Famen Temple is located in Famen Town, ten kilometers north of Fufeng County. Founded in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, it originated in the Northern Wei Dynasty, flourished in the Sui Dynasty, flourished in the Tang Dynasty, and was known as

The "Royal Temple" has become a Buddhist holy place that the whole country looks up to because of the placement of the finger bone relics of Shakyamuni Buddha.

It has a history of about 1,700 years

"The ancestor of Guanzhong Tower Temple" is called. According to research, Famen Temple was built around 499 A.D. during the Northern Wei Dynasty

"Asoka Temple". During the Sui Dynasty, the Buddhist temple in the world was changed to a dojo, and the Asoka Temple was changed

"Seihoji". The Tang Dynasty was the heyday of Famen Temple, which had a profound impact on Buddhism and politics in the Tang Dynasty with the prominent position of the royal temple courtyard and the grand event of opening the pagoda seven times to welcome the Buddha's bones.

At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, Gaozu Li Yuan changed his name

"Famen Temple". On April 3, 1987, the Tang Dynasty underground palace of Famen Temple was discovered, and the brilliant Tang Dynasty cultural treasure that had been sleeping for 1113 years in the ground - the Buddha Shakyamuni's true body finger bone relics that the Buddhist world had dreamed of for thousands of years. The last completed Tang Dynasty Tantric Buddha relics of the Tang Dynasty to support the world of Manchaluo and thousands of treasures of the Li Tang royal family offering to the Buddha have been unveiled, these cultural relics include: four Buddha Shakyamuni real body finger bone relics, which are the only remaining Buddha finger relics in the world, one hundred and twenty-one (group) gold and silver vessels enshrined by the Tang royal family, the first discovery of the Tang royal secret color porcelain series, and even the glazed ware groups in ancient Rome and other places, thousands of silk (gold) fabrics that gather the silk weaving technology of the Tang Dynasty, including Wu Zetian and other Tang emperors' embroidered skirts, Clothing and other treasures are rare treasures, and these rare treasures are extremely rare in number, variety, high grade, and well-preserved.

There is a kind of Yue kiln in the late Tang Dynasty

"Secret color porcelain

“。 In the past, people mentioned it, and they all used the documents of the Song Dynasty, saying that this kind of porcelain was specially burned for the court by the Qian Wu Yue Kingdom located in Hangzhou during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, and the ministers were not allowed to use it. As for its glaze, like its name, it is kept secret, and future generations can only appreciate its extraordinary style from the poems. The Tang tortoise Meng chanted: "The nine autumn wind and dew are more and more open, and the thousand peaks are green."

Five generations of Xu Kun [yín] praised and said: "捩 [liè] green and green and new, Tao Cheng first has to pay tribute to Wujun." The bright moon dyes the spring water, and the thin ice is swirling with green clouds.

"The more beautiful the descriptions of poems and documents, the more people are attracted to research and conjecture, so that all kinds of theories appear. And the secret color porcelain in the end

"Secret

"Where, the fewer people know, the more the mystery of this porcelain is exacerbated. Half of the collapsed Famen Temple Ming Dynasty real body pagoda in 1987, with the collapse of the pagoda of Fufeng Famen Temple in Shaanxi, the underground palace under the base of the tower was exposed, and a number of rare treasures were unearthed to sensation the world, including the Buddha bone relics that make Buddhists worship and worship, and there are a large number of gold and silverware, porcelain, glassware, silk fabrics enshrined by Tang Yizong to Famen Temple, especially importantly, at the same time, the account tablet that records all the artifacts was also unearthed, so that the cultural relics and archaeological experts clearly know the name of the unearthed objects. On the stele of the tent

"Porcelain secret color

Three words, so that the eyes of ancient ceramics experts brightened. What kind of porcelain is the secret color porcelain? Why is it so mysterious? Tang five-petal sunflower mouth concave bottom oblique belly secret color porcelain plate back in April 1987, located in Fufeng County, Shaanxi Province, Famen Temple is undergoing a restoration of an ancient pagoda. When the busy staff was cleaning the base of the tower, they accidentally discovered the underground palace of the Tang Dynasty pagoda. So the excavation work began, 4 supreme Buddha bone relics and a large number of rare treasures unearthed immediately caused a sensation at home and abroad, people will continue to look at Famen Temple, looking forward to more discoveries. At this time, a piece of news came out of Famen Temple: 14 pieces of exquisite porcelain were unearthed from the underground palace. According to the "Object Account Tablet" unearthed in the underground palace, it is recorded: Tang Yizong

"Gift...... Porcelain secret color 椀 (bowl) seven, two silver edges inside, porcelain secret color plate, stack (plate) a total of six. "After verification and research by experts, they are actually the secret color porcelain that has disappeared from the world for thousands of years!

