The editor-in-chief's words are actually layman, the search for dark matter does not necessarily require a new theory, according to the existing theories, it is possible to discover dark matter, and it is even possible to discover dark matter in experiments that has not been predicted by any theory; if this is the case, the person who proposed the theory in the former situation will win the award, and the person who discovers it in the latter situation will win the award; the reason why Lu Qiujian proposed the new theory is that in addition to the fact that this theory is indeed feasible, he also wants to make his reason for winning the award more solid!

If dark matter cannot be seen, how did the physics community discover its existence, or why did physicists assume that it exists?

This starts with the working habits of physicists, who now come up with self-evident hypotheses, such as the shortest straight line between two points, and then derive vast mathematical systems from these self-evident axioms, while physicists first formulate hypotheses and then use them before saying that they are correct if they are self-consistent, consistent with known phenomena in terms of measurement accuracy, and can make reasonable predictions.

Physics is falsifiable. It is possible for us to design some kind of experiment to falsify any physical theory, and now we accept a certain physical theory, not that it has been proved, but that it has not been falsified by any empirical verification. If it is proved to be wrong experimentally, then it is wrong, and if it cannot be proven wrong, then go ahead and use it! For example, Galileo's two iron ball experiments proved Aristotle's theory wrong.

The emergence of dark matter can be traced back to Einstein's theory, who believed that the shape of the universe depends on the mass of the universe. He believes that the universe is finite and closed. If so. The average density of matter in the universe must reach minus 5×10 grams per cubic centimeter. However, the density of the universe that has been observable so far is 100 times smaller than this value. Other words. Most of the matter in the universe is "missing", and scientists call this "missing" matter "dark matter".

In 1933, Swiss astronomer Fritz Zavich of the California Institute of Technology in the United States discovered that the speed of galaxies in a galaxy cluster was greater than expected, according to Newton's law of universal gravitation, which means that there is still a lot of unobserved matter between galaxies.

According to his inference, the mass of galaxy clusters is 400 times greater than that inferred from luminous stars in galaxy clusters. The concept of "dark matter" was first proposed, but this idea was not taken seriously at the time.

It wasn't until 1970 that the female scientist Rubin and her contemporaries Ford finally found convincing evidence. They discovered a peculiar phenomenon by studying the rotation curves of the Great Andromeda Nebula: according to Newton's law of gravitation, if the mass of a galaxy is concentrated in the core of the galaxy, the speed of the stars on the outer part of the galaxy will decrease with distance. But from the results of their observations, the speed of the outer stars of the galaxy is constant over a considerable range!

So they came to a similar conclusion to Zavic. Either Newton's law of gravitation is incorrect, or there is a lot of unobserved material in the non-core of the galaxy, and because Newton's law of gravitation has not been falsified, dark matter is the only explanation.

Many similar astronomical phenomena have been observed, so the theory of the existence of dark matter has been widely accepted, but until now, no reliable dark matter model has been established in physics, and dark matter has not really been found.

The existence of dark matter poses a new challenge to the theory of particle physics, and in the Standard Model proposed by Weinberg, only neutrinos may be dark matter, but studies have shown that neutrinos cannot be the main component of dark matter in the universe. So dark matter requires a new physical model that goes beyond the Standard Model.

Physicists have also proposed a variety of models such as the minimum supersymmetric model, the extra dimension model, and the Higgs Jr. model. But there is no way to obtain conclusive experimental evidence.

Because dark matter does not participate in electromagnetic reactions, it is difficult to observe directly with astronomical telescopes. Therefore, physicists have devised three different observation methods to explore, namely accelerator observation, indirect observation and direct observation.

Accelerator observation is to use LHC to collide particles, create dark matter, and then infer the properties of dark matter based on the energy and distribution carried away by dark matter particles.

Indirect observation is the observation of stable visible particles produced after the decay of dark matter particles, and the properties of dark matter are inferred from these clues.

Direct observation is to establish an observation chamber that can shield most of the ground interference signals in the extremely deep underground to detect the signals generated by dark matter particles and the nuclei of matter in the detector. It's also one of the most viable ways to explore. But this method is a bit troublesome for Lu Qiujian.

In order to explore dark matter, it is necessary to have an extremely deep underground laboratory, and now whether it is the underground science laboratory 2438 meters underground at the Holmstek gold mine in Black Hill, South Dakota, or the extremely deep underground dark matter laboratory in Jinping, Huaguo, which is deeper than this, it still only exists on the drawings, and there is still a long time before it is put into use, and he does not have the time to wait for the completion of these two major projects. And the existing Italian gran-sasso underground laboratory, etc., did not meet his requirements.

Therefore, LHC's accelerator exploration has become his only option at the moment, which is why he has done his best to discover new data analysis methods and help CERN adjust the trial plan.

First, the LHC will only have time to complete the experiment on dark matter by helping CERN complete the exploration of the Higgs boson, and secondly, he has confirmed his strength through his great contribution to the discovery of the Higgs boson, which makes it possible for CERN to carry out experiments on the discovery of dark matter according to his own experimental plan.

Of course, it is not realistic to go to CERN immediately to come up with his own experimental plan, and let Dr. Evans carry out experiments according to this plan, one is that the experiment on the Higgs boson is not over, and CERN needs more discoveries to make the Higgs boson statistically meet the standard of determining its existence, and second, Lu Qiujian needs to build his own dark matter model, so that he can find the kind of dark matter particles predicted by himself from the huge data fed back by the collider experiment.

"Professor Xuft, I have a new article for you to help you read!" Lu Qiujian walked into Professor Xuft's office and placed the paper on his desk.

"Oh, what kind of article, about the Higgs boson?" Professor Xuft wiped his glasses and took Lu Qiujian's paper, Lu Qiujian had done so much work in the discovery of the Higgs boson, and it would be a bit too wasteful not to read a few articles.

"The article about the experiment will be done by the whole team! This time my article is about dark matter! I have designed a new model of dark matter particles. Lu Qiujian sat in his chair and waited for Mr. Professor's reply.

"Dark matter!" Professor Schifft muttered, flipping through the paper. (To be continued.) )

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