"The important centers of the Renaissance were Venice, Genoa, Milan, Naples, Rome, and later spread to various European countries. ”

"The fundamental cause of the Renaissance was the development of the productive forces, and the emerging bourgeoisie was dissatisfied with the control of the Church over the spiritual world. ”

"The essence of the Renaissance: the new anti-feudal cultural movement initiated by the emerging bourgeoisie in the name of reviving the classical culture of Greece and Rome to promote bourgeois ideology and culture. ”

Qu Lihua nodded, "I seem to understand, Professor Abner is very similar to my history teacher, when he lectures, he also concisely summarizes the center, the root cause, and the essence, he said that these are all test points, if the exam is a mandatory question, let us keep it in mind!"

Professor Abner smiled, "It's a good idea, hahaha, that's how I teach my students in class, but it's just a summary and induction, let's talk about the detailed content and development process in detail." ”

Most historians believe that the elaboration of the concept of the Renaissance originated in Florence in the late 13th century, especially in the time of the writings of Dante and Petrarch and the paintings of Giotto. ”

Some scholars give a very specific date for the beginning of the Renaissance, one of which suggests that it should be marked by the contract of 1401 between two genius sculptors, Lorenzo Ghiberti and Filippo Brunelleschi, for the bronze doors of the Baptistery of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence. ”

Other scholars believe that it was artists and polymaths, including Brunelleschi, Ghiberti, Donatello and Masaccio, among others, who stimulated Renaissance creativity through the general competition for commissions to create works of art. ”

"Although these scholars have different views and there are some controversies, we don't need to worry about it for the time being, we still focus on the most essential parts. ”

"The core idea of the Renaissance was humanism, which originated in Italy in the second half of the 14th century and then spread throughout Western Europe. ”

"Italy is the most representative and the birthplace of the Renaissance, and many scholars have analyzed that the unique social atmosphere in Italy provided the necessary conditions for a rare cultural flourishing in Italy. ”

"Many artists, painters, through their works, oil paintings convey a strong desire for fairness, justice, republicanism and good governance, and the unremitting pursuit of the idea of freedom, which we can see in the works of many Renaissance masters, which reflected the voice of the people at that time and had a certain social progress. ”

"Humanists oppose divinity with humanity and theocracy with human rights, and they put forward the slogan 'I am man, and I am omnipresent in all human characteristics'. ”

They are very dissatisfied with the control of the spiritual world by the Church, they demand that people be centered, not God-centered, they praise the wisdom and strength of man, praise the perfection and nobility of human nature, oppose the arbitrary rule and feudal hierarchy of religion, advocate equality and freedom, advocate the development of human personality, demand worldly happiness and human joy, and advocate scientific and cultural knowledge. Therefore, the concept of humanism focuses on human beings, the exertion of human instincts, and the driving force for human beings to pursue truth, goodness, and beauty. ”

Qu Lihua nodded, "People pursue truth, goodness, and beauty, which sounds good!"

Meng Wenjie said: "This is the trend at that time, advanced ideas can always promote change, the continuous development and progress of society, human beings have the requirements of self-criticism, self-reflection, and self-development, combined with the background and social environment of the times, the Renaissance is indeed very meaningful." ”

Professor Abner nodded, "Yes, the historical role of the Renaissance is highly valued by many research scholars, and Engels once spoke highly of the progressive role of the Renaissance in history. ”

"This is the greatest and most progressive transformation that humanity has ever experienced, a time that needs giants and produces giants, giants in terms of thinking ability, enthusiasm and character, in versatility and erudition. ”

"The Renaissance discovered man and the greatness of man, affirmed the value and creativity of man, and proposed that in order for man to be emancipated, his personality should be free. ”

"The Renaissance broke the dominance of religious mysticism, gave a powerful impetus to the Reformation, and provided an important boost to the movement. ”

The Renaissance broke the unity of scholasticism with theology as the core, cleared the way for the emancipation and progress of the mind in the future, and led to the rise of various secular philosophies. ”

"The Renaissance restored the value of reason, dignity and thinking, broke superstition, emancipated the mind, advocated scientific methods and scientific experiments, proposed that knowledge is power, and created a new atmosphere of exploring people and the real world. ”

"People believed in their own eyes and their own minds, and believed that experiments and experience were reliable sources of knowledge, and this realistic attitude, way of thinking, and scientific method laid a solid foundation for the great development of natural science in the 17th and 19th centuries. ”

"The Renaissance produced a wealth of fascinating and exquisite works of art and literature, which became priceless treasures in the treasury of human art. ”

As the birthplace of the Renaissance, Florence, Italy, has made outstanding achievements in poetry, painting, sculpture, architecture, and music, and the famous Medici family in Florence was the most important patron of art at that time, and the famous three artists Geralfael, Michelangelo, and Leonardo da Vinci were all born in Italy. ”

"You must have heard the names of these three masters, right?"

Qu Lihua and Meng Wenjie both nodded, "Well, they are famous, we have all heard of them!"

Represented figures include the poets Dante and Petrarch, the philosophers Erasmus and Machiavelli, the writers Boccaccio, the painters Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael, the sculptor Michelangelo, the architect Beruneleschi, and the musicians Palestrina and Lasso. ”

"I won't expand these here, and when Head Xia takes you to Italy, I will let the Italian reception scholars give you a detailed introduction. ”

"In England, poetry and theatre flourished like never before, represented by many figures, from the writer Shakespeare to the philosopher Thomas More

Among them, Shakespeare, Dante, and Leonardo da Vinci are known as the 'Renaissance Three Giants'. ”

"In France, the idea of freedom and skepticism is quite developed, and the representative figures are Montaigne, Rabelais, etc., and the representative figures of Germany are Dürer. ”

In Spain, the Spanish Renaissance entered its golden age in the second half of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century, and made remarkable achievements in theater, represented by the writer Cervantes and the dramatist Lobe de Vega. ”

"So we can see the historical role of the Renaissance in the works of many masters, and there were also very businessmen at that time, who traveled all over the known world at that time, broadened their horizons, understood the differences between different civilizations, understood that the world is not only one voice, and that the revival of humanism is inevitable. ”