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Cosmos (Kolkoff cosmology)

Modern astronomy holds that the universe is the sum total of all matter in time and space,[1] which is the whole of our material world, and is the largest object of study in physics and astronomy. The scientific methods and theories that explain the universe make up the universe in the modern sense

Learn. Today, cosmology has become an exact science. [2]

The definition of the universe in ancient times is the "Huainanzi" of the Western Han Dynasty: "In ancient times, it was called the universe, and the four directions were called the universe." [3]

Through the observation of cosmic microwave background radiation, it has been found that our universe has expanded by 13.82 billion years, but the diameter of the universe is obviously larger than this value, and the latest research believes that the diameter of the universe can reach 92 billion light years, or even larger. [4]

Some of the objects in the universe as observed by humans are made up of about 4.9% ordinary matter (the matter that makes up stars, planets, gases, and dust) or "baryons", 26.8% dark matter, and 68.3% dark energy. Baryonic matter constitutes the "spider" of the intergalacies

nets" [5-6]

In the universe, the Earth is the only planet known to mankind to have life.

The Big Bang is a cosmological model that describes the initial conditions for the birth of the universe and its subsequent evolution, and it is supported by the most extensive and accurate scientific research and observations available today. Cosmologists usually refer to the Big Bang view that the universe was in the past

A finite time ago, it evolved from an extremely dense and extremely hot primordial state, and has been expanding to reach its present state. [7]

Dark matter and dark energy indicate their existence by their gravitational attraction on ordinary matter and the acceleration of the expansion of the universe, respectively. If dark energy does not exist, then the gravitational effect between matter will slow down the expansion of the universe, but astronomical

It shows that our universe is expanding at an accelerated pace. [8]

The Chinese name Keshi universe, the universe foreign name cosmos; The universe is 13.82 billion years old, and the applied disciplines astronomy cosmology belong to the natural sciences, and the singularity of the Big Bang is more than 92 billion light years in diameter, expanding indefinitely

The ending heat death, cold death, or large compression is to be examined for the spherical shape

directory

1. Ancient and modern perspectives

Historical records

From ancient times to modern times

2. Geometric construction

Diameter and age

?shape

Hierarchy

Classification of galaxies

Solar system bodies

Material diversity

3 Cosmological models

Theoretical basis

Computer Evolutionary Models

Modern cosmological models

4 From the origin to the end

The creation of the universe

Constantly expanding

Accelerated expansion

The end of the universe

5 Big Bang Models

Introduction to the theory

?Theory

Quadratic expansion theory

Physical equality

6 Multiverse

7 The Best of the Universe

Ancient and Modern Perspectives Editor

Historical records

"Wenzi Nature": "In ancient times, it was called the universe, and the four directions were called the universe. "Corpse": "The upper and lower four directions are said to be the universe, and the past and the present are called the universe." "Huainanzi": "From ancient times to the present, it is called the universe, and the four directions are called the universe." [9] Zhuangzi?

Gengsang Chu": "Out of the roots, into the know-how." There is reality but no place, and there is a long but no plagiarism. Those who have something but no knowledge have the truth. There are those who are real but have no place, and there are those who are long and have no roots, and there are those who are long and have no roots. ”[10]

From ancient times to modern times

The ancient Chinese once put forward the theory of covering the sky and the theory of Hun Tian, and there was Chang'e among the people during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period

The American artist Pablocarlos Budassi painted the entire universe

The American artist Pablocarlos Budassi painted the entire universe

In the legend of the moon, the Han Dynasty scholar Zhang Heng also put forward the concept of an infinite universe of "the surface of the universe is infinite, and the end of the universe is infinite". [12] According to the Hun Tian theory, the shape of heaven and earth is like an egg, and the relationship between heaven and earth is like an egg shell wrapped in egg yolk. Zhang Heng thinks that Hun Tian said

It is more in line with the actual observation. [13]

In the 7th century BC, the Babylonians believed that the heavens and the earth were arched, that the earth was surrounded by the sea, and that in its center were high mountains.

