The Xiongnu who lived on the Mongolian plateau in the north were a very fierce people, and during the Qin Dynasty, this horseback people fought fierce wars with China over the Hetao region, and retreated to Mobei under the expulsion of the Qin general Meng Tian. Pen ~ fun ~ Pavilion www.biquge.info Later, the Qin Dynasty fell, China fell into a civil war between Chu and Han, and the national strength suffered a serious setback.

The Xiongnu were a long-established northern people who lived in Siberia in Eurasia, and they established their state in the center of Mongolia.

The Xiongnu are the remnants of the Xia Dynasty, and the dog Rong is the same ancestor as the Xia people, both from the Yellow Emperor. The descendants of Xia, who moved to the Northland, are the sons of Xia Wei. Xia Wei died in exile for three years, and his son Xiong Hu, with his father's wife and concubine, took refuge in the north, migrating with the movement of herds, which is known in China as the Xiongnu.

The steppes of Northeast Asia were divided by many clans and tribes of different sizes, and the tribes and tribal alliances at that time were sometimes large and sometimes small, and they were scattered and lived in valleys, often gathering more than 100 people, but they were not unified. The later Xiongnu State was established on the basis of the Xiongnu tribal alliance and conquered the tribal alliance and some other small countries.

Since the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Rong people began to threaten China, and after the Zhou Youwang Fenghuo played the princes, the Inu Rong tribe captured Haojing, forcing the king of Zhou Ping to move east. During the Warring States Period, Lin Hu and Lou Fu invaded Zhao many times, and Zhao Wuling King Hu Fu expelled Lin Hu and Lou Fu by cavalry, and set up Yunzhong County in the newly opened area in the north. Lin Hu and Lou Fu moved north to integrate into the newly rising Xiongnu, and at the end of the Warring States Period, Li Mu, the general of Zhao State, had defeated the Xiongnu.

The structure of Xiongnu rule was divided into the central court, the Zuoxian king in the east, and the Youxian king in the west, and controlled a vast area from the Caspian Sea to the Great Wall, including Mongolia, Siberia, northern Central Asia, and northeastern China.

After Qin Shi Huang unified China, he ordered Meng Tian to lead 300,000 Qin troops to attack the Xiongnu in the north, recover the Hetao area, and station troops in Shangjun. Retreating more than 700 miles from the Xiongnu, the Hu people did not dare to go south and herd horses, Meng Tian guarded the northern defense for more than ten years, the Xiongnu were intimidated by his might, and did not dare to commit again.

The leader of the Huns, Tou Man Shan Yu, doted on his wife Yan and gave birth to a younger son, Tou Man wanted to set up his youngest son as the next Shan Yu, so he tried to kill the eldest son Mao Dun. He sent Mao Dun to Yue's as a hostage, and then sent troops to attack Yue's, wanting to kill Mao Dun by Yue's hand, Mao Dun was very courageous, robbed Yue's war horse, and fled back to the Xiongnu alone.

He first trained an army and demanded that when he fired his arrows, they would shoot them. He successively targeted his concubine and his father's horse and put to death those who did not shoot arrows. When the time was ripe, he fired an arrow at Tou Mandanyu, causing his troops to shoot Touman Danyu, and Maudun staged a coup d'état, killing his stepmother and the generals and ministers who disobeyed him, and seizing Shan Yu's position.

After Maudun succeeded to the throne, he began to expand externally. After the defeat of the king of Donghu, he immediately annexed Lou Fu and the king of Baiyang Henan, and recovered the Xiongnu land seized by Meng Tian and the counties of Han Dynasty and Fushi.

The Han Dynasty fought a large-scale battle with the Xiongnu, Han Wangxin was forced to surrender to the Xiongnu, and Liu Bangqin, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, led an army of 320,000 to conquer, and was besieged by more than 400,000 cavalry of the Xiongnu Mao Dunshan Yu in Baideng City for seven days and seven nights. Then he escaped with a strategy, and then the Han Dynasty adopted Liu Jing's suggestion and implemented a policy of peace and proximity to the Xiongnu, marrying Shan Yu with the daughter of the Han family, and giving a certain amount of property and opening the city to allow the people of both sides to trade.

