1. What is Marxism?(P2)

1. In terms of its class nature: Marxism is a scientific theory for the proletariat to strive for its own liberation and the liberation of mankind as a whole, and a theory concerning the nature of the proletarian struggle and the conditions for its emancipation.

2. In terms of its research object and main content: Marx is the scientific world outlook and methodology of the proletariat, a theory on the general laws of the development of nature, society and human thinking, and a theory on the development of capitalism and its transformation into socialism and the laws governing the development of socialism and communism.

3. Generally speaking: Marxism is a scientific theoretical system founded by Marx and Engels and developed by their successors, with the goal of criticizing capitalism, building socialism, and realizing communism, and is a science about the emancipation of the proletariat and mankind.

2. Briefly describe the three components of Marxism. （P2）

1. Marxist philosophy

2. Marxist political economy

3. Scientific socialism

III. What Are the Distinctive Characteristics of Marxism?(p10-11)

1. Marxism is scientific

2. Marxism is revolutionary

3. The scientific and revolutionary nature of Marxism is unified

IV. The Meaning of Matter (P23-25)

Matter is an objective existence that does not depend on human consciousness and can be reflected by human consciousness, and the material category is an abstraction and generalization of the common essence of all objective existence, and is a philosophical category that marks objective reality.

V. The Relationship between Matter and Consciousness (P28-30)

1. Matter determines consciousness

The decisive role of matter on consciousness is manifested in the nature and function of consciousness

2. The reaction of consciousness to matter

a. Awareness activities are purposeful and planned

b. Consciousness activities are creative

c. Consciousness has the role of guiding practice to transform the objective world

6. The unity of subjective initiative and objective regularity

1. Respecting objective laws is the premise for correctly giving full play to subjective initiative

2. Only by giving full play to subjective initiative can we correctly understand and utilize objective laws

Proceeding from reality, we should strive to understand and grasp the law governing the development of things; practice is the basic way to bring into play people's objective initiative; and the development of subjective initiative also depends on certain material conditions and material means.

VII. The Connection and Development of Things, and the Replacement of Old Things by New Things (P36-37)

1. Connection: refers to the relationship between the elements within the thing and between things that influence, restrict, and interact with each other. (Connections are objective, universal, diverse, and conditional)

2. Development: It is a forward and upward movement, and the essence of development is the generation of new things and the death of old things. New things refer to things that conform to the direction of historical progress and have great prospects, while old things refer to things that have lost their historical inevitability and are dying out day by day.

VIII. The Connection Between Necessity and Contingency (p39)

Inevitability: It is a regular and unwavering trend in the process of connection and development of things.

Serendipity is an uncertain tendency that is not necessarily the case in the process of connection and development of things.

Connection: Inevitability is determined by the fundamental contradiction of things, occupies a dominant position in the process of the development of things, and reflects the essential connection and development prospects of the development of things; contingency is caused by the non-fundamental contradictions and external conditions of things, and plays an accelerated or delaying role in the development of things; the two exist in connection with each other, and inevitability resides in contingency, and behind contingency lies inevitability, and contingency opens up the way for inevitability, and the two can be transformed into each other under certain conditions.

IX. The Law of the Unity of Opposites (P39-43)

The law of the unity of opposites is the essence and core of the materialist dialectics system, which reveals the fundamental content of the universal connection of things and the internal driving force of eternal development, and fundamentally answers the question of why things develop; the law of the unity of opposites is the central clue that runs through the law of mutual change of quality, the law of negation of negation, and the basic category of materialist dialectics, and is also the "key" to understanding these laws; the law of unity of opposites provides the fundamental method for people to understand and transform the world -- the method of contradiction analysis.

10. The law of mass interchange (P44)

Quantitative change: It is the increase or decrease of quantity and the change of the order of the constituent elements, which is an insignificant change in maintaining the relative stability of things, and reflects the continuity of the gradual process of development of things.

Qualitative change: It is a fundamental change in the nature of things, a leap from one qualitative state to another, and reflects the gradual process and continuity of the development of things.

