1. What is the State?

Materialists believe that the state is the irreconcilable product and embodiment of stage contradictions. Pen, fun, and www.biquge.info

Theists believe that the state is built according to the will of God, and that everything in the state comes from the will of God (heaven, God).

Authoritarians view the state as a legitimate man-to-man domination relationship that uses violent means. For the state to exist, the ruled must obey the authority demanded by the person who rules it.

The republicans believe that "the state is the cause of the people, but the people are not some random aggregate of people, but a common and united body of many people who are united in the law and interests." "Cicero.

Idealists hold that "the state is the idea of ethics—the ethical spirit as a manifested, self-aware substantive will that thinks and knows itself, and accomplishes all that it knows, and only accomplishes what it knows." "Hegel.

Physicists believe that "heaven and earth are humble and stable, and the low and high are to become superior and superior, and there are kings and ministers, and there are ministers and people." The people accumulate the people into the country, and the country becomes the world. ”

The capitalists believe that the state is "a social contract" when "all the rights of the united and themselves are transferred to the whole collective" when "the state guarantees the person and wealth of the union with all its common strength".

But what is the state in essence?

The state is not the subject of irreconcilable contradictions in the stages as the materialists believe, nor is it "the dignity of heaven and the earth, and the whole is fixed." The humble is Chen, and the noble and lowly are in the position. Nor is it that nations are built by God's will. The state is more the product and reality of the union of human will, rather than the product and actual embodiment of purely material class oppression.

The state is more manifested in the spiritual sustenance of the people's will, and the emergence of the state is the inevitable result of the development of human society into a civilized society. Man exists in isolation because his self-will is superior to all animals in the world, so the state must be a condensation of man's self-will and self-transformation. At the same time, it is also a collection of the people's unanimous interests, and it is also the embodiment of the "social contract" of the relationship between people.

The highest state of the republic is the place where the people's will is condensed, and the place where the people's power is distributed, and the sustenance and extension of the people's will is the overall embodiment of the country's will.

The early primitive people did not have the concept of the state, the generation of the state can be deduced to the later stage of the clan society, the clan society was preceded by the matriarchal society, the society at that time had no morality at all, human cathartic desires are related to material needs, women can use sex in exchange for food, in exchange for authority, in exchange for the initiative, at this time human beings have no self, the self is just the desire of the beast, the strength of hunting and sharing is the self-reference of primitive humans. When human beings developed to a patrilineal society, clans were born, and the emergence of clan society was the basis for the emergence of the state, and the emergence of clan society was also the basis for the origin of war. The battle over the hunting domain is the root cause of the war, the driving force that eventually formed the state, and the basis for the emergence of human self-consciousness.

Hegel believed that man's self-consciousness is not an independent individual, and that the extension of self-consciousness must be contrasted with specific references. The self, as the soul and spiritual sustenance of man, is stuck between man and nature. The reason is that the self-consciousness of human beings is higher than the self-consciousness of all animals in the world, so that human beings cannot find a specific reference suitable for comparing themselves, which leads to the dilemma of human self-consciousness and struggles, which forms the human self-consciousness in a suspended state and cannot be down-to-earth. However, the establishment of the state has found a place of sustenance for the soul and spirit of mankind, which is the reason for the emergence of the state.

It is precisely because the self-consciousness of human beings is higher than that of other animals and plants that the soul and spirit of human beings are ideologies that stand above wisdom. From this it can be seen that the teachings of the sciences "have nothing spiritual in them, but only some rules that are usually applied, so that they are easier to understand and move the hearts of the people than they are intellectual" (Montesquieu). It is precisely for the reasons of science that the Chinese spend their lives practicing "knowledge of things" and cannot elevate themselves to the level of soul and spirit.

China has experienced countless dynastic changes over the past 5,000 years, benefiting from the general rational culture of the Chinese, but also suffering from the destruction of the culture of etiquette. If the Chinese self and the animal self must be referenced, China's physical culture can only be regarded as sheep culture. When morality is lost, the wolves disperse the hungry sheep, the sheep have no leader, flee in all directions, each looking for their own place of survival, until the wolves disappear, the new royal power is established, and the scattered sheep will return to their original habitat, graze quietly again, and reproduce. This point can still be compared with the ideological phenomenon of the rational culture of ancient Oriental people, as well as the realistic expression of self-consciousness from the modern sheep nature.

