When the Ten Kingdoms were weakened one after another, the Later Jin in the north was also repeatedly uneasy because of the threat of the Khitan State. Pen | fun | pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 infoIn order to solve the financial crisis, Gaozu of the Later Jin Dynasty adopted Sang Weihan's suggestion to pacify the feudal towns, respect the Khitan, and pay attention to agriculture and commerce to improve the economy.

Although the Khitan State was appeased, it turned out that officials from the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun, such as Wu Luan and Guo Chongwei, were ashamed to submit to the Khitan and were unwilling to surrender. The feudal towns in various places almost did not obey the Jin court, and some even intended to win over the Khitan state to seize the throne, which was pacified by Du Chongwei, Li Shouzhen and others.

Fan Tingguang of the Tianxiong army rebelled against Weizhou, and Zhang Congbin, who had gone to quell the rebellion, also surrendered to him, and killed Shi Chongxin and Shi Chongyi, the sons of Gaozu of the Later Jin Dynasty. Finally, when the combined forces of Fan and Zhang approached Kaifeng, they relied on Hou Yi and Du Chongwei to lead the army to defeat and pacify. Yang Guangyuan intervened in the government because of his heavy army, and the Gaozu of the Later Jin Dynasty often submitted to him, and later colluded with the Khitan State to rebel and was defeated by Li Shouzhen and died.

Cheng Dejun An Chongrong accused the grandfather of the Later Jin Dynasty of the Khitan and demanded to go out and crusade against the Khitan, but in fact he secretly communicated with the Khitan and intended to seize the throne. Later Jin Gaozu sent Du Chongwei to lead an army to kill An Chongrong, known as the Battle of Zongcheng, and sent his head to the Khitan. In the same year, Tuyuhun, which was located in the north of Daibei, was unwilling to surrender to the Khitan State, and the leader Bai Chengfu led his troops to defect to Liu Zhiyuan, the envoy of Hedong Jiedu, and the Khitan sent envoys to ask for guilt. Later Jin Gaozu finally died in these grief, his ministers Feng Dao and Jing Yanguang thought that the country was in trouble, and it was appropriate to establish a long monarch, so he succeeded his nephew Shi Chonggui in Yedu, that is, the emperor of the Later Jin Dynasty.

Due to the strong dissatisfaction of the generals and people of the Later Jin Dynasty with their condescension to the alien race, the Emperor of the Later Jin Dynasty listened to Jing Yanguang's suggestion and gave up his vassal status to the Khitan State and changed his name to Sun to wash away the humiliation. Jing Yanguang's hostility towards the Khitans was very strong, he killed Khitan merchants, arrested Khitan envoys to vent his anger, and repeatedly provoked the Khitans.

This move attracted the wrath of the Khitan Khan Yelu Deguang, who led his army to the south, when there was a great drought in Hebei and locusts attacked, and the Khitan army attacked Beizhou and other places. After the following year, the Jin Emperor sent Du Chongwei to lead the army to the north, and Yelude led the army south when he heard about it, and finally Du Chongwei successfully defeated the Khitan army in Baigou.

However, after the Battle of Baigou, the Emperor of the Later Jin Dynasty became more and more arrogant, and he ruled with Feng Yu, bribed the public bank, and corrupted the government. Later, the emperor of the Jin Dynasty led the northern expedition with Du Chongwei, and fought with Yelu Deguang at the Hutuo River, at this time Du Chongwei intended to seize the throne, but surrendered to Yelu Deguang. Yelu Deguang took the opportunity to lead the coalition army to Kaifeng, and the Later Jin generals Li Shouzhen and Zhang Yanze surrendered one after another, and finally the Later Jin Emperor Kaicheng surrendered, and the Later Jin Dynasty perished, known as the Liao Annihilation of the Jin Dynasty.

In the following year, Yelu Deguang changed the name of the country to Da Liao, that is, Liao Taizong, and officially established the Liao Dynasty. Liao Taizong was originally very confident in running the Chinese region, but the plundering policy of fighting grass valleys and plundering people made the people of the Central Plains revolt en masse. Among them, Liu Zhiyuan of the Hedong Army listened to Zhang Yanwei's suggestion, and claimed the emperor because Taiyuan was ownerless, and founded the Later Han Dynasty, that is, the Later Han Gaozu. Liao Taizong couldn't suppress this situation, and led the army back north on the grounds of hot weather, and he ordered Xiao Han to stay in Kaifeng and Du Chongwei to stay in Yedu. In the end, Yu killed Hu Lin and died, and his brother Yeluwu wanted to succeed him, that is, Liao Shizong.

