It would be a mistake to think that INDOS or Apple's Mackintosh machines are the originators of graphical interfaces, because computer technology has always originated on mainframes and did not spread until the computing power of a small computer or microcomputer was sufficient to support it.

The same is true for the graphical interface, which requires more computing power and memory space, and in the seventies only mainframes or high-end minicomputers could meet the requirements, and the real implementation of the graphical interface on the microcomputer 'operation' system is still to count the PARC.

As mentioned earlier, PARC has developed a lot of strange machines by itself, and its "operation" method and software are almost the same as modern microcomputers, but this kind of thing was still very expensive at the time, but Jobs succeeded in stealing the teacher, and successfully implemented the graphical interface "operation" system on the microcomputer in 85 years, that is, the Mackintosh machine.

In fact, as early as 81 years, there was a graphical interface 'operation' system on workstations, that is, X-INDOS.

Speaking of x-indos, it has to be the credit of PARC, which is the birthplace of modern computer technology, when PARC fell apart, many engineers found other jobs, and scattered to major companies in Silicon Valley.

And there happened to be a person who was recruited by Professor Su, this person is named Howard, who is good at computer graphics programming, and he has been 'friends' with Professor Su since he was in college.

After resigning from his job, Professor Su concentrated on running his workstation, although the 'operation' system was based on the very ordinary Unix, but it was not 'special', and people often complained that it was too difficult and demanded that it be improved.

In '81, Professor Su began to develop graphical interfaces, and he had some experience, and after Howard joined, his progress progressed by leaps and bounds.

Based on the advanced multi-processor workstation, they gave full play to the capabilities of Professor Su's display system, formulated a set of display standards, and made a prototype of graphical interface 'operation'.

Coincidentally, a group at MIT has also produced a graphical interface that they call -indos, which is rudimentary but unique, and is also based on the UNIX system.

The results of MIT were not eye-catching, and they could not run smoothly under the limitations of computer "sex" at that time, but they were bought by Professor Su for $100,000 and integrated their technology into their own systems, which became the so-called X-INDOS.

At that time, X-INDOS was not well known, but few people knew about it. The UNIX system has been purchased and authorized by various computer companies due to its simple, efficient and stable characteristics, and due to the interests of the company, the UNIX system of each company has been modified and incompatible with each other, resulting in UNIX as the most advanced 'operation' system but it has been defeated by itself and cannot be popularized at all.

Professor Su has a concept, that is, to unite all UNIX supporters to establish a basic industry standard, so that each UNIX system has its own characteristics, but the software on it should be compatible with each other, saving the cost of repeated development resources.

This was a good idea at the time, and since Professor Su was one of the top workstation vendors at the time, and was the first to launch the graphical interface program X-Indos on UNIX, the vendors agreed to join it, but it was still to be decided who would have the final say.

In the long run, this is a futile task, and the Unix family of 'manipulation' systems is extremely complex, with dozens of derivatives at all, and there is no dominant leader at all, which has proved to be a fatal flaw in later developments.

Because X-INDOS has many "doors" and is compatible with the standards of various manufacturers, its operational efficiency can be imagined.

But the graphics technology contained in it is first-class, and the UNIX system is not enough, so I changed my own godson, and I thought about it for a long time.

At present, Godson has firmly occupied the first place on PC, and other "operation" systems have no room to survive at all, and out of DOS is still struggling to support, CP/M and the like have been wiped out, and even its authors should be able to do it.

If you transplant the technology of X-Indos to your own godson, you will not only have to worry about other system compatibility issues, but also greatly reduce the development time and improve the operation efficiency.

Of course, with the current configuration of the PC, it will certainly not be able to run such a behemoth, and from a historical point of view, it will not be until the emergence of the 386 microcomputer to support the graphical interface.

After making up his mind, Chang Chang naturally began to contact Professor Su and purchased the independent right to use the X-INDOS system. Originally, with the software development strength of the American company VIE-soft, this task should be presided over by them, but they have their own considerations for a long time.

The GUI operation system is the cornerstone of future development, and if it is developed in the United States, it will be like icing on the cake, and at least a large number of programmers who can be trained in Hong Kong can be trained in this field, which will be of great benefit to future development, and it can be regarded as one of the strategies of checks and balances.

Keeping the research team close to you can also be monitored at any time, and the requirement for secrecy is much smaller, after all, nationalism still accounts for most of the mind.

Needless to say, all the programs were parsed by a 16 k small .1 text version for the first time, and since godson and unix are homologous and homogeneous, the fusion process can almost be said to be smooth sailing. The key is to give full play to the hardware of K32 to make its computing resources more inclined to graphical, which is a bit like Jobs's Mackintosh machine, so that the 'operation' system and machine hardware are closely integrated.

Although this may be more difficult, it can effectively prevent piracy, and in layman's terms, it is difficult to do compatible machines, even if you use reverse engineering, you will give up because of the amount of work.

Technicians and long-time programmers at Westgate worked around the clock to bring the new concept to life, and the optimization work took two years until Apple's Mackintosh was released, when the two companies had released the EngineerComputer for more than half a year.

At the end of '83, Intel's salesmen almost broke through the big 'door' of IBM's Boka branch, almost staring at Esrich every inch, just to get him to buy 286 processor chips.

Intel released a 286-bit processor with a 16-bit word length and integrated 143,000 transistors as early as '82. THE CLOCK FREQUENCY IS 6MHZ, AND ITS INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL DATA BUSES ARE BOTH 16 BITS, AND THE ADDRESS BUS IS 24 BIT.

Compared with the 8086, the 80286 can support a larger memory (16MB), can use an external storage device to simulate a large amount of storage space, thus greatly expanding the working range of the 80286, and can also make the processor quickly switch back and forth between various tasks through the multi-task hardware mechanism to run multiple tasks at the same time, which is 5 times faster than the 8086 or more.

It was such a supposedly powerful processor that Intel's marketers didn't make Essridge impressed, and the answer he got was usually "Okay, let it go." "I'll talk about it later!" and so on.

Esrich has an abacus in his heart, at present, the production of PCs based on 8088 is almost constantly rising, and the monthly output has risen to 120,000 units, with such a profit amount, there is no need to release a new type of microcomputer, otherwise it will threaten the sales of old PCs.

However, everything is from the perspective of maximum profit margin, but new things must be done, otherwise there is always no way to fight back in the face of market emergencies.

Feeling that Intel's appetite has almost been hung up, coupled with the failure of PCjr in the market, and the pressure on the headquarters is also very high, Esrich decided to accelerate the development of new products to save his reputation.

Originally, IBM was afraid that Intel's products would be unstable, and in order to be able to control the supply of PCs, IBM 'spent' $250 million to buy nearly 12% of Intel's shares, and also had the right of first refusal to buy shares, so that the blue 'color' giant could influence Intel's decision-making to control the microcomputer market.

What an unequal clause that none of the bureaucrats of the blue giants wanted to take advantage of it, even though IBM had the most advanced semiconductor production equipment in the world at the time.

In the whole United States, IBM's original PC sales accounted for only 50% of microcomputer sales, and the rest were occupied by compatible machine manufacturers except for a few poor brands.