Dialectical relationship: Quantitative change is the necessary preparation for qualitative change, qualitative change is the inevitable result of quantitative change, and quantitative change and qualitative change are interpenetrating.

11. The Law of Negation of Negation (P45)

1. Negation is the self-denial of things

2. Negation is the link in the development of things

3. Negation is the link between the old and the new, the new thing is born from the old thing, and the old and new things are connected through the negation link.

4. The essence of dialectical negation is "exaltation and abandonment"

The law of negation reveals the unity of the progressive and tortuous nature of the development of things, and it is of important guiding significance for people to correctly understand the tortuous and progressive nature of the development of things.

XII. Dialectics and Methods of Contradiction Analysis (p47-49)

XIII. Practice, Its Characteristics and Functions (p58-63)

Practice: It is an objective process in which the subject and the object interact with each other through a certain intermediary for the purpose of transforming the objective world.

Features: 1. Practice is the transformation of objective material activities, which has direct reality.

2. Practice is a conscious activity of human beings, which embodies conscious initiative.

3. Practice is a social and historical activity, and it has social history.

Function: 1. Practice determines cognition, and practice is the basis of cognition.

2. Practice is the source of understanding

3. Practice is the driving force for the development of understanding

4. Practice is the purpose of understanding

5. Practice is the only criterion for testing the truth of understanding

14. Briefly describe the relationship between logical proof and practical test (P83)

In the process of testing the truth in practice, logical proof can play an important supplementary role, and logical proof must obey the final result of practical test, and only through the test of practice can it finally prove whether an understanding is true or not.

Insisting that practice is the only criterion for testing truth requires a correct understanding of the role of theories that have been confirmed by practice.

XV. Certainty and Uncertainty of Practice Standards (P83-84)

Certainty (absoluteness): refers to the uniqueness of practice as a criterion for testing the truth of knowledge, without which there is no other criterion.

Uncertainty (relativity): refers to the conditionality of practice as a criterion for testing the truth of cognition, and any practice will be subject to certain specific conditions, so it has limitations, and the test of truth by practice cannot be completed at one time.

XVI. Criteria for Value Evaluation (P87)

The demands and interests of the masses of the people fundamentally represent the interests and demands of mankind as a whole and are consistent with the basic requirements or trends of historical development, and the fundamental criterion for their evaluation is correct only if they are consistent with the demands or interests of the people and mankind as a whole.

The evaluation takes the value relationship between the subject and the object as the object of cognition, the evaluation results are directly related to the evaluation subject, and the correctness of the evaluation results depends on the relevant intellectual understanding.

XVII. The Dialectical Relationship between Truth and Evaluation (p89)

Truth and evaluation are closely related and inseparable, truth is fundamental and priority because it is not based on the objective universality of people's subjective will, and the value and its evaluation criteria must be premised on the truth understanding of things, and the two are dialectically unified in the social practice of the masses of the people.

Upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics is a process of upholding the dialectical unity of truth and value, and it is precisely by adhering to the theoretical guidance of Marxism, constantly deepening the law governing the Communist Party, the law of socialist construction, and the law of the development of human society, and using scientific theory to guide practice, that the Communist Party of China can always adhere to the fundamental purpose of serving the people wholeheartedly in the new situation.

XVIII. Core Socialist Values (P89)

Country: Prosperous, strong, democratic, civilized, and harmonious

Society: Freedom, equality, justice, and the rule of law

Personal: patriotic, dedicated, honest and friendly

19. What is the Social Mode of Production (P104)

The material mode of production, that is, what Marx said: the "mode of production of material life", usually referred to as the mode of production, refers to the mode of production activities carried out by people in order to obtain material means of life, which is the unity of productive forces and production relations. The decentralization of material production is the foundation and decisive force for the existence and development of society.

20. The Contradictory Movement of the Productive Forces and the Relations of Production (p110-115)

1. Productive forces and production relations are two inseparable aspects of social production, in social production, productivity is the material content of production, production relations are the social form of production, and the organic combination and unity of the two constitute the social mode of production.

2. The mutual relationship between the productive forces and the relations of production is: the productive forces determine the relations of production, and the relations of production react on the productive forces.

