of mistakes to the side.

Looking at these two things, Chen Zhou's eyes were extremely sharp.

That glimmer of inspiration that I had been chasing finally became clear.

The detection method, or particle detector, required in the rubber ball experiment.

Chen Zhou already had an idea.

Now, it's time to hold on to that glimmer of inspiration.

And verified it thoroughly!