By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, after nearly 70 years of recuperation, the Western Han Dynasty greatly enhanced its economy and national strength, and turned from strategic defense to strategic offensive against the Xiongnu, launching three major wars, the Battle of Henan, the Battle of Hexi, and the Battle of Mobei.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Wei Qing to occupy the Hetao area, sent Wei Qing and others to defeat the invading 90,000 Xiongnu cavalry, sent Huo to seize the rich Hexi Corridor, and the Han general Zhao Xin persuaded the Xiongnu to move the royal court to Mobei to avoid being attacked, and defeated the Han army with geographical advantages and leisure. Wei Qing and Huo Qubing attacked Mobei in two ways, Huo Qubing repelled the Xiongnu to Wolf Juxu Mountain, and Weiqing East Road swept away the Xiongnu royal court. King Youxian led more than 40,000 people to surrender to the Han Dynasty, and the Han army captured more than 70,000 people.

Due to wars, natural disasters, and the decline of territory and population, the Xiongnu were in an increasingly embarrassing situation, and internal strife began to intensify. Since Yizhi slanted after the single Yu, the Xiongnu single in the frequent changes, the right Xian Wang Tu Qitang for the single Yu, after he took office, the exclusion of dissidents, kill the former single in the use of the old people, reuse their own children, so that there was internal strife, defeat and suicide. After his death, the Xiongnu began a civil war for the throne.

Hu Han Evil Shan served the Han Dynasty in the court, and proposed to marry Wang Zhaojun to marry Wang Zhaojun and reconcile with the Han Dynasty. At this time, the two sides were at peace, the situation was stable, the national strength was restored, the population increased, and friendly relations with the Han Dynasty were maintained for more than 30 years, until Wang Mang.

When the Xiongnu were strong, they broke Donghu in the east, merged Loufu and Henan Wangdi in the south, attacked the Yueshi and the countries of the Western Regions in the west, and served Ding Ling in the north and Jiankun in the northwest. The range is centered on the Mongolian Plateau and extends to the eastern part of Inner Mongolia in the east. It was adjacent to the Qin and Han dynasties along the Great Wall in the south, and once controlled the Hetao and Ordos areas. To the west, it is bounded by the Altai Mountains, penetrates into the Aral Sea and the Black Sea in Central Asia, and reaches the area around Lake Baikal in the north.

With the Great Gobi as the center, it is divided into south and north, and there are still a large number of trees in the mountainous Yin Mountain in the southern part of the desert, and there is a vast grassland in the flat land, which is the hunting ground of the Huns. In the Mobei area, there are few trees on the ground and a lot of sand, so life is not easy.

In terms of climate, winters are longer than summers, and minus 20 degrees Celsius is common in winter, with frost and snow falling in early September. In the area of Ulaanbaatar, it can reach below -40 degrees. At that time, the population of the Xiongnu should have been between 1.5 million and 2 million.

Que's has a beautiful meaning, and the kings can call their wives Que, although Que is not necessarily the queen, but the status of Que in the Xiongnu is very important. For example, when Mao Dun besieged Liu Bang, the Que clan was with the army.

Horses played a dual role in the life of the Huns, as a means of transportation in peacetime and as war horses in wartime. The Xiongnu horses were slightly shorter in body and had larger heads, which belonged to the Mongolian horses. Although Mongolian horses are not very tall, they are full of physical energy, have long-lasting stamina, move quickly, and are very adaptable to the highland environment.

The weapons of the Xiongnu mainly include bows, arrows, crossbow machines, knives, swords, ge, spears, axes, meteor hammers, etc., the Huns are not like the Central Plains soldiers who rely on shields to protect themselves, and replace them with more labor-saving and stronger armor to equip themselves, forming a full armor, mobile and powerful Hun cavalry.

In order to consolidate the newly established Han Dynasty, Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, personally led an army of 320,000 troops to the Xiongnu Maodun Shan Yu, and at the same time suppressed the rebellion of Han Wangxin. However, he was surrounded by the Xiongnu in Pingcheng Baishan Mountain, and Liu Bang himself almost couldn't get out of trouble, and was spared by bribing the Xiongnu clan after being besieged for seven days and seven nights.

Afterwards, the two countries signed a peace agreement, and the Han Dynasty had to accept an agreement to pay the Xiongnu an annual tribute of silk and rice grain, and to send princesses and relatives.

The young Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty decided to change this passive situation, and set up a plot to trap and kill the Xiongnu military minister Shan Yu, although he returned in vain due to leaking information, but since then the prelude to the Han-Hun all-out war has begun.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered the general Wei Qing and the hussar general Huo Qubing to each lead 50,000 elite cavalry to attack the Xiongnu, Wei Qing and Yi Zhi Xian Dan Yu met and annihilated 19,000 enemies, and Huo Qubing met with Zuo Xian Wang and annihilated 70,000 enemies, and the war ended in a decisive victory for the Han Dynasty.