"Starting from the spatial structure is the main method to study the structure of the village. "Spatial structure" refers to the description of the location, interrelationships, and meaning of various activities and phenomena on the ground. The British geographer D. regory once defined this concept as follows: "Space is organized through the operation of natural or social processes. "What is emphasized here is the interrelationship of space, the way it is organized, and the process of organizing space and the forces behind it.

1. Village pattern

The layout of Zhuge Bagua Village is very cleverly combined with the topography. Around the village, there are eight small hills around the back of the hall, the ancestral house mountain, the mouse mountain, the temple mountain, the Dayuan mountain, the Guohe mountain, the Taigong mountain and the drum mountain. In the center of the village, there is a pond ——— a bell pond, half of which is half of the pond water and half of the flat land, with a peculiar structure. There is a well on the water surface and on the flat ground, forming a complete Taiji diagram. With the "Taiji Diagram" as the center, the eight lanes in the village extend outward in a radial shape, and are naturally classified into the eight gossip directions of "Qian, Kan, Gen, Zhen, Xun, Li, Kun, and Dui". There are many alleys in the lanes that are connected vertically and horizontally, zigzag, seemingly passable, confusing, and the height of the village is staggered

The houses form a natural inner gossip. The entire village is nestled within an enclosed hill and is surprisingly well laid out. The whole village is surrounded by mountains and water, echoing inside and outside, forming a living space that conforms to the ideal environment.

The buildings in the village are eaves and corners, with a variety of postures and beautiful shapes. Sandwiched between the high walls of houses, the alleys crisscross the city, making it difficult to predict what is real and virtual. Walking in the village is like being trapped in a gossip array, mysterious and mysterious. Walking through the narrow alleys, I often experience the surprise of "the mountains and rivers are full of doubts, and the willows and flowers are bright and another village". When Zhuge Bagua Village built its houses, it also reflected a strong view of feng shui. Due to the unique topography and the lack of people and land, in order to save land, the density of residential buildings is relatively high, and the streets and alleys are mostly attached to the gaps of buildings. The houses are mostly built along the hillside trend. The path between the houses is very narrow, and the spatial scale is relatively large

It is small, 3 to 4 meters wide, and less than 1.5 meters narrow, and can only accommodate one person in the narrowest place. The appropriate spatial scale enables neighbors to help each other and cooperate with each other, forming a harmonious living atmosphere.

2. Nozzle setting

A nozzle is a place where water flows in and out. There is a pond at the entrance of Zhuge Bagua Village, and a large ancestral hall is built behind the pond, which is a common model for most villages in this area. There are two large and small water outlets in the village, and the small water mouth is located in the prime minister's ancestral hall. Dashuikou is located in the southeast corner of the North Leaky Pond, where there is also a Guandi Temple and a chastity archway, sitting east and facing west, standing side by side. According to local residents, the Guandi Temple is like a lock, and the chastity archway is like the key to unlock the lock, and the two stand side by side as if locking the water mouth, "gathering Tibetan wind" for the village. Due to the high terrain of the village, flowing water cannot come in. The residents rely on all the domestic water for equalization

Ponds and wells are evenly distributed in low-lying villages and valley basins. The pond stores rainwater, and the well is dug at the edge of the pond. The well water is cleaner and is reserved for drinking, while the pond water is used for washing. Since both the wells and the ponds are excavated by hand. The water in the pond is not alive, so in order to avoid silting, the pond mud is dug at the beginning of each year before the Lantern Festival to purify the water. Pond mud can also be used as an organic fertilizer, killing two birds with one stone. There are a total of 18 important reservoirs in the village, namely Shangtang, Xiatang, Hongyitang, Juyitang, Julutang, Beikoutang, Zhongtang, Shangtang, Jiqingtang, Xiwutang, Wallwei Pond, Pharmacy Pond, Changtang, Xintang, Huayuantang, Tianbaotang, Zhangwutang, and Zhujiawutang. Collectively known as "Eighteen Ponds". Zhuge Village will encounter drought every summer, and all the irrigation crops are filled with water from the pond, especially the North Leak Pond, Jiqing Pond, Hongyi Pond, etc., which are set up in the "Ming Hall", and the area of the pond is very large, which is the most important irrigation water storage area. The ancestral hall stipulates that in the dry season, when the water is saved from the corridor, only the water of Julutang is not allowed to be drained, in addition to the attention to feng shui, but also to ensure the necessities of residents' lives. The whole water system is like the blood of the village, and from the perspective of the practical function of water, the water system can meet the requirements of irrigation, washing, fire protection, drainage, temperature and humidity regulation. In terms of the aesthetic function of water, the water system extends in all directions, connecting the roads, courtyards, squares and gatehouses in the village, providing a public space for the villagers to rest and communicate.