3. This contradictory movement is an intrinsic, essential, and inevitable connection, and the relations of production must be adapted to the law of the state of the productive forces.

21. The Contradictory Movement of the Economic Base and the Superstructure (P115-119)

1. The economic base determines the superstructure

The economic base is the material basis on which the superstructure depends for its production, existence, and development, and the superstructure is the indispensable political and ideological conditions for the economic base to determine its dominant position and to consolidate and develop.

2. The superstructure has a counter-effect on the economic base

Serve the form and consolidation of one's own economic base, establish or maintain its dominant position in society, and when it serves the economic base that meets the requirements of the development of the productive forces, it becomes a force for the development of society, and vice versa.

3. The interaction between the economic base and the superstructure constitutes the contradictory movement of the two

4. The intrinsic relationship between the economic base and the superstructure constitutes the law that the superstructure must be suitable for the state of the economic base.

22. The Role of Science and Technology in Social Development (P134-137)

1. It is a powerful lever to promote economic and social development.

a. It has had a profound impact on the mode of production, changed the constituent elements of the social productive forces, changed the form of people's labor, and changed the social and economic structure, especially leading to changes in the industrial structure.

b. It has had a huge impact on lifestyle

c. Promote the change of the way of thinking

2. Correctly grasp the social role of science and technology

The development of science and technology means that people can create more material wealth, which has a huge role in promoting social development, but it is also necessary to recognize the two-sided nature of scientific and technological development.

XXIII. The Nature of Man (p139)

The essence of man is the sum total of all social relations

XXIV. The Role of the Individual in Social History (p144-147)

1. Universal individuals and historical figures: There is a difference between the role of the individual in history, the role of historical figures is large, and the role of the universal individual is small, and when analyzing or evaluating the role of individuals in history, we should adhere to the specific viewpoint of history and should not be simplistic.

2. The historical role of outstanding figures.

3. Understand the historical role of the individual from the dialectical unity of necessity and contingency.

4. The rating of historical figures must adhere to the scientific method.

XXV. The Duality of Commodities and the Duality of Labor (P152-154)

Two factors: use value refers to the usefulness of commodities that can meet people's needs, and use value reflects the material relationship between man and nature, and the natural attributes of commodities.

Value is the undifferentiated general human labor condensed in the commodity, that is, the consumption of human mental and physical strength, and value is the unique social attribute of the commodity.

The value of the commodity and the use value are opposites and unity,

Antagonism: The value of the commodity and the use value are mutually exclusive, and the two cannot be both.

Uniformity: As a commodity, it must have both use value and value factors.

Duality: concrete labor refers to the labor of the concrete form of production of a certain use value, and abstract labor refers to the general human labor that sets aside all concrete forms and is undifferentiated, that is, the consumption of human physical and mental power.

On the one hand, concrete labor and abstract labor are not two forms of labor that exist independently, and on the other hand, concrete labor and abstract labor reflect the different attributes of labor.

26. The Law of Value and Its Role (P155-157)

Law of value: The amount of value of a commodity is determined by the socially necessary labor time to produce the commodity, and the exchange of commodities is based on the quantity of value and is carried out according to the principle of equivalent exchange.

Function:

1. Spontaneously adjust the distribution ratio of the means of production and labor among various sectors of society.

2. Spontaneously stimulate the development of social productive forces

3. Spontaneously regulate the distribution of social income

XXVII. The Basic Contradictions of the Commodity Economy (P158-160)

The labour of commodity producers is dual, social labour of a social nature and private labour of a private nature.

First of all, the contradiction between private labor and social labor determines the essence and development process of the commodity economy.

Secondly, the contradiction between private labor and social labor is the basis of all other contradictions in the commodity economy.

Finally, the contradiction between private and social labor determines the fate of commodity producers.

XXVIII. The Peculiarities of Labor Commodities (P170)

The value of labour is determined by the value of the necessities of life necessary for the production, development, maintenance and continuation of labour.

1. Maintain the value of the means of subsistence necessary for the survival of the laborer.

2. Livelihood necessary to maintain the survival of the workers' families