The Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu fought many times, and after both sides suffered heavy losses in terms of troops and material resources, they both produced demands for affinity and friendship. Pen | fun | pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 ｉｎｆｏ

At that time, there were often contradictions among the nobles within the Xiongnu, and they had different opinions on the policy towards the Han, sometimes wanting to make peace, and sometimes wanting to invade the border. The Han were always wary of the Xiongnu, willing to make peace with each other, but also did not forget the armaments on the border.

During the reign of Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty strengthened the border defense, but the invasion of the Xiongnu border made little profit, so he pointed the finger at Wusun, claiming that he wanted to get the Han princess who married to Wusun, and the princess Wusun wrote to the Han Emperor for help. When Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne, Wusun Kunmi wrote again to ask for help.

The Han Dynasty sent troops to attack the Xiongnu, led by Tian Guangming, Fan Mingyou, Han Zeng, Zhao Chongguo, Tian Shun and other five generals led more than 100,000 cavalry to attack the Xiongnu, plus Wusun launched more than 50,000 cavalry from both sides to attack, more than 200,000 troops pressed to the Xiongnu. When the Huns heard that the army was coming, they were so frightened that they fled everywhere, drove the cattle to flee, and the losses were very heavy, and the people were killed and wounded and the livestock died, innumerable.

In the winter of this year, Huyan Shan Yu led 10,000 cavalry to attack Wusun, when it was snowing heavily, and the snow was more than enough in one day, and the people and livestock froze to death, and less than one-tenth could come back. The neighboring countries took the opportunity to attack again, taking advantage of the weakness of the Xiongnu to attack the north, Wuhuan invaded from the east, and Wusun attacked the west. The soldiers of the Three Kingdoms killed tens of thousands of heads, tens of thousands of horses, and many cattle and horses.

In addition, many soldiers and people starved to death, and after this great disaster, three-tenths of the people died and five-tenths of the livestock died, and the state became greatly weakened. The vassal states attached to the Xiongnu all collapsed, and the attack on the enemy country could not be ignored, and they were no longer able to deal with the Han army, so they chose to make peace with the Han Dynasty, and the border of the Han became less wars and was peaceful.

After the death of Hu Yan Dan, Xulu Quan Qu Shan succeeded to the throne, and this year there was a famine in the Xiongnu, and the people and livestock died six or seven out of ten. In the years that followed, the Xiongnu often fought with some small states in the Western Regions, but they were not able to invade the Han territory. At the same time, there were constant power struggles within the Xiongnu aristocracy, and an unknown Huhan evil Shan Yu was in this situation and became the big Shan Yu of the Xiongnu clan.

Wuchan Mu was originally the monarch of a small country between Wusun and Kangju, because he was harassed many times, he led his subordinates to surrender to the Xiongnu, and married the nobles of the Xiongnu, and was still the master of his subordinates, living in the right land.

Wuchanmu and the nobles of the left land united to support the Huhan evil single Yu, and launched 40,000 or 50,000 soldiers from the left to attack westward. Shan Yu was defeated and committed suicide, and all of his subordinates surrendered to Huhan Evil Shan Yu.

After Hu Han Yeshan ascended the throne, the contradictions between the Xiongnu nobles were still developing. Huhan Evil Shan Yu sent the Right Valley Liwang to the west to attack Tu Qi Shan Yutun's troops in the east, killing and plundering more than 10,000 people. After Tu Qishan heard about it, he personally led 60,000 cavalry to the east to attack Huhan Evil Shan Yu, marched thousands of miles, and met Hu Han Evil Shan Yu's troops of about 40,000 troops, the two sides fought fiercely, Tu Qi Shan Yu was defeated and committed suicide.

On the issue of whether to do anything about the Han or not, the various noble ministers of the Xiongnu fought for a long time. Hu Han Xie listened to the opinions of all sides, thought twice, and finally listened to the plan of King Zuo Yi Zhizi, and decided to guide everyone to the south to approach the border fortress of the Han Dynasty, and sent King Youxian to serve the Han court.

The Han Dynasty attached great importance to this, and sent Han Chang, the commander of the chariot and cavalry, to be responsible for greeting him, and dispatched 2,000 cavalry from each of the seven counties he had passed, and lined up on both sides of the road to welcome.

Hu Han Evil Shan Yu wanted to meet the Han Emperor in Ganquan Palace, and the ministers discussed the reception specifications of Hu Han Evil Shan Yu in advance.

"The minister thinks that the Han Dynasty should treat the Xiongnu Shan Yu etiquette as if it were the princes and kings, and invite the Xiongnu Shan Yu to meet the ministers, and the status is under the princes and kings. ”

Emperor Yuan of the Han Dynasty was displeased when he heard this: "Hu Han is a guest from afar, how can we treat him with such inferior reason?"

Emperor Yuan decided: "Treat him with courtesy, and call Han Evil Shan to be above the princes and kings." ”

On the day when the Huhan evil court visited the palace, the lineup was huge, and the civil and military officials stood on both sides of the Ganquan Palace to greet the Huhan evil Danyu, and the longevity was also among the people. Yanshou thought to himself: What kind of person is this Huhan Evil Shan Yu from the distant Xiongnu Empire?