3. Residential architecture

The Zhuge Bagua Residential Buildings follow extremely strict hierarchical distinctions in terms of layout, function, scale, volume and color. The buildings in the village are distributed around the ancestral hall and the grand hall to the periphery in turn. All houses have their own courtyards, which ensure relatively private and independent spaces. The architectural decoration is mainly carved, which is exquisite and gorgeous. Carving includes wood carving, stone carving, brick carving, etc., with various techniques. Bagua Village has many villagers who have been doing business since ancient times, and have brought back a variety of architectural styles that are different from the local area, among which the Hui style architecture is even more, so you can see "blue bricks, gray tiles, horse-head walls, fat beams, fat columns, and small boudoirs" in most of the dwellings

These are the construction characteristics that are very different from the architectural style of the ancient villages in central Zhejiang.

In terms of structure, the residential buildings of Bagua Village like to use the architectural design forms such as patio structure, small heat capacity enclosure structure, narrow laneway, double-layer brick roof insulation, and tall exterior wall shading, so as to achieve the purpose of natural ventilation during the day and rapid cooling at night, so all year round, you can feel comfortable and comfortable in the courtyard and the temperature is suitable. In order to solve the problems of lighting, most of the residences are three-bay or three-bay two-compartment buildings, which are spacious and bright, with air circulation and energy saving.

Another ecological image of Bagua Villager Residential Architecture, Xiàn embodies the Chinese architectural philosophy of "conforming to nature and overcoming rigidity with softness" in the architectural structure. Wood is flexible and elastic, light and strong, and the joints of the wooden structure are connected by mortise and tenon joints, which can absorb and consume the energy in the earthquake through its own toughness in the event of natural disasters such as earthquakes, so as to ensure the strength of the house structure. The building materials of the houses in the village are all made of local materials, such as wood, stone, bamboo and rattan. These natural materials are not only harmless to the human body, but also less damaging to the environment, and their unique texture and natural colors can meet people's psychological requirements of returning to nature, returning to nature and integrating with nature. The wood has a beautiful texture, a warm texture, and is convenient to build; The stone is simple and dignified, and the texture is heavy

Dense, they are the basic materials of ancient residential buildings, after hundreds of years are still solid in structure, charm is still the same. ”

Wang Zhong said with a smile.

"It's such a desirable village, I must visit it if I have the chance!"

Wu Ming said with some yearning.

"There are eight alleys stretching out around the bell pond. The characteristics are different, forming eight parts: Kan, Gen, Zhen, Xun, Li, Kun, Dui, and Qian. The Grand Hall is located in the part of its Kangong Palace, and from its main entrance to the east is a very deep, layered staircase uphill, with a green garden on the left side, and a row of houses on the right side, and this alley leads to Jiqing Hall, one of the eighteen halls in the village. The alley of Bell Pond East is very straight and 100 meters long. The eight alleys seem to be open but closed, connected but broken, virtual and real. It's like a spider's web, and it's like a labyrinth. ”

"Mr. Wang, do you plan to draw on the layout of Bagua Village for design?"

Wu Ming asked with some curiosity.

"Yes, but I'll also refer to the design of other villages, as long as this is how I can design a building that is in harmony with nature!"

Wang Zhong said confidently.

"What else do you want to refer to?"

Wu Ming's eyes suddenly lit up, and he asked with some curiosity.

"Xidi Village!"

Wang Zhong's eyes lit up and he said seriously.

"Xidi Village?"

Wu Ming asked with some confusion. For this design, he referred to the style of many villages, but he really had never heard of Xidi Village!

"In Xidi Village, black marble is used for building houses. Two clear springs pass through the village, 99 high walls and deep alleys, and ancient houses with their own characteristics, making tourists feel like they are in a labyrinth. At the head of the village, there is a bluestone archway of three four pillars and five floors built in the sixth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1578 AD). Towering and exquisitely structured, it is a symbol of the prominent status of the Hu family. There is a "Fulfillment Hall" built in the Kangxi period in the village, which is elegantly furnished. Full of bookish atmosphere, the hall is entitled "Books and poems are written by the world, and filial piety is passed on as a newspaper", "Reading is good, business is good, and good effect is good." It is difficult to start a business, it is difficult to know, it is difficult to know, it is not difficult", which shows the penetration of Confucianism into architecture. Another ancient house in the village is "Dafudi", which was built in the 30th year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty (1691 AD). "Dafudi" is a pavilion-style building facing the street, which was originally used for viewing, and the building is hung with "people in the peach blossom garden." The interesting thing about the "six big characters" is that most people regard this building as the place where the lady chooses her son-in-law in the costume drama to "throw the hydrangea hot", and it has now become the place where Xidi Village holds this folk activity. There is also an inscription of "take a step back and think" under the forehead of the "doctor", which is a pun on the meaning and intriguing. In addition, the splendid houses, exquisite gardens, black marble door frames and leaky windows, stone carvings of exotic flowers, birds and animals, brick carved pavilions, characters and dramas, exquisite wood carvings, gorgeous paintings and murals all reflect the essence of ancient Chinese art.