This batch of secret color porcelain unearthed from the Tang Tower Underground Palace of Famen Temple, the shape is regular, the shape is simple, the glaze is green (there are 12 pieces), and it is crystal moist.

There are a total of 7 bowls, two of which are gilded silver edge flat bird group pattern secret color porcelain bowls, as well as 6 plates, plates and 1 bottle.

This is the only exact secret color porcelain that can be corroborated with the document "Object Account Tablet" so far, which specifies the source, number of pieces and the name of this batch of secret color porcelain.

Now let's talk about the understanding of this batch of secret color porcelain. The secret color porcelain is located under the silver incense burner in the middle room of the underground palace, and the ingenious concave bottom shape design presents the secret color porcelain

The most magical thing about the visual wonder of "water out of nothing" is the secret color porcelain

"No water", the five-petal sunflower mouth concave bottom oblique belly secret color porcelain plate is its typical: the extravagant mouth is flat folded, in the shape of the sunflower mouth, and there are convex and concave lines under the five triangular curved mouths, so that the mouth edge and the dish body naturally form five petals.

The body is slightly folded in the middle of the oblique abdomen, and the bottom of the vessel is concave and there are traces of burning. The inner body of the dish is covered with green glaze, and the outer wall is covered with traces of silk wrapping.

It is 4 cm high, 3.4 cm deep in abdomen, 25.3 cm in diameter, 14.5 cm in bottom diameter, and weighs 800 grams.

The glaze is smooth and bright, the glaze layer is uniform, and the enamel is shiny, giving people an elegant, soft, clean and bright feeling.

The most amazing thing is that under the light, the inside of the dish is clear and exquisite, and it really looks like a pool of clear water, which is breathtaking!

Tang five-petal sunflower mouth large concave bottom secret color porcelain plate presented

The secret color porcelain with the effect of "making something out of nothing, as if containing water" also includes: five-petal sunflower mouth small concave bottom secret color porcelain plate, five-petal sunflower mouth large concave bottom secret color porcelain plate, five-petal sunflower mouth shallow concave bottom secret color porcelain plate and five-petal sunflower mouth concave bottom deep belly secret color porcelain plate, etc.

Other mystic porcelains also have a vague sense of water, but they are relatively weak. Through careful observation and comparison, it is discovered

The secret color porcelain of "no middle water" has a common feature, that is, the bottom of the vessel is all Concave Bottom. so-called

The "concave bottom" is a dimple from the outside of the porcelain bottom to the inside of the porcelain bottom.

Correspondingly, when viewed from the mouth of the porcelain, the bottom of the porcelain forms a tiny curved surface. Five-petal sunflower mouth concave bottom deep belly secret color porcelain plateWhen you see the five-petal sunflower mouth concave bottom oblique belly secret color porcelain plate, the first feeling is that the bottom of the dish is brighter than the abdominal wall of the saucer, so it is easy to produce

Poor vision of "water out of nothing". The reason is that the bottom of the dish is approximately one

"Convex mirror", which has a divergent effect on light. Centered on the brightest point observed, the brightness of the light naturally spreads out layer by layer along the bottom surface of the dish until the bottom of the dish meets the abdominal wall, giving the dish a sparkling feeling.

On the contrary, other non-concave bottom secret color porcelain does not have the divergence effect of convex surface on the bottom of the vessel, and it is difficult for the light to form a layering sense of the bottom and belly, so the sense of water is very weak.

What is even more coincidental is that 20 pieces of glazed ware were also unearthed in the underground palace at the same time. One of the blue plain glazed plates is also concave in shape.