Li Siyuan of the Later Tang Dynasty died of illness, and several of his sons competed for the throne, and the political situation in the Later Tang Dynasty was in chaos. Li Siyuan's son-in-law, Shi Jingjiao, who stayed in Beijing and made Hedong Jiedu, took the opportunity to raise troops in Jinyang, moved the capital to Kaifeng, and established the Later Jin Dynasty. Shi Jingjiao started as a Turkic Shatuo soldier and was actually a descendant of the Sogdians surnamed Zhaowujiu. After Shi Jingjiao became the emperor, after claiming to be Shi Jie, the doctor who defended the country in the Spring and Autumn Period, and Shi Fen, the prime minister of the Western Han Dynasty, it was purely a typical misidentification of the ancestors.

The Sogdians, also known as the nine surnamed Hu, were an ancient ethnic group distributed in the valleys of the Amu Darya River and the Syr Darya River in today's Central Asia during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Sui and Tang dynasties. The Sogdians were a merchant people, and with the prosperity of the Silk Road, they moved eastward to China in large numbers. The Sogdians who settled in China usually took their city-states as their surnames, and the main ones were Kang, Shi, Mi, Shi, He, and An.

Shi Jingjiao's father, named Zhen Ji Ji, was a down-and-out tribal scoundrel. Shi Jingjiao, who was from such a humble background, was able to create an imperial industry, of course, he was a heroic figure, and in the more than six years of his reign, he did the courtesy and virtuous advice. Shi Jingjiao's mastermind and prime minister Sang Weihan is a very capable person, Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin admires him very much, and once said in front of Prime Minister Zhao Pu that Zhao Pu is inferior to Sang Weihan.

But Shi Jingjiao's throne is really disgraceful. His Great Jin Kingdom was actually given by the Khitan monarch Yelu Deguang; his Great Jin Emperor was also canonized by Yelu Deguang; he was able to defeat the government army of the Later Tang Dynasty and attack Luoyang, relying on the Khitan 50,000 cavalry.

There has never been a free lunch in the world, in exchange, Shi Jingjiao took the initiative to propose and agree to many extremely harsh and humiliating conditions of the Khitan, proclaimed himself a vassal to the Khitan, paid 300,000 silk horses to the Khitan every year, and called the Khitan lord Yelu Deguang as his father, and proclaimed himself the emperor of the child, in fact, Shi Jingjiao was more than nine years old.

The most fatal condition was Shi Jingjiao's promise to cede all the land of the sixteen states centered on Youzhou to the Khitan, which is the famous Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures. The cession of the sixteen states of Yanyun not only caused the Central Plains Dynasty to lose the land and people of the sixteen states, but more importantly, the Central Plains lost the dangerous Great Wall pass. Because the area of Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures is the location of the Great Wall from Beijing to Shanxi, Guanshan is steep, the river flows through, according to the spine of the world, Youzhou's own city is also very solid, which can be called the crown of the world.

The Khitan had attacked Youzhou several times before, but they were all defeated. Shi Jingjiao gave this large strategic area to the Khitan, so that the vast Central Plains region had no danger to rely on, and there was an irreparable gap in the originally complete northern defense line; while the Khitan iron cavalry was condescending, overlooking North China, and using Youzhou City as a garrison base, they could drive straight into the Great Plain of North China for a long time, and directly threaten Bianjing Kaifeng in Henan.

Because the sixteen states of Yanyun were legally obtained by the Khitan by virtue of the treaty, so when the Later Zhou and Song Dynasty passed through Youyan, they had to face Shi Jingjiao's historical heritage awkwardly, and the Khitan Liao side was more famous.

For the sake of the emperor's selfish interests, Shi Jingjiao did not hesitate to sell the core interests of the Central Plains, no wonder he became the most infamous emperor in ancient Chinese history, and was nailed to the pillar of shame in history forever. The emperor's throne in exchange for such a shameful humiliation will of course not have any glory, and it is not easy to sit firmly.

The reason is very simple, since the Khitan can establish Shi Jingjiao as the emperor, of course, he may be justified in abolishing him, no matter how Shi Jingjiao tries his best to serve, the Khitan's greed will rise. What's more, how could such a emperor have prestige at home? The envoys of various local feudal towns took advantage of the opportunity to make changes, and the mutinies one after another made Shi Jingjiao anxious, and he soon died of depression in internal and external difficulties.

