Luo Xianjun, who had been involved in the research, replied: "Mr. Jiang, there is still some difficulty for the time being. ”

"For the time being...... That means there is a chance to do it in the future?"

“…… I discussed this issue with Professor Li, but neither of us was sure. Luo Xianjun slowly recounted: "First of all, the time for the ground state electrons of the hydrogen atom to move around the nucleus for one week, which I specially calculated a while ago, is about 150 attoseconds......"

To measure the time of electrons in a hydrogen atom, you need to know the trajectory and velocity of the electrons.

However, the electron moving around the nucleus is a wave function, and in quantum mechanics, scientists have no way to accurately measure the velocity of a wave function, nor can they know the trajectory of a quantum.

Otherwise, the fundamental laws of quantum mechanics are not compatible.

Therefore, the velocity of the hydrogen atom electrons around the nucleus can only be calculated and cannot be actually measured.

The currently recognized velocity is Bohr's first velocity.

That's about 1/137th of the speed of light.

Luo Xianjun continued: "The time of this movement is too short, even if the pulse width of our laser pulse can reach 0.85 attos, it is unlikely that we can capture the image of the electron without considering other conditions.

According to quantum mechanics, the position and velocity of electrons are uncertain, they are basically a wave function, and we cannot predict whether the mechanism of electron motion is continuous, flashing, or some other way, and we can only get an estimate in an uncertain range.

And, most importantly, the current scanning measurement methods are not able to measure the electrons of the nucleus at all, which is the biggest problem. ”

Aside from the uncertain principle of quantum mechanics, the biggest problem in capturing an image of an electron moving around a nucleus is that the camera technology is insufficient.

In real life, people are able to see images and capture them with cameras because they receive electromagnetic waves, such as light.

However, if there is no light, no electromagnetic waves, then you can't see any image of that place.

And inside the hydrogen atom, this is the case.

Inside an unexcited hydrogen atom, there is no light, no electromagnetic waves, only an electron in a quantum state that is moving irregularly around the nucleus, and the trajectory cannot be predicted.

Although scientists are aware of the existence of electrons, they cannot observe it directly.

Throughout the history of science, people have only been able to observe the image of the electron indirectly through some means, but have not been able to capture its image directly.

Because, the electrons themselves do not emit light.

Li Kaishan took over and said: "Capturing the moving image of electrons in the nucleus is a worldwide problem, and the entire scientific community has no way at present, not even a clue.

Professor Luo and I tried many methods, but we couldn't find the right way to solve it, and we are still far from truly capturing the moving images of electrons in the nucleus, and I feel that only the technology that subverts the existing physical edifice can do it.

However, the electrons in the nucleus of the ground state are not easy to observe, but because our laser pulses enter the order of seconds.

Therefore, Professor Luo and I have developed a second-to-second spectroscopy technology based on the data orientation of [ultra-short and ultra-intense laser technology], and have preliminarily realized the observation of the change of electronic energy state. ”

It is absolutely impossible to directly observe the motion of electrons in an energy state, at least not by the laws of physics that humans now have.

"Spectroscopy technology?" Jiang Bo said.

Li Kaishan said: "Yes, the basic principle of our idea is this, we can't directly observe the electron in an energy state, so we can always indirectly study the change of the energy state after the electron is excited by external energy and the transition occurs, right?"

As long as we grasp the data situation of this change, we can know the changes of electrons during this time, and at the same time, we can also know the basic position of electrons before and after the transition.

What's going on, Mr. Jiang, come here, let's give you an animated demonstration, Xianjun, is the thing ready?"

"It's done, I just finished it last night. Luo Xianjun nodded.

"Then it's up to you to explain it to Mr. Jiang. ”

"Good. ”

Coming to a multimedia conference room, Luo Xianjun turned on the big screen, played slides, and explained the key points of the spectrum technology for Jiang Bo.

Jiang Bo was fine at the moment, and at the same time he was more curious.

In addition, according to the urine nature of the system, he felt that if the 'electronic mystery' mentioned in the [Ultra-short and Ultra-Intense Laser Technology] was solved, there should be an extremely rich reward of points.

This kind of major breakthrough involving basic physical science may not exceed 100,000 points, but it may not be more than 200,000, or even more.

So he sat down on a stool and listened attentively.

Luo Xianjun pointed to the screen and explained: "The second spectroscopy technology is a combination of laser pulse technology and electron microscopy technology.

In the experiment of observing the change of electron energy state, we first obtained a superconducting and strong magnetic device that can specifically capture and manipulate individual atoms with the help of Professor Zheng and Professor Zhou.

We excite electrons within the hydrogen atom by emitting a red laser pulse with a wavelength of 800 nm, and a blue laser pulse with a wavelength of 266 nm to measure the movement of the electrons.

The pulse duration of the laser pulses of both wavelengths is extremely short, reaching 0.85 attos. ”

Luo Xianjun pointed to the picture on the screen, turned the page, and continued: "Under normal circumstances, after the hydrogen atom is exposed to light, the electrons around the nucleus will absorb light energy and jump from a low-energy state to a high-energy state.

At this time, if the light pulse lasts for a short enough time and the energy transported is strong enough, then the electrons will have a brief response in the hydrogen atom, radiation, and the absorbed energy will be released.

Without the energy just absorbed, the excited electrons will quickly fall back to their original ground state.

Using the blue laser pulses that measure the motion of electrons, there is a great chance of tracking and capturing the moment the electrons fall back to the ground state.

Of course, this value is very short-lived, because once this blue laser pulse touches the energy level of the electron, it will again cause the electron to be excited to jump to a higher energy state.

After hundreds of repeated excitation measurements of the electrons of hydrogen atoms in a very short time scale, it is possible to capture hundreds of data when the electrons fall back to the ground state and when they are excited to transition to a high-energy state.

By summarizing the data from these hundreds of cases, we have created two three-dimensional maps of the position of hydrogen atoms and electrons on small time scales. ”

At this point, two three-dimensional pictures appeared on the screen.

In the center of the first diagram is a proton composed of two upper quarks and one lower quark, and the proton is surrounded by hundreds of pale blue dots, none of which coincide, which is also in line with the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics.

According to Luo Xianjun, this is a diagram made based on the data when the electrons fall back to the ground state.

In the second image, the blue dot is replaced by a bright red dot, which is the position of the electron as it transitions to a higher energy level after being excited, and none of the points coincide.

With Jiang Bo's 280 points of intelligence, he looked thoughtful.

The research of Luo Xianjun et al., to be honest, is still not a direct observation of the change of the energy state of the electron, but only a position map made according to the data of the energy level change of the electron, rather than the actual observation map.

Although it is very similar to the real situation, it is like watching fireworks with a protective film through it, and there are still differences.

However, to this extent, it can be regarded as leading the world.

……

(End of chapter)