The Xiongnu people are different from the Han people, and the customs of the Xiongnu are also very different from those of the Han people. The Xiongnu fought with the Han Dynasty for more than ten years under the leadership of the leader Yi Zhi Shan Yu, and were finally defeated by famous Han Dynasty generals such as Wei Qing and Huo Quzhi.

The Xiongnu were a nomadic minority in the north, and the Huns on horseback did not have their own writing. The economic source of the Xiongnu was animal husbandry, and the cattle, sheep, horses and other livestock they raised became their living assets. They ate the flesh of the animals, drank the blood and milk of the animals, and the skinned them were used to make clothes. Another source of food is wild prey hunting, the Xiongnu is a fierce people, good at riding and shooting, so hunting is an important part of their life.

The clothes they wore were collectively known as hufu. The Xiongnu ate animal meat and skinned the animals they killed to make clothes and armor, which helped them withstand the cold and windy natural environment of northern Cyprus. They wear boots made of animal leather, which are durable and warm.

In the vast prairie, the most conducive to people's travel is of course horses, the Xiongnu are no exception, they are a people on horseback, they live a nomadic life, some of the horses raised are used to eat meat, but more are used for riding, for grazing and fighting in peacetime. Among the Xiongnu, one person and one horse were very common, and the wealthy were even more than one horse.

The marriage customs of the Xiongnu are very different from those of the Han people, and they usually marry their stepmothers and widows, so what does it mean? That is, after the death of his father, a man will marry his stepmother, of course, not his own biological mother, and a man will marry his sister-in-law after the death of his brother. In the eyes of the Han people, this is contrary to the code of ethics, but in the Xiongnu this is the most common marriage custom, the Xiongnu population is relatively small, of course there are fewer women, which is actually conducive to the reproduction of the population.

It was very common for the sons of the Xiongnu to marry their mothers, which also became the criticism of people in the Central Plains. In fact, you don't have to look at it that way, because the mother here rarely refers to the biological mother, and most of them are the so-called elders such as their father's concubines, and among these women, there may be many people who are not as old as the nominal son.

Because his father died, the son had to take on the responsibility of protecting and raising the women left behind by his father. But with responsibility, you can't help but let me enjoy the obligation, you can let my father sleep, why can't you let me sleep? The thinking of the Xiongnu people is so simple and direct, this is the culture of the Xiongnu, and in the tradition of the Xiongnu, the belief is to have more children. How do you have more children? Give a lot of women a chance.

The environment of the Huns is not good, and it depends on luck that the child will live after birth, because if you accidentally catch a cold, you may die, so it is also indirectly required to have more children. And in the values of the Huns, there is no such thing as getting something for nothing, aren't you just my father who served me, why should I raise you for my father? Therefore, it is also very reasonable to take over everything from my father, horses, cattle and sheep, and by the way, to take over my father's woman. Of course, there are some perverted Huns, who have a mother complex, and have taken over their own biological mothers, which ...... It's speechless.

The Xiongnu clothing consisted of a jacket and trousers, and they wore boots, their top was a straight placket, the lower body was crotch pants, and the feet were leather boots. This kind of clothing is not only windproof and warm, adapts to the cold and windy natural environment of the Northern Desert, but also can meet the nomadic lifestyle of the Xiongnu animal husbandry and hunting.

In order to consolidate their own frontiers, the Xiongnu would marry princes and nobles of other countries, and in order to stabilize peace within the tribe, it was very common for the Xiongnu to marry with the tribal nobles. The marriage between the Xiongnu and the Cheshi King of Wusun and the King of Kangju was for political needs.

As the supreme commander of the Xiongnu tribe, there is no restriction on his marriage, no matter how many wives he wants to marry, no one can restrain him, and he can reward his beloved Yanshi, his daughter, and his sister or sister to a meritorious minister. At this time, these women completely lost their self-dignity and personality, and could only passively let Shan Yu's arrangement, and the fate of the second half of their lives could only depend on luck, and whether they were happy or not depended on what kind of man they were assigned to.

The Xiongnu is a typical patriarchy, in marriage, women do not have the right to speak and choose, after marriage their life can be predicted, a lifetime of service to the husband, and even after the death of the husband will serve the next one, and then the next, never come out.

The earliest Huns believed that the steppe people had used the resources of the steppe all their lives, so when they died, they had to return their bodies to the steppe. In short, after the Huns died, there was basically no cemetery. They are not as particular as the people in the Central Plains, and they throw things directly on the grassland, thinking that this is a kind of respect for nature.

However, under the influence of the Central Plains, it was also different that the Huns had different ideas, and some of the Huns also had their own tombs. And the Huns inherited a particularly not very good thing in ancient China, called martyrdom. They come to believe that there are things that you need while you are alive and that you need when you die. Therefore, after a Hun died, there would be something for him to be buried, and the things he liked during his lifetime would basically be in the cemetery.

The higher the rank of a Hun person, the larger the scale of his burial, and if he was noble, hundreds of people would have sacrificed their lives in his cemetery. His wife, along with his retinue, was originally alive, but basically went to the tomb to accompany him after he died. Moreover, in the tombs of the Huns, there were jewelry, utensils, and things like murals began to appear. Vivid and quaint, it would be better if the content was not animals fighting and biting each other, not so lifelike, not so eerie.