Due to the natural environment of the agrarian people, the legal system is not what people expect here, but the requirements for morality are higher than the law. So the Chinese have since ancient times confused the government with the law, which is related to China's religious beliefs, and "Chinese legislators have done more than that." They mix religion, laws, customs, and rituals. All these things are moral. All these things are virtues. The precepts of these four are the so-called rites. (Montesquieu). Because of this, it can be confirmed that Hegel said that there is no philosophy in China, and true philosophy begins in the West. Therefore, there is an essential difference between Chinese science and Western philosophy, and there is no pure concept of state. "So the Chinese lack an understanding of the borders of the territory. This is the reason why there is no clear populist consciousness in China.

Due to the absolute understanding of material in science, the Chinese have had absolute greed for material since ancient times, and this situation has spread to the point of unsustainability, so that the Chinese lose their spiritual sustenance to the country, and the sheep who bow their heads and gnaw grass do not care whether the country is not a country, only when the natural grassland is desolate to no grass to gnaw, the sheep will remember their own strength. The sheep do not need self-will in the fertile pasture, as long as Conghua is fine, only when the wolves are expelled can they think of themselves and have a sense of nation.

Originally, the creation of the state was based on security and demand, and there were essentially two major parts: spiritual and material. The human need for security is attributed to the human need for spirituality, and the need is the real material need.

Security encompasses a wide range of areas, but the most important thing is law and security. When it comes to practice, it is the spirit of the law and the soul of the army. In this sense, the people are also symbols of the spirit.

The state is made up of people, but the people are not some kind of random aggregation of people, but a community gathered for the purpose of seeking the spiritual power of the law and the right to struggle for interests. Thus, the people within the state are the spiritual embodiment of nothingness, and the true citizen is a material entity composed of citizens and legal persons.

The conclusion drawn from this is that the state is composed of the people, and under the people there are the needs of citizens and legal persons for the spiritual power of the law, and the demand for the rights of citizens and legal persons to fight for interests.

The state is a product of spirit and matter.

Therefore, the state is the collection of the people's will above the law and the government, and the aggregation of the people's consciousness is the place where people's self-consciousness is out of the suspended state and down-to-earth, which is the reason for the emergence of the state. It is a place where people's wisdom and love come together.

The emergence of the state is the place where human beings practice wisdom and human consciousness of good and evil are scattered. The most embodied here is the "spirit of the law". That is, what the Chinese consider to be a moral code.

From here, we can still see the essential difference between Eastern science and Western philosophy, the "law" that Westerners know is spiritual, while the "law" that Easterners know is purely material. This leads to two understandings, two completely different ways of pursuing.

The result of this is that Westerners shuttle back and forth between autocracy, monarchy, and republican systems, while Easterners only survive in a closed system, which is the understanding of the state by Easterners and Easterners.

The correct understanding is that whether the state operates under the separation of powers or under the separation of powers, the law and the government are both products of the state, which exist equally and restrain and complement each other. Therefore, both legal and government workers must be loyal to the country and the spiritual leader of the people, and taking an oath to the head of the republic is one of the manifestations of spiritual sustenance. Therefore, taking an oath of allegiance to the country is the most serious thing in a person's life, and violators can be killed. Of course, under the republican system, any killing should be abolished, but the oath of allegiance to the spirit of the republic is the most supreme and must not be desecrated by anyone.

This is the reason why the state is the spiritual sustenance of all the people, the supremacy of the country, the self-consciousness of all the people is entrusted, and this is the hall where man, as a human being, gathers the good and evil of wisdom together as a reference object above all else, and seeks the development of civilization, which is sacred and solemn!

The country not only needs the peaceful pursuit of sheep nature, but also has the sense of wolf hunting, which also fully reflects the essence of human beings who are originally animals but are higher than animals.