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"Senior brother, the history books say that Chinese tombs began in the Central Plains, and it is true, just through Henan Province, from Yangshao culture to Ming and Qing tombs, you can almost see it, I don't know how many ancient civilizations are buried underground......

A group of three cars drove out of Henan and entered the territory of Shaanxi, Zhuang Rui sitting in the first car was chatting with Dr. Ren, this field archaeological operation, Zhuang Rui got out of two cars by himself, and a van from the Institute of Archaeology of Beijing University, which was used to carry excavation tools and other materials. Pen × fun × Pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 ｉｎｆｏ

A week ago, Zhuang Rui took Dr. Ren and three graduate students from Beijing University from Beijing University from Beijing and entered Henan through Hebei along the way.

Unlike the previous visits to Henan, this time Zhuang Rui and his entourage almost did not enter the city, and almost all of them spent time in the wild, whether it was the historical tombs that had been excavated or the places where tombs were suspected, they all left Zhuang Rui's footprints.

"In fact, a lot of antique treasures left behind now, themselves are funerary goods, that is, what we call Ming vessels (mortal vessels), if there is no burial system, it is estimated that many objects will not be manufactured, Zhuang Rui, there are a lot of common things, you know more about the origin of Chinese tombs, it is also very beneficial for you to collect......

During his Ph.D., Dr. Ren's main research direction was the origin and development of Chinese tombs, and he was extremely familiar with the existence period and social form of each tomb.

Almost everywhere he went, Dr. Ren could explain to Zhuang Rui what kind of people lived here many years ago, as far as thousands of years ago, as close as the end of the Qing Dynasty, there was no place that Dr. Ren did not know.

This made Zhuang Rui feel great admiration, and he was also secretly grateful to his teacher, Professor Meng, who knew that this was specially arranged by the teacher, so that the senior brother who was well-informed and remembered could assist him, and strive to make the excavation activity he presided over for the first time more complete.

The reason why he stayed in Henan for a week is because Zhuang Rui wants to systematically understand the origin of Chinese tombs, in practice, Zhuang Rui's harvest is far from being able to get from books and classrooms, through the on-site investigation of different tombs, China's thousands of years of tomb culture, in Zhuang Rui's mind has formed a more systematic cognition.

China takes the Han nationality as the main body, the Han nationality was called the Huaxia nationality in ancient times, and the Chinese originated from the Yanhuang tribe in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River for more than 5,000 years, so we call ourselves "the descendants of Yanhuang".

The Han people have always practiced burial, this tradition is related to the agricultural geographical conditions and its culture, the Han people arose in the Central Plains, where the land is fertile, and the land is the foundation of life, the so-called "heaven is the father, the earth is the mother".

In the Book of Changes, "the heavens are all-encompassing, and the earths are all-encompassing", the ancients understood that the land has the function of "procreation", and after death, burying it in the earth is a place for the deceased to see rest and make the soul sojourn, so it is also necessary to preserve the body in the soil for the return of the soul.

The earliest burial in China dates back to the cave people 18,000 years ago, but this can only prove that there were burials at that time, and it does not deny whether other burial styles (such as cremation, wild burial, etc.) also existed at the same time, or even which is the more important burial style.

Entering a civilized society, the form of burial can best reflect the social status of the deceased during his lifetime, and can best convey people's feelings of "remembrance" and "filial piety", and as a means of governing people's hearts, so it is protected by successive dynasties.

Therefore, in ancient China, not only the Han people used to be buried, but also the Xiongnu, Turkic, Hui, Miao, etc.

Burial in ancient times was also called being done funeral, which are two different forms, Zhuang Rui learned from Dr. Ren's explanation that as a form of funeral, the ancients have always regarded funeral as a kind of social activity and even entertainment activities.

Without exception, they have to do a lively and lively funeral in the funeral, such as condolences, witchcraft, jumping corpses (entertaining corpses), singing sacrifices, prayers, funerals, etc., to the fullest, and later generations developed rice, small burials, large burials, mourning clothes, throwing basins and guarding the system, etc., and there are many corresponding etiquette norms for this in Chinese dynasties.

This method is still retained in China until now, for example, it is a happy funeral, happy and mourning is generally divided into Quanfu, Quansheng, Quanfu, Quanfu refers to the prosperity of Ding Xingwang, the formation of a large family, Quanshou is the age of the deceased, generally ten years old, and even break through the 100-year-old mark, the minimum must exceed the "ancient rare" (seventy years old) year, the older and older, the more in line with the conditions of "joy and mourning".

The whole end is easier to understand, also known as "good death", which means that the life is ended in a round and satisfying place, the folk think that the deceased accumulates virtue and does good deeds before his death, and makes merits widely, and is not tortured by illness at the end of his life, and even "dies without illness", and dies of natural old age. This is regarded as the fundamental condition of "joy and mourning".

Generally, the elderly who meet the above three conditions to die have to be operated in a big way at home, and the old people are buried in the ground, you know, the countryside is not popular in the cemetery, even after cremation, it will follow the strict follow of various processes, so that the old people are buried in the ground.