The ancient Egyptians imagined the universe as a big box with the sky as the lid and the earth as the bottom, with the Nile River in the center of the earth.

The ancient Jews believed that the earth was the center of the universe, surrounded by a circle of planets, and beyond that, the rest of the celestial bodies were scattered. There is a stationary celestial sphere, and within it, the planets are in their own places, and they are constantly rotating. [14]

The Earth turned out to be spherical

It was the ancient Greeks who first recognized that the earth was spherical. [15] In the 6th century BC, Pythagoras proceeded from the aesthetic concept of the most beautiful three-dimensional figure to be spherical, and advocated that the celestial bodies and the earth were spherical. [16] This notion came later

Inherited by many ancient Greek scholars, it is confirmed by Magellan's circumnavigation of the world in the early 17th century. [17-18]

Geocentrism, heliocentrism, and the law of gravitation

In the 2nd century AD, C. Ptolemy proposed the world's first model of planetary systems, geocentrism.

Schematic diagram of Ptolemy's geocentrism

Schematic diagram of Ptolemy's geocentrism

The Earth is at the center of the universe and is stationary. From the Earth outward, there are the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, orbiting the Earth in their own circular orbits. To illustrate the unevenness of planetary motion, the planets are proposed in this round

It revolves around its center, while the center of the wheel revolves around the earth along the wheel. [20]

In 1543, N. Copernicus's Treatise on the Movement of the Celestial Sphere formally put forward the "heliocentric theory",[21] which held that the sun is the center of the planetary system, and all planets revolve around the sun. The Earth is also a planet that rotates like a spinning top on it, one

The plane, in turn, revolves around the sun like other planets. In medieval Europe, Ptolemy's geocentric theory was dominant because it met the needs of theocratic theory. In order to defend heliocentrism, many people with lofty ideals and dark theocratic ruling forces

Fought one after the other, and paid the price of blood. [22]

In 1609, J. Kepler's Kepler's three laws revealed that the earth and the planets revolve around the sun in an elliptical orbit, developing the heliocentric theory and laying the foundation for Newton's law of universal gravitation. [23] After Lipsey invented the telescope in 1608,

Galileo immediately transformed it and pointed to the firmament. In 1610, Galileo published his epoch-making work "The Star Messenger", the hazy Milky Way turned out to be a boundless sea of stars, the bright moon was covered with craters, and the brilliant sun did not know that there would be sunspots.

And the phase change of Venus and the 4 moons of Jupiter are precisely the most reliable evidence for heliocentrism. [24-25]

In 1687, I. Newton discovered the law of gravitation, which gave Copernicus's theory a more solid scientific basis. [26]

Two test mirrors of the James Webb Space Telescope

Two test mirrors of the James Webb Space Telescope

The birth of the astronomical telescope brought about the first revolution in astronomy. With the advent and improvement of observation and analysis instruments such as astronomical telescopes, mankind's understanding of the universe has become clearer and richer. Every development and breakthrough of telescopes has promoted astronomy

The great discoveries and the leap in human understanding of the universe have had a significant impact on mathematics, physics and other natural sciences, and have promoted the process of human civilization. [28]

Extragalactic galaxies

In Copernicus's theory, a star is simply a point of light in the sky of the outermost star.

In 1584, Giordano Bruno proposed that the stars were distant suns.

In the first half of the 18th century, Bruno's speculation was increasingly accepted by E. Halley for the self-development of the star and J. Bradley's scientific estimate of the star's distance.

In the mid-18th century, T. Wright, I. Kant, and J. H. Lambert speculated that the stars and the Milky Way that spread throughout the sky constituted a vast system of celestial bodies. Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel pioneered the method of sampling and statistics, using a telescope to count the sky

The large number of stars in selected regions and the ratio of bright to dark stars led to the first 1785 to obtain a flat, flat, unevenly contoured, sun-centered diagram of the Milky Way, which laid the foundation for the concept of the Milky Way. (To be continued.) )