This plate is blue and translucent, and under the illumination of light, it also has the same secret color porcelain as the concave bottom

The beauty of "water out of nothing", and the sense of water is very strong. This also proves once again that the cleverly designed concave shape is a secret color porcelain

The real reason for "making water out of nothing". Just as the poet Xu Kun of the fifth generation described the secret color porcelain: "Skillfully strip the bright moon to dye the spring water, and gently swirl the thin ice to hold green clouds." "Tang five-petal sunflower mouth shallow concave bottom secret color porcelain plate luxury mouth secret color porcelain bowl luxury mouth secret color porcelain bowl luxury mouth secret color porcelain bowl a total of 3 pieces, the shape of the vessel is the same, take one of them as an example: bowl mouth, flat edge, round lip, abdominal wall obliquely closed micro drum, the bottom of the bowl slightly concave.

The whole body is plain, with green glaze, and there is a circle of burnt traces on the outer bottom. The outer wall of the bottom of the bowl has a clear ink pattern of the ladies of the Tang Dynasty.

The bowl is 6.8 cm high, 6.2 cm deep in the abdomen, 24.5 cm in diameter, 11 cm in bottom diameter, and weighs 902 grams.

The most distinctive feature of these bowls is the pattern of Tang Dynasty ladies with clear ink on the outer wall of the bottom of the bowl. This picture pays attention to realism in modeling.

The ladies have towering buns, round and full faces, plump and rich bodies, slim and elegant, wearing large-sleeved saro shirts, graceful and noble temperament, showing the luxurious beauty of the royal women of the Tang Dynasty.

The technique is outlined with a fine line of hairspring, which is uniform and delicate, vividly showing the elegant style and delicate and soft texture of the silk and satin clothing worn by the ladies.

At the same time, there are also pictures of ladies found on other secret color porcelain, how did these lady patterns stay on them?

This has to start with the discovery of the secret color porcelain scene. At that time, archaeologists first found a silver incense burner with a high circle of gold and silver incense behind the white marble spirit tent in the middle room of the underground palace, and a round sandalwood box with gold and silver edging was hidden below, and there was a silk wrap inside.

It turned out that when the secret color porcelain was placed in the underground palace as an offering of the Buddha's bone relics, in order to reduce the friction between the porcelain, it was wrapped in paper with ink blots of ladies' pictures.

Unexpectedly, after thousands of years, the paper has turned into a gray sheet, but the imprint of the lady's pattern on the paper has been preserved, which not only provides material materials for the study of Tang Dynasty paintings, but also leaves us with precious historical and cultural relics.

The outer wall of the extravagant secret color porcelain bowl is gilded and silver-edged, and the secret color porcelain bowl shows superb porcelain decoration and innovative technology, which is mentioned in the underground palace "Object Account Tablet".

The secret color porcelain unearthed in the underground palace is 12 pieces of plain blue glaze secret color porcelain, and only two pieces are gilded silver edges with the same style and decoration.

One of the bowls is a five-petal sunflower mouth with a slanted belly and a high hoop foot. The inner wall of the bowl is glazed with green and yellow, the enamel is moisturized, and the pieces are finely broken.

The outer wall of the bowl is painted with dark blue lacquer, and there are 5 flat bird cluster flowers, decorated with gilt. The mouth and bottom edge of the two bowls are covered with silver edges.

It is 8.2 cm high, 7.1 cm deep, 23.7 cm in diameter, and weighs 596 grams. These two bowls are undoubtedly so

"Inner two mouths of silver ridge" bowl. The finch and bird group pattern on the outer wall of the bowl is delicate and intricate, and the carving is meticulous, and the appearance is graceful and gorgeous, and magnificent.

Among them, the birds on each group of flowers fly with wings, full of natural interest, and a scene full of spring, flowers and birds leaps in front of you.

Its pattern design is full of atmosphere, meaning peaceful, and the craftsmanship is similar to today's window flower paper-cutting skills. Although it is a flat design, it is ingenious and rich in changes against the curve of the bowl wall, which is full of dynamics and has a three-dimensional sense that is about to come out.

Decorative patterns like this, with the theme of flowers and birds, were very popular in the Tang Dynasty, and most of them were metaphors for the happiness of couples.

