In the process of reading Mr. Li Hao's book, I thought of three questions.

1. The emperor climbs relatives.

"No one asks about the poor in the downtown area, but the rich have distant relatives in the mountains" is an old saying. Ordinary people are laity, and the emperor is not exempt from vulgarity. Li Shimin climbed Laozi as his ancestor, and was crowned "Taishang Laojun", and his work was "Tao Te Ching". Feng "Zhuangzi" is the "Nanhua Sutra", and "Liezi" is the "Chongxu Sutra". There is a great place for his behavior, and it is also a great place for Li Shimin, the emperor. Many emperors didn't think that they were raised by their fathers and mothers, they were born dragon seeds, and they were sons of heaven. For example, Liu Bang, the first paragraph of the first volume of the "Book of Han" clearly states that he is not a human, "When my mother tasted Daze, she met God in a dream." When the thunder and lightning are obscure, the father and the princess look at it, and see the dragon on it. has been pregnant, and then gave birth to a high ancestor". The old man of Ban Gu is really powerful, and the moment of love when Tianlong achieved Gaozu Liu Bang was seen by Liu Bang's father.

The greatness of Li Shimin lies in the fact that he regards himself as a human being, and such a leader is easy to be people-oriented. Zhu Yuanzhang of the Ming Dynasty also learned from Li Shimin to climb relatives, and he climbed Zhu Xi of the Song Dynasty. Among the great Confucians of the Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi was not the best, and Zhang Zai, the originator of Shaanxi's "Guanxue", was not under him. That's not what I said, that's how the people of the Song Dynasty saw it at the time. Zhang Zai entered the Confucian Temple to worship Confucius, and his famous sentence "Establish a heart for heaven and earth, establish a life for the people, continue to learn for the saints, and open peace for all generations", which is amazing. After Zhu Xi was kissed by Zhu Yuanzhang, the four books he collected and annotated became the standard answers for the imperial examination in the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Xi crossed dynasties and became the head of the Ming Dynasty lecturer group from the Song Dynasty.

We also have a popular "kiss" today, and we do this kind of thing as a prosperous culture, which is called "playing the cultural card". As we all know, the Mausoleum of the Yellow Emperor is in Shaanxi, and some provinces have invested heavily to "build" the birthplace of the Yellow Emperor, some have omitted Emperor Panyan, some have climbed the princes and ministers, climbed hundreds of schools, and even the characters in the novel have also been pulled out to climb. The dispute over the hometown and the burial place has come and gone. It is good to explore history and culture, but it is necessary to have a respectful mentality, the mentality of playing cards is not right, and playing cards is a game.

2. From the historian to the history museum.

Wen Tianxiang has a poem, "In Qi Taishi Jian, in Jin Dong Lone Pen". A poem involving four historians, one family and three brothers of the Qi State, and Dong Hu of the Jin State. These four historians are models of historians, and their backbone is even higher than that of Sima Qian and Ban Gu. Before the Tang Dynasty, the history of the country was written by a single person, called the historian, and the historian was similar to a title and was hereditary. There is a passage in "Historical Records: Taishi Gong's Self-Preface": "Taishi Gong moved his hand and cried: 'The Taishi of the Yuxian Zhou Room is also. Since the last life, he has tasted fame in Yu Xia, and he has been an official official. …… If you revert to the Taishi, you will continue my ancestors. …… After death, you will be the history of the Tai, and for the history of the Tai, you will not forget what I want to write.' When the two of them took over, they burst into tears.

The historical tradition of "Confucius is the Spring and Autumn Period, and the chaotic ministers and thieves are afraid" was put an end to by Li Shimin. The history of the country was changed from being written by a single historian to being created collectively, and a history museum was established. The administrative level of the history museum is very high, and the minister of the leading dynasty serves as the actual director, and the official language is "always know its affairs". As I mentioned earlier, because the previous regulations were that the emperor himself could not read how a historian wrote about state affairs, including the emperor's daily life, words and deeds, and there were two old sayings, one of which was called "the king and history are separated" and the other was "the ruler is governed by history." If the emperor could read it, like the compilation system of the "Book of Sui", "the book becomes the emperor", and the old man Ban Gu would not dare to write like that.