The archway in front of the village of Xidi Town was built in the Song Dynasty during the Yuan You (Song Zhezong) period, because the river flows westward through this village, it was originally called "Xichuan". Because there was a post station for delivering mail in ancient times, it was named "Xidi", and it was known as "the people in the peach blossom garden". The name of Xidi, the reason why it was renamed Xidi has two sayings, one is: in the past, it was a traffic artery, and the government set up a post station here to pass official documents and for officials to rest temporarily, and the post station was also called "Di Pu" in ancient times, so Xichuan was also called "Xi Di Pu". The other is: the rivers on the land of China all go to the east, but the rivers around Xidi flow to the west, "East Water West Delivery", so Xichuan is also called Xidi.

The rise and fall of this village is closely linked to the fate of the Hu family. The ancestor of Xidi was the son of Li Ye of Tang Zhaozong, who fled to the people and changed his surname to Hu because of the chaos. The Hu family began to do business in 1465, and they were successful in business, building houses, building shrines, paving roads, and building bridges. In the middle of the 17th century, the Hu family moved from business to officialdom, and the influence of the village grew. The prosperity of Xidi reached its peak in the 18th and 19th centuries, when there were about 600 ornate residences in the village.

A main road runs from east to west in Xidi Village, and many narrow alleys run through it along with a parallel street on each side. There are small squares in front of public buildings such as Jingai Hall, Zhufu Hall, and Thorn History Archway. Today, the main tourist attraction includes 124 well-preserved Ming and Qing dynasty buildings. Most of the houses are open to the public. The main buildings are the bluestone archway built in the sixth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1578), and the doctor built in the 30th year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty (1691).

Xidi, the source of ancient peach blossoms, is located in the south of Anhui Province, only 41 kilometers away from the Huangshan Scenic Area. It was built in the Northern Song Dynasty during the Huanghu period, has a history of more than 930 years, and the village is ship-shaped and covers an area of 16 hectares.

Xidi was formerly known as Xichuan, also known as Xixi. There are Lingyun Pavilion, Hu Wenguang History Archway, Ruiyu Garden, Taoli Garden, East Garden, West Garden, Dafudi, Jingai Hall, Xufu Hall, Qingyun Xuan, Yingfu Hall, Dujing Hall, Yanggao Hall, Shangde Hall, Pillow Stone Building, Rentang, Pursuit Hall and other ancient residential buildings. ”

"Is Xidi Village also a treasure of feng shui?"

Wu Ming asked with some curiosity.

"Ancient feng shui masters looked at the terrain and often used a certain shape and image to check the good and evil. The shape of the Xidi landscape wins as "there is a tiger in front of the squat, Luo Feng arch show, the victory of Tianma Yongquan, the wonder of the rhinoceros looking at the moon". The saying of "heavenly horse" and "rhinoceros" is a kind of analogy, referring to the shape of this mountain like an auspicious beast, which has an auspicious meaning. "The legacy of the glory visited the road, occupied the shape and looked at the situation, and built the room in Renshan." It was this auspicious shape of mountains and rivers that made Hu Shiliang moved, and for the prosperity of his descendants, he moved from Wuyuan to Xidi at a cost.

The words of the boat shape made me listen to it with relish, and after investigation, I felt that what the ancients said was true.

Located in the southeast of Yixian County, Anhui Province, Xidi is an ancient village formed by dozens of generations of descendants of the Hu family. Xidi green mountains are undulating, the forest is luxuriant, and its geographical location is according to the "Xidi Hu Family Genealogy" cloud: "its east is Yangmei Mountain, its south is Lugong Mountain, its west luxury Gong Mountain, its north pine mountain, all ring arches." The mountains and rivers are abundant. "The two schools of water, the water of the front warehouse originated in Bangwu, the water of the back library originated in Hexiangwu, the broad and double leads, all flow to the west, people praise the mountains and rivers Zhong Ling, can be called the victory of the peach source. Since ancient times, it has been known as "the people in the Peach Blossom Garden". The village covers an area of 13 hectares, with a length of 700 meters from east to west and a width of 300 meters from north to south. From a distance, the whole village of Xidi is in the shape of a boat "boat", and the rows of Hui style houses are like the cabins of a big ship. In the local genealogy, it is said: "The boat shape of the village, borrowing the water to walk, get the help of the gods, take the true scriptures, and thus make a fortune." ”

Similarly, Longchuan, where the other branch of the Hu clan is located, is also like a boat. The villager's surname is Hu, and in southern Anhui dialect, the pronunciation of "Hu" and "float" is similar. What should I do if the boat is always "floating" and drifting? At this time, a feng shui master named Lai Wenzheng passed by and told the villagers: "If the boat wants to stop, it must rely on an iron anchor." The iron anchor is T-shaped, so you have to find a family surnamed Ding to move to Longchuan. (To be continued......)