The process of gilt silver edge flat off bird group pattern secret color porcelain bowl is as follows: first according to the design requirements to carve out the silver foil pattern of the bird group pattern and gilt, and then paste this pattern on the outer wall of the yellow rice secret color porcelain bowl, paint to cover the pattern, and finally, grinding

"Push the light" until the pattern of the bird group is revealed and blends with the thickness of the black paint on the bowl wall

"Gold and silver flat". According to the record of "Youyang Miscellaneous Tales": Tang Xuanzong and Yang Guifei gave An Lushan the golden flat rhino head spoon tendon, gold and silver flat off the partition wonton plate, flat off the stack (plate) and Jinping off the dress (makeup) with jade (box), Jinping off the iron noodle (bowl) and other items.

There is also a record of "Tang's Wanton Examination": Wang Jian, the former king of Shu at the end of the Tang Dynasty, submitted it

Among the tokens of "Zhu Liang" (Later Liang Taizu Zhu Quanzhong) is the golden edge bowl. Wang Jian said in the letter: "The golden edge contains the light of the treasure bowl, and the secret color hugs the sound of celadon. This proves that gold and silver were extremely popular in the Tang Dynasty, and there was a process of decorating secret color porcelain with gold and silver in the Five Dynasties.

Japan's Shosoin has a collection of gold and silver flat copper mirrors, xylophones, leather boxes, etc. from the Tang Dynasty in China, but there is no gold and silver flat porcelain.

Therefore, these two unearthed gilt silver edges are flat off the bird group pattern secret color porcelain bowl is very precious.

They are ingenious and perfectly matched

"Gold and silver flat" is decorated on the secret color porcelain like ice and jade, which is a major innovation in the decoration process in the history of ceramics, and it is also the first time to be found in the archaeological excavations in China and even the world.

The gilt silver edge is flat off the bird group pattern secret color porcelain bowl pattern decoration eight-sided water purification secret color porcelain bottle for the "object account tablet" record of the secret color porcelain

"Missing things" eight-sided water purification secret color porcelain vase out of the interior of the underground palace. Its shape is very elegant, dignified and regular, the glaze is crystal clear, and the tire is fine.

The neck of the neck is slender, the mouth is straight, the lips are rounded, the shoulders are rounded, the abdomen is petal melon prismatic, and the circle foot is slightly extravagant. At the junction of the neck of the bottle and the bottle, it is decorated with a corresponding octagonal convex ribbing for three weeks, which is in the shape of a step.

The whole body is covered with bright green glaze, and there are open pieces. The soles of the feet are exposed, and the tire color is light gray and delicate. It is 21.5 cm high, has a maximum abdominal diameter of 11 cm, a diameter of 2.2 cm, a neck height of 11 cm, and weighs 615 grams.

At the time of excavation, the mouth of the bottle was covered with a large orb, and the bottle contained 29 five-colored orbs. It is a pity that such a delicate porcelain vase is not recorded in the "Object Account Tablet".

Later, after expert identification, the glaze color and fetal quality of the porcelain vase are exactly the same as those of other secret color porcelain, and should be counted in the ranks of secret color porcelain.

From the perspective of Buddhist rituals, this bottle has a treasure bead when it is unearthed, which should belong to the offering vessel of Esoteric Buddhism

"Five Sages in a Bottle"

"Five Treasure Bottles" and the like. It is used to hold the five treasures, five medicines, etc., to eliminate troubles, remove dirt, etc., and it is a Buddhist treasure.

"The Tablet of Things" somehow was not recorded at the time, became

"Porcelain Secret Color" on the account

"What is missing". The poem and object of the eight-sided water purification secret color porcelain bottle, tortoise Meng's "Secret Color Yue Vessel" confirm that the secret color porcelain is produced in the Yue kiln, and the firing technology is advanced

"The nine autumn wind and dew are more and more kiln open, and the thousand peaks are green. It is good to be in the middle of the night (xiè), and the cup of the last day is scattered. This is the late Tang Dynasty poet Tortoise Meng's praise of the secret color porcelain of the seven unique "Secret Color Yueqi" poems, and it is also the earliest documentary record of the secret color porcelain found so far.