Zhuge Liang is also afraid of "using history to control the king", but he is not as clever as Li Shimin. Zhuge Liang's method is not to write history, so among the Three Kingdoms, only "Shu has no history".

Li Shimin also has an example of being afraid of historical writing.

One day in April of the sixteenth year of Zhenguan, Li Shimin wanted to see the "Living Note" that recorded his daily behavior, but was directly rejected by Chu Suiliang, who was in charge of recording the "Living Note". At that time, the dialogue between the monarch and the minister was:

"Qing remembers the daily life, is it possible for people to watch it?"

"Today's life, the ancient history is also left, good and evil must be seen, it is not illegal to prescribe the master, and the Son of Heaven has not heard of the history of himself. ”

"If I am not good, I will remember it?"

"It is better to keep the way than to keep the official, the minister carries the pen, and the king must write. ”

We Chinese attach great importance to history, and before the Tang Dynasty, history was to restrain the words and deeds of the emperor and prevent the emperor from talking and doing things indiscriminately. After the Tang Dynasty, the direction was adjusted, only mentioning "learning from history", and the function was changed from restriction to service. The book "Book of Sui" is of great value, because "collective creation" is only the trial stage, and the function of serving the emperor is not yet perfect. Nowadays, the head of the local chronicle is almost always the head of the compilation committee. Who will see such an ambition in the future?

3. How was the Tang Dynasty unified?

There is a big topic in Mr. Li Hao's book, which is about the unification of dynasties. It's not a very easy topic to talk about, so he just touched the question. Besides, this book can't be opened to talk about this issue.

Before the unification of the Tang Dynasty before the "Anshi Rebellion", there were many ethnic minorities coexisting and prospering with the Han nationality, and the problem of maintaining their own national cultural characteristics was prominent. After the "Anshi Rebellion", the country's unified system was relaxed, and many problems became more prominent. Therefore, it can be said that how to understand the "great unification" of the Tang Dynasty, especially the unification in the "ideological field", is still a question that needs to be further studied. We need to carefully consider the value of the differences between the major structures of society, and explore these things, which is very beneficial to the pluralistic construction and development of our culture today.

Mr. Lu Xun admired the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, what did he appreciate? What did he read when he read history? Where are the trends and trends? What do the big things refer to?

The Song Dynasty was also divided into the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Northern Song Dynasty and the Liao Dynasty, and the Southern Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty is not obvious on the surface, but it is prominent in substance, and the north and south are culturally separated. Among the important officials of the Yuan Dynasty, including local officials, nearly one-third of them were not fluent in Chinese, and they had "translators" around them at all times, and communication with the common people was a problem, let alone anything else. The Qing Dynasty was also a dynasty in which ethnic minorities were in charge of great undertakings, and in fact the Qing Dynasty was "cooperatively operated" by Manchus and Mongolians. Generally speaking, the Qing Dynasty attached great importance to the integration of culture, and the emperor treated Confucian culture as a major event for the founding of the country, and compiled and published three kinds of books, one is the "Kangxi Dictionary", the other is the "Collection of Ancient and Modern Books", and the "Four Libraries of the Whole Book".

The Qin, Han and Jin dynasties followed east and west, and there were also between north and south, but they did not constitute the main problem. The Northern and Southern Dynasties were a general turning point in Chinese history, turning from east to west to north and south. Today's convergence trend is also North and South. The mainland and Macao are "one country, two systems". It is unprecedented for one country to have two state systems coexist. There is also ****, Taiwanese participate in the Asian Games, and "Chinese Taipei" can be written on the flag, but whoever wants to engage in "**", I'm sorry, I want to destroy you. However, there is one thing that should be paid special attention to: the north and south of us today are the maritime civilization and the Central Plains civilization, the industrial civilization and the agricultural civilization. In the past, the south and north were the grassland culture and the Central Plains culture. Moreover, today's north and south are complex, three-dimensional synthesis, based on the north and south of the earth, in which the east and west are also hidden.