I said modestly, "Where, where, as the saying goes, it is good to rely on your parents at home, and rely on your friends when you go out, and it is easy to walk when you have more friends, so of course you must be sincere to your friends." And I think the relationship between this person and people is like a mirror-like mirror effect relationship, and like the relationship between the sky and the ocean, you are blue and I am blue, you are dim and I am dim, and the way friends get along is to exchange hearts for hearts, and compare hearts to hearts. Duan Gongzi nodded incessantly. After I clarified the relationship with Duan Gongzi, I felt much more relaxed, it seems that I am the most Ye Gong good dragon, I said thoughtfully: "Duan Gongzi, this Greece is almost played, by the way, where are we going next?"

Duan Gongzi smiled and said, "Glory belongs to Greece, and greatness belongs to Rome." I think Rome is good, Rome was not built in a day, Rome is a very glorious era, so I especially want to go to medieval Rome to see. I blurted out: "Okay, then let's go to Rome after that, I deeply feel that Duan Gongzi's history is not bad, but my history is terrible, and I have come thousands of miles away from ancient times, and I am even more confused by all the past events, and now I have almost all the content I have learned back to the teacher, do you want to tell me about Rome first." ”

Duan Gongzi spoke endlessly, and Xiao Fei is on par, it seems that he is really a scholar, I listened to him with infinite admiration: "I will give you a brief explanation, if you talk about it in detail, it is estimated that three days and three nights can not be finished, in this thousand-year-old historical scroll, Rome, from the beginning of a small city-state in central Italy, then conquered the whole of Italy, and finally established a great empire across Europe, Asia and Africa, creating the immortal legend of the ancient Roman Empire." It relied not only on the courage of Roman soldiers, but also on the political system of ancient Rome. William McNeill said that the Roman government was a strange mixture of aristocracy, oligarchy and democracy. Marvin Perry said it transcended the narrow political framework of the city-state system and created a world state that brought together the different countries of the Mediterranean world. An amazing presence indeed. However, all countries in history have risen and fallen, and Rome was no exception. Like the history of China, the history of Rome is also complex and changeable.

Those of us who have studied history know that ancient Rome refers to the civilization that arose in the Italian peninsula, that is, the central Apennine Peninsula from the beginning of the 9th century BC. From the 3rd century BC to the 2nd century BC, Rome fought three wars with Carthage, a powerful country in the western Mediterranean, in order to compete for hegemony in the Mediterranean, plunder resources and slaves, known as the Punic Wars. In the 2nd century BC, Rome became the hegemon of the Mediterranean. During the Roman Republican era, the expansion of territory was basically completed, and by the first century AD, it had expanded into a huge Roman Empire that spanned Europe, Asia and Africa and dominated the Mediterranean. By 395 AD, the Roman Empire was divided into East and West. In 410, the Germanic Visigoths, led by the leader Alaric, entered Italy, besieged the city of Rome, opened the city gates with the cooperation of the slaves in the city, plundered away, and then established the Visigothic kingdom in the territory of the Western Roman Empire, and in 476, the Roman mercenary leader Odoacus the Germanic deposed the last emperor of Western Rome, Romulus Augustus, and the Western Roman Empire ended. The Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire, was destroyed by the Ottoman Empire in 1453 because Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, was established on the basis of the ancient Greek city of Byzantium. Ancient Rome, like China during the Qin and Han dynasties, was one of the most powerful empires in the ancient world. During the reign of the Antonine Emperor Trajan, the Roman Empire reached its largest territory and unprecedented economic prosperity, stretching from Spain and Britain in the west, to the upper reaches of the Euphrates River in the east, from northern Africa in the south, to the Rhine and Danube rivers in the north, and the Mediterranean Sea became the inland sea of the empire. According to legend, when the city of Troy was attacked by the Greeks, around 1300-1190 BC, Aeneas, the son of the goddess Venus, and his followers escaped and traveled west from North Africa through Carthage to ancient Italy. At that time, Italy had Latim, and King Latinus ruled it. Aeneas defeated Tournus and established a kingdom. Later, his son Romulus founded Rome and laid the foundation of Rome as the first king. Later, a parliamentary system was established, known as the Republican Era. During the reign of Servius Tullius from 578 BC to 534 BCE, Servius Tullius introduced reforms that divided citizens who could serve in the military into five classes according to property, each of which provided a varying number of military centuries, for a total of 193 centurions. The creation of the Assembly of the Centurians replaced the powers of the Council of Curia to declare war, elect, and judge, and was named Senturia. There are a total of 193 Sentoria, with one vote per team. The clans and tribes were divided into four by region. The reforms of Servius Tullius completed the transition from a clan system to a state in ancient Rome. Lucius Tarquin Subeb was the son-in-law of Servius Tullius, but he led his soldiers into the palace and killed Selvius Tullius, becoming king and the last king himself. Lucius Tarquin Supeb came to power and was tyrannical and expelled from Rome by the Roman plebeians in 510 BC, led by Lucius Junius Brutus, son of Servius Tullius. The people of Rome decided that kings were no longer needed, and instead elected two governors, who were originally called governors and later consuls, for a one-year term. The first consuls were Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tuckervin Coratin. In 509 BC, the Roman Republic was established under the rule of Roman aristocrats.