First sentence

"Yue kiln open" indicates that the birthplace of secret color porcelain is Yue kiln. Yue kiln is the most important birthplace and main production area of celadon in China.

During the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was developed from pottery to primitive celadon, and later completed the historical transition from primitive celadon to celadon, which is of epoch-making significance in the history of ceramics in the world.

Since this area belonged to the Yue State during the Warring States Period, it was changed to Yuezhou in the Tang Dynasty.

Hence the name "Yue Kiln". After continuous development, the Yue kiln celadon reached its peak in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and declined in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty.

Tortoise mon so-called

"Yue kiln" is mainly in Shangyu, Ningbo and other places centered on Shanglin Lake in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province today, nearly 200 ancient kiln sites have been found in this range, which is the central production area and tribute kiln location of Tang and Five Dynasties Yue kiln celadon.

This batch of secret color porcelain unearthed in Famen Temple shows that it should be produced in the Yue kiln in the area of Shanglin Lake in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province from the modeling, tire glaze characteristics and blank loading method.

In addition, similar porcelain tiles have been excavated in this area. This batch of secret color porcelain should be the celadon produced in Shanglin Lake, which was presented to the Tang court as tribute porcelain at that time, and then offered by Tang Yizong

"Buddha bone relics", sealed in the underground palace of the pagoda of Famen Temple. "All Tang Poems" records Tortoise Meng's poem "Secret Color Yue Device".

"Win the green color of a thousand peaks", vividly depicting the blue glaze color of the secret color porcelain of the Yue kiln. The secret color of the enamel described by the poet is:

"Thousand peaks and emerald color", this lush, green and moist color is different from the ordinary, and it is natural. Among the 14 pieces of secret color porcelain unearthed in the underground palace of Famen Temple, except for 2 pieces of gilt silver edge flat bird pattern secret color porcelain bowl with green and yellow glaze on the inner wall, the rest of the utensils are glazed with lake green, blue green and blue gray.

Although they are all blue-green tones, it is difficult to maintain a standard color glaze, which also shows that the color glaze firing of secret color porcelain is difficult to grasp.

So, the poet uses one here

The word "grab" is the finishing touch to convey the ingenuity of the process, and also points out the secret color porcelain glaze with ingenuity to seize nature

"Thousand peaks emerald".

"Spirituality" makes people think about it when they read it, and the afterglow lingers. The firing technology of the secret color porcelain of the Yue kiln is also very advanced.

The secret color porcelain unearthed from the underground palace of Famen Temple, the glaze is smooth, the glaze is pure, and there are traces of glutinous rice-shaped branch burning nails at the bottom of the utensils, showing the innovation of the Yue kiln in the Tang Dynasty in the firing process, that is, the use of saggers and implementation

"Single-piece burning". The secret color porcelain breaks the traditional process of stacking with open flames in the kiln, avoids the defects such as glaze smoke, fire thorns, falling sand, sticky glaze and burning marks in the heart due to the stacking of porcelain, effectively eliminates the deficiency of stacking with open flames, improves the quality of porcelain, and has a wide and profound impact on the future firing process.

The mutual confirmation of the secret color porcelain unearthed from the underground palace of Famen Temple and the poem "Secret Color Yue Vessel" by Tortoise Meng completely proves that the secret color porcelain is a product fired by the Yuezhou kiln in the late Tang Dynasty.

The Tang Dynasty Yue kiln celadon was the first celadon in the country at that time, and the secret color porcelain was one of the best works, so

"Secret color porcelain" has become synonymous with high-quality celadon. Famen Temple was once a royal temple in the Tang Dynasty, the Tang Emperor had many times to welcome the Buddha bone relics to the capital Chang'an to offer, among which a large number of gold and silverware, silk, glaze, porcelain, etc. enshrined in the underground palace are thousands of treasures.

Nowadays, the treasures of the Tang Dynasty unearthed in the Tang Pagoda of Famen Temple are displayed as cultural relics in the Famen Temple Museum.

In this gorgeous and colorful exhibit, the author's analysis and interpretation of its secret color porcelain is only a statement.

The aim is to draw more attention to this period of history.