Chapter 247: Non-Euclidean Geometry

The Italian Fibonacci is a master in mathematics, and his translation is a master+.

Italy is located in the heart of the Mediterranean, which connects Europe, Asia and Africa, where goods and knowledge from all over the world mingle.

Fibonacci was the son of a Venetian merchant who translated Egyptian, Arabic, Euphoric, and Chinese mathematical texts, and incorporated them into the European Renaissance version of the Encyclopedia of Mathematics.

European mathematics was thus revived, and in the following centuries there were many geniuses in European mathematics, and mathematics entered its golden age at its peak, and its far-reaching influence continues to this day.

"I'm going to get to know Luca Firminoti next. Shen Qi locked on a white boy with dark curly hair, thick eyebrows and big eyes, and the information showed that Luca Firminoti was an Italian student, and this boy was the only one in the classroom with the appearance characteristics of a southern European.

The boy with dark curly hair and thick eyebrows raised his hand to indicate that he was Luca Firminoti.

Shen Qi asked, "Luca, please tell me when the first mathematical crisis occurred and why." ”

"Around 400 BC, the root number 2 was discovered. Luca recited the epic in a tone of voice, and the scene was fully interpreted: "All things are numbered, the universe can be measured, Hipassus, the lord of evil." ”

Yo, you can really act, you studied at the Milan Theater Academy, Luca?

Shen Qi's acting skills were stimulated, and for the first time, he was tutoring students, and he hoped to get along with these young drunks.

"My dear friend. Shen Qi paced in front of Luca, a non-Euclidean geometry in his hand slowly turned the pages, he raised his head and stared at the ceiling, and stated in a thick Socratic tone: "Qing's words are biased, my heart is small, the root number is 2, and it is reasonable." ”

Luka and Shen Qi looked at each other and smiled, frustrated.

Two drama spirits, sure enough, this is a show!

The rest of the students didn't expect Shen Qi to be this kind of class style, humorous and flexible, calm and generous, much more interesting than those old men.

Shen Qi and Luca switched between Xi epic painting style, and explained the first mathematical crisis with one question and one answer.

The Pythagoreans believed that everything is numbered, and they believed that everything in the universe could be common, that is, expressed as the ratio of two integers.

Pythagoras was horrified by the appearance of the root number 2, and this evil number could not be expressed as the ratio of any two integers!

Non-existent, root number 2 or root number 2-like evil numbers absolutely do not exist.

However, Pythagoras' pupil Hippassus became aware of the existence of root number 2, and the concept of irrational numbers was born.

"Irrational" is irrational in relation to rational numbers, and irrational numbers themselves are reasonable.

This is the mathematical crisis that occurred more than 2,000 years ago, which was caused by the root number 2 and irrational numbers, and is known as the "first mathematical crisis" in history.

"I am very satisfied with Luca's answer. Shen Qi walked back to the blackboard and said, "Equivalent exchange, I will announce my age information." I'm 21 years old and will turn 22 in a few months. ”

"God, I'm 21 too, and I'm still in second grade!" Stephen yelled exaggeratedly, there is no harm in comparison.

"Stephen, Uncle Colorado, when you're 23 years old and in the fourth grade, it's also 23-year-old Odd, and he's probably going to be your thesis advisor. Luca had the audacity to predict such a scenario.

At 19 years old, Lu is a sign of hope, and he has more potential and age advantage than those who are over 20 years old.

"Super verbose Italian!" Stephen, from a small, fifth-tier city in Colorado, was one of the few native American students in his class.

While 90 percent of Princeton's undergraduate students come from the United States, the exception is the Department of Mathematics, where more than half of its undergraduate students are foreign students.

"The exchange of the history of mathematics is an extension training and is not included in the evaluation report of the tutorial course. Shen Qi entered the theme freely, the history of mathematics is the appetizer, and non-Euclidean geometry is the main meal.

The atmosphere of the subject returned to seriousness, and after a while, the 21-year-old teaching assistant brother still had to play for real.

The professor of the main course is responsible for explaining the theory of basic error, and the teaching assistant of the tutorial course is responsible for tutoring students in reviewing, assigning homework, and checking homework.

After a series of tests, such as lectures, tutorials, participation in virtual discussions, completion of assignments, and exams, these second-year students can earn credit for a course.

With a large faculty and few students, Princeton has the best undergraduate education in the world.

The pressure of general college students is very high, and it is very hard, but the students who have received such a high-level and high-quality education have such a unique flavor of demeanor and temperament after leaving the Princeton letter.

The employment rate of Princeton's undergraduate graduates is as high as 94%, which can be described as "produced by Princeton and hard to find" in the United States, where the unemployment rate is so serious.

Shen Qi entered the topic and began the tutorial, and he also began with a professional question: "Johann M. Grosston, please answer me in one sentence, what is the difference between non-Euclidean geometry and Euclidean geometry? I think Professor MΓΌller has already taught you, let's review this most basic concept." ”

John M. Gloston, from England, immediately replied: "In Euclidean geometry, if a straight line intersects two other straight lines and makes one side of the inner angle and two right angles of the turbulence, the two lines must intersect when they are extended on that side." And in non-Euclidean geometry"

Shen Qi interrupted John M. Grosston's answer, and dragged unsatisfied: "Hey, John, I don't want to hear the word-for-word Euclid Fifth Hypothesis, which is the passing standard for middle school students. And you, John M. Grosston, are a second-year math student at Princeton. I need more creative answers. ”

"Jack Ma, please go ahead and answer this question. Shen Qi targeted an Asian-faced student who remembered that there was a student named "Jack-Ma" on the student roster, whose nationality was American.

The name Jack-Ma is Asian at first glance, and there is a high probability that he is Chinese.

Sure enough, the young man with the eastern face was Jack Ma, who was not tall, had a bit of dark skin, and had a fashionable haircut.

Jack Ma gives his answer, speaking pure American English, indicating that he has spent a long time in the United States, and he said that he grew up in the United States: "The sphere in Euclidean geometry is a non-Euclidean plane for the ants crawling on the sphere, and the ants do not feel the bending of the sphere during the crawl. ”

Shen Qi snapped his fingers, very satisfied with Jack Ma's answer: "Hey, hey, Jack, Jack, perfect answer, A+b is Princeton's style." ”

"Hey, hey, yes, thanks for the compliment. "Jack Ma was not humble at all when he was praised, and it seems that he has been deeply influenced by American culture.

After Shen Qi entered the classroom, he quickly asked a few questions, including two questions on the history of mathematics and a few questions on non-Euclidean geometry, and each of the twelve students accepted Shen Qi's questions.

Shen Qi memorized the faces of every student in the tutorial class, and sat down with the English names on the roster.

So far, the top performers are Italian student Luca and Asian-American Jake Ma.

Excellent students always get a lot of attention from Lao Shu, Shen Qi unknowingly changed roles, and his first tutorial was quite successful.

At least so far, twelve second-year mathematics students have given good feedback to Shen Qi, the teacher of the tutorial class.

With a class fee of $120, Shen Qi earns easily and comfortably, he likes this kind of classroom atmosphere, and he hopes to share some of his mathematical experience and cognition with these juniors and students, and help them.

Heated discussion and expression of opinions are the main theme of the tutorial course, and from time to time there will be a brainstorming to carry out divergent logical deduction on a certain topic.

The topic of the mathematics department is often a math problem, and Shen Qi, who started by brushing questions, does not brush the questions now, he is responsible for writing the questions and assigning homework.