After Shi Jingjiao's nephew ascended the throne, he expressed a slight resistance to the Khitan, and the Khitan immediately raised troops to the south, broke through Kaifeng City, and destroyed the Later Jin. Shi Jingjiao's descendants were all taken prisoner and exiled by the Khitan to Huanglongfu in the northeast, where the Jin Dynasty later exiled Song Huizong and Song Qinzong. Shi Jingjiao is a puppet at best, and in the more than ten years of the Later Jin Dynasty, the really powerful figure is Yelu Deguang, the emperor of the Great Khitan Kingdom.

The Khitan is a very ancient ethnic group in Northeast China, which arose in the pine desert, that is, today's Liao River, Huang River and Daling River Basin and other vast and rich areas. The Song people called them the descendants of the Xiongnu, but they always called themselves descendants of the Yellow Emperor and the Yan Emperor, the humanistic ancestors of the Chinese nation.

During the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Khitan began to appear in the annals of history, and during the Sui and Tang dynasties, the Khitan developed to the stage of a tribal alliance, consisting of eight tribes, and the head of the tribal alliance was held by eight nobles in turn, and the term of office was usually three years. The central government of the Tang Dynasty set up the Songmo Governor's Mansion in the local area, and granted the Khitan nobles the official positions of the Governor and the Assassin to govern the affairs of the Khitan.

After the outbreak of the Anshi Rebellion, there was a great chaos in the north, and the Khitan power took the opportunity to advance by leaps and bounds. About a little earlier in the Liang after the establishment of Zhu Wen, the Khitan at that time, Yi Lijin, that is, the military leader Yelu Abaoji, based on the alliance of the two major clans of Yelu and Xiao who had been married to each other for generations, and got the planning and support of Han Zhigu and other Khitan Han doctors, eradicated the other ministers, obtained the Khitan Khan position, and established the Great Khitan State.

After the founding of the Khitan country, Yelu Abaoji attacked the Bohai State, a large country in the northeast at that time, and fought with many forces such as Zhu Wen of the Later Liang of the Central Plains, Li Cunqiao of the Later Tang Dynasty, and Liu Rengong of Youzhou. By the time his son Yelu Deguang ascended the throne, the Khitan had more than 100,000 iron horsemen, becoming a veritable northern power, and already had the strength to compete in the Central Plains.

Yelu Deguang is very similar to Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty in the later Yuan Dynasty, both are the magnificent British lords born in the northern grasslands, they are all extremely interested in the Han culture of the Central Plains, and a group of Han people and doctors from the Central Plains are gathered around them, under their influence, Yelu Deguang is not satisfied with just being the Khitan Khan, but aspires to be the emperor of the Central Plains.

After Yelu Deguang obtained the sixteen states of Yanyun at his fingertips, he did not forcibly implement the Khitan system in the local area, but creatively introduced the northern and southern official system of Hu and Han parallel, that is, the implementation of one country, two systems, and still implemented the original Han system in the Han area centered on Youzhou, allowing the Han people to retain the production methods and hairstyles, clothing and other living customs of the farming people, and let go of the direct management of the local Han people such as Han, Liu, Ma, and Zhao, so it soon won the sincere support of most of the locals in the sixteen states of Yanyun. Compared with the later Jin Dynasty, which once forced the Han people in the Jin-ruled area to shave their heads and braided hair, and the Qing army issued a barbaric and bloody shaving order after entering the customs, Yelu Deguang's ethnic policy was obviously quite enlightened.

It is precisely because of his successful experience in the Yanyun region that Yelu Deguang is full of confidence in his ability to sit on the throne of the Central Plains. Yelu Deguang entered Kaifeng, held a grand ceremony in Kaifeng, ascended the throne surrounded by Hu nobles and Han bureaucrats, changed the Great Khitan Kingdom to Daliao, and changed the Yuan to Datong.

When Yelu Deguang attended the ceremony, he wore a crown of heaven, a silk robe, and a jade dome in his hand, which was completely the costume of the emperor of the Central Plains.

As soon as he entered Kaifeng City, Yerod specially climbed the city tower, let the people watch, and ordered people to shout to the panicked Kaifeng citizens: "I came to Kaifeng to let you live a peaceful and good life." Although I am a Khitan, I am also a human being, so don't be afraid. ”

He also once asked the famous minister Feng Dao in person: "How can the people of the world be saved?"

He also confidently confessed to the civil and military officials: "From now on, if you don't repair armor, don't buy war horses, reduce taxes and levy labor, the world will be peaceful." ”

If Yelu Deguang can truly implement his views, it is definitely not just a utopian fantasy for him to create a Great Liao Dynasty that blends Hua and Yi and encompasses the Central Plains, Mobei, and Liaodong.