The above is about funeral, and as the evolution of the form of burial, the most prominent is the thick burial, which is manifested in the tomb, the furnishings in front of the tomb, the burial objects, etc., and what it tries to show is the difference between the high and the low in social rank.

Before the Xia, Shang and Third dynasties, there was a saying in the "Book of Rites, Tan Gong Shang" that "there is no tomb in the tomb", that is, there is no grave pile on the tomb, and there is no monument, but the custom of burial goods in the tomb has long existed, and at the time of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the tomb began to appear in the general popular mound-style tomb, and the more it is cultivated, the more spectacular.

"Mozi Jiejie Burial" describes the thick burial at that time as "the coffin must be heavy, the burial must be thick, the clothes must be many, and the mound must be huge." ”

Sovereigns and nobles of various countries in order to demonstrate, show respect, show wealth in the world, have also flaunted on the mound to show off and compare, "Historical Records, Qin Shi Huang Benji Collection Explanation" contains: Qin Shi Huang mobilized 720,000 people to build a tomb for himself, "the tomb is fifty zhang high, more than five miles back in the week, called 'Imperial Mausoleum', it is still there." Mausoleums, mountains and tombs, and extravagant emperors of later generations have followed suit. ”

In order to limit the unlimited comparison of the scale of the tombs, and make "the difference between the noble and the low", the dynasties also stipulated in the rites and laws, such as the "Han Law" stipulated: "The tomb of the liehou is four zhang high, and the people below the marquis in the guan are different." "Kaiyuan Ceremony" stipulates: the first grade official pit is one foot eight feet high, and the second grade is below, each lower grade is reduced by two feet, and the sixth grade is less than eight feet.

The Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties generally follow this provision, at the same time, the tomb of the emperor is built like a palace, called the "underground palace", and there are palace-like buildings on the ground, such as the imperial palace, the Ming Ming Tombs and the Qing Eastern Tombs, which are the imperial tombs and their palace-style buildings that have been preserved relatively well so far.

Because the funeral needs to have considerable wealth and social status, the traditional Chinese society has always been promoted by the royal family, noble relatives, and wealthy businessmen.

Such as the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang, the current unearthed is only one of the burial tombs, the burial figurines that have been unearthed, the infantry, the chariot soldiers, the cavalry terracotta figurines are as many as nearly 10,000 pieces, more than 500 horse warriors, more than 130 wooden chariots, and the height and size of the soldiers and horses are equivalent to the real people and real horses. It has been speculated that there should have been one on the left and right sides of the tomb of Qin Shi Huang (the excavated location was due east). If all the tombs of the Qin Emperor are excavated, it is not known how many burial goods there are.

Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty Luoyang's gambler drama Meng, his mother died, as many as the official rich people who participated in the funeral, there were more than 1,000 cars alone, which caused a sensation in Luoyang, and the people of the time even watched the drama Meng's communication ability and respect for people.

This style of funeral and burial has been followed through the generations, up to the Ming and Qing dynasties, and even today there are many enthusiasts, just like the fact that a wealthy man in a certain place sent hundreds of luxury cars to the funeral of his mother some time ago, in fact, it is similar to the mentality of the drama Meng's mother, which is to show his ability and wealth.

Of course, because of the waste of manpower and material resources in the funeral and the extravagance of the society, there have been opponents in the past. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period, Mozi strongly opposed it, and advocated "festival burial" and opposed the theory of ghosts and gods.

At the beginning of the founding of each dynasty, the people were frugal, the social economy was extremely to be restored, and the imperial court was to recuperate. For example, Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, and Emperor Gaozong all advocated "thin burial".

However, in the middle and late stages of the dynasty, the atmosphere of funerals and burials grew up with the extravagance of the whole society, until the dynasty collapsed, a new dynasty was established, and a new cycle began again.

Therefore, every tomb with a grand funeral is almost a microcosm of the society at that time, and by studying the burial goods in the tomb, you can have an intuitive understanding of the cultural form hundreds or even years ago, which is also the charm of archaeology that deeply attracts Zhuang Rui.

But it's a pity that although there are many tombs in Henan, Zhuang Rui has walked all the way, most of the tombs have been patronized by tomb robbers, even if Zhuang Rui has the ability to see through the catacombs, but the complete tombs are still not found, which also shows that wealth is moving, and there have been countless tomb robbers who have made a fortune for thousands of years.

"I said Zhuang Rui, the tomb in the northwest of Anyang, there is a ** high tomb, why are you not interested?"

The day before yesterday, when passing through Anyang, the local archaeological department was preparing to excavate the Eastern Han Dynasty tomb, but Zhuang Rui was not interested in the tomb of Cao Cao, which made Dr. Ren a little puzzled.

"Hehe, senior brother, Cao Cao has seventy-two suspicious graves, where can it be so easy to be discovered?"

Zhuang Rui smiled and shook his head, the scale of that tomb is not small, but Zhuang Rui has already discovered through his eyes that there are not many burial goods inside, presumably it has already been visited by tomb robbers, even if it is excavated, it is not very meaningful.