The 8th century BC - the 6th century BC is known as the era of kingship. There were 7 kings, and the clan tribal organization still existed intact, and the ruling class included the king, the senate, and the council of Curia. Later, there was a distinction between nobles and commoners. The first king, Romulus, founded the city of Rome in 753 BC. The first 4 kings were the military chieftains of the Roman communes, and the last 3 kings were the monarchs of the Etruscan Tarquin dynasty. The reforms of Servius Tullius in the middle of the 6th century BC marked the emergence of the Roman state. The tyrannical and tyrannical Tarquin, the last of the kings, was driven out by the angry Romans, and legend has it that the Roman Republic was established in 509 BC under the rule of Roman nobles. The Roman Republic in the early republican era was fought for 2 centuries in the struggle between the commoners and the nobility. In the era of kingship, the king held absolute power. He was the Grand Legislator, the head of the army, and the Grand Priest, whose power was curtailed only by the Senate and the Citizens' Assembly. The Senate is the Council of Elders and is made up of the heads of different clans. In accordance with the Constitution and traditions, the Senate has the power to pass or reject the appointment of the king and to adjudicate the king's legislation and proceedings. The Citizens' Assembly, which consisted of all the male citizens of Rome divided into 30 groups by kinship, granted the monarch the power to exercise, which was finally formally approved by the Senate. The date of the founding of the Roman city is uncertain, but tradition holds it to be in 753 BC. This has been widely confirmed by archaeological discoveries, although it is possible that some people have lived there for a long time. Traditionally, the Romans attributed the founding of the city of Rome to the hero Romulus. He and his twin brother Remus are descendants of the hero Aeneas. Aeneas was the son of the Greek goddess Aphrodite, known in Roman mythology as Venus, who came to Italy after the Greeks captured the city of Troy.

The Roman historian Titus Livy described this myth in detail, and I just saw that you listened listlessly, and I guess you don't like abstract dogmatic things, and I have added this interesting myth especially for you, and I think you will be re-interested in listening to this story - the grandfather of the twin brothers was Numito, who was the king of the Alba country in the Alban Mountains in the southeast of Rome. The king's evil brother, Amulius, expelled the king from the country and made the king's only daughter, Rhea Sylvia, a virgin to prevent her from having children, in order to prevent the king's descendants from taking revenge. But Rhea Silvia disobeyed his restraints, fell in love with Marce, the god of war, and gave birth to twins. When the twins were abandoned on the banks of the Tiber River, a she-wolf nursed them, and was later discovered by a shepherd, whose wife raised them. When they grew up, the twin brothers became the leaders of the Green Forest. After Remoth was captured and brought to King Amulius, Romulus led his men to rescue him and kill Amulius. At this time, the twin brothers' lives were revealed, and their maternal grandfather, Numito, was restored to the throne. The brothers left their grandfather and founded their own city in the place where they were discovered by the shepherds. When deciding who would be the ruler of the city, the oracle told them to decide by the birds they saw that ported success. Remos stood on Mount Aventine and saw 6 vultures, and Romulus stood on Mount Palatine and saw 12 vultures. The latter numbers were luckier, but Remus was the first to see the signs. As a result, a quarrel broke out between the brothers, and Romulus eventually killed Remus and became the king of the new city. He ruled for a long time, and after his death was accepted into the gods, becoming the revered god of war, Quirinus.

From the 5th century BC to the beginning of the 3rd century BC, the struggle between the commoners and the nobility came to an end, and the Italian peninsula was basically unified. The Council of Centurion elected two consuls from among the nobility to exercise supreme executive power for a period of 1 year, while the Senate held the real power of the state. As the antagonism between the nobility and the commoners deepened, the nobility recognized the tribunes chosen by the commoners, and was responsible for protecting the power of the commoners from the nobles. In 451 BCE, the Law of the Twelve Tables was enacted, which abolished the restriction that commoners and nobles could not intermarry, which also marked the birth of Roman law. In 326 BC, debt slavery was abolished. When Rome was founded, it was a small country. From the beginning of the 5th century BC, it conquered some cities in the Latin Confederation and its close neighbors such as the Etruscans, and conquered the indigenous and Greek city-states of the southern Italian peninsula, becoming a great power in the western Mediterranean. Rome waged three more Punic Wars, conquering Carthage in 146 BC and making it a Roman province. 215 BC - 168 BC 3 Macedonian wars, conquered Macedonia and took control of all of Greece. Through the Syrian war and diplomacy, it took control of parts of West Asia and built a great power that spanned Africa, Europe, and Asia and dominated the Mediterranean. This period of rapid economic development also intensified social contradictions. In the 30s of the 2nd century BC ~ the 30s of the 1st century BC, known as the era of civil war, the Sicilian slave revolt and the Spartacus revolt broke out successively. The struggle between the bankrupt peasants and the big landlords, the struggle between the powerless and the powerful, the struggle between the knights and the senators was formed. And in 133 BC - 123 BC the Gracchus reforms took place. In 107 BC, with the support of the democrats, Marius was elected consul and began to implement military reforms. He introduced a system of conscription, which caused a large number of landless or landless citizens to pour into the army. In 90 BC, the Italians revolted for Roman citizenship, known as the War of the Confederates. In 82 BC, Sulla, supported by the aristocracy, led an army to occupy Rome. The following year, the Citizens' Assembly was forced to elect him dictator for life, setting a precedent for military dictatorship in Roman history. In 60 BC, Crassus, Caesar, and Pompey secretly formed an alliance to control Roman politics, known as the First Triumvirate. In 48 BCE, Julius Caesar defeated two others in the Crassus Crussian expedition and was declared dictator for life. He was a reformer, but his dictatorship attracted the hatred of his political opponents, and he was assassinated by aristocratic conspirators on March 15, 44 BCE. After Caesar's death, the Roman Civil War resumed. In 43 BC, Antony, Lepida, and Octavian openly allied and gained the legal power to rule the country for 5 years, which is known as the latter triumvirate. Octavian then defeated the other two and established the Senate in 27 BC by conferring the title of Augustus on Octavian and establishing the Führer. The Republic was declared dead. From then on, Rome entered the Roman Empire. The political system created by Augustus, known as the Führer in history, is actually an imperial system in the name of the republic. During his reign, he carried out a series of positive reforms that promoted economic and social development. It also expanded to the north of the empire to the Rhine and Danube. After Augustus' death, his adopted son Tiberius succeeded him, thus initiating the system of succession. The period from 27 BC to 192 BC is known as the Pre-Imperial Period and includes 3 dynasties: the Claudian dynasty, the Flavian dynasty, and the Antonine dynasty. During this period, society was relatively stable. During the reign of Emperor Trajan of the Antoninic Dynasty, the empire reached its maximum: from Spain and Britain in the west, the Euphrates River in the east, Egypt and Carthage in the south, and the Rhine and Danube rivers in the north, the Mediterranean Sea became the inland sea of the empire. The economy is booming like never before. In 192, the last emperor of the Antonine dynasty was killed, and Rome experienced a period of chaos for almost a hundred years. Historians refer to the period from the establishment of the Severus dynasty in 193 to the period of 235 as the Late Imperial Period. The social, economic, and military crises that began in the late Antonine dynasty reached unprecedented proportions in the 3rd century AD, leading some historians to mark a period of crisis in the third century, with wars, emperors, slave and peasant uprisings, and the Bagauda movement that began in Gaul in the 60s of the 3rd century posed a great threat to the rule of the ruling class. In 284, Diocletian, the commander of the Guard, was proclaimed emperor by the army, took imperial power, changed the head of state to the Domina special system, or monarchy, and officially adopted the ruling form and etiquette of the Eastern monarch. And many reforms were introduced, which are known in history as Diocletian's reforms. His successor, Constantine I, abolished the four-emperor system and became the sole monarch in 324, strengthening imperial power. In 330, the capital was moved to Byzantium and renamed Constantinople. In 313, the Edict of Milan was issued, recognizing the legitimacy of Christianity. After his death, war resumed. Theodosius I once unified the empire. After the death of Theodosius I in 395, the empire split into two parts, the Eastern Roman Empire and the Western Roman Empire.

In the Western Roman Empire, there were constant economic crises, a declining population, barren fields, and depressed cities and villages. In 410, the Visigoths captured Rome. In 452, Attila, king of the Huns, marched into Italy. In 455 the Vandals fell again into the city of Rome. Barbarian states such as the Visigothic Kingdom, the Vandal-Aran Kingdom, the Burgundian Kingdom and the Ostrogothic Kingdom were established successively. In September 476, the Western Roman Empire came to an end when Odoac, the leader of the Germanic mercenaries of Western Rome, deposed the last monarch, Romulus Augustus, and the Western Roman Empire came to an end. The Eastern Roman Empire lasted until 1453, when it was destroyed by the Ottoman Empire. It went through popular uprisings and foreign invasions, as well as a series of internal social changes, and entered a feudal society around the 4th century. “

After Duan Gongzi finished speaking in one go, he finally let out a long sigh, blew the night breeze in his face, and couldn't wait to drink a few sips of sweet wine, I couldn't help but say after listening to it: "Wow, it's really good, it's completely eloquent, and the story told is just right, if only you were my history teacher before, I can definitely get a hundred points, anyway, it's amazing, gushing, sprinkled, Duan Gongzi is simply a living walking encyclopedia." Duan Gongzi said humbly: "This is just my good memory, I can't forget it, in fact, these things are available on the Internet, you search for all the knowledge of Baidu Encyclopedia at a glance, I originally wanted you to open your phone to see, and it also saved me from talking for a long time, but I saw that it was late, I was afraid that the light of the mobile phone was too dim, and it was not good to hurt your eyes, and I had nothing to do now, so I recited it by the way." ”