For the sake of Liu Bei's survival, Zhuge Liang knew that he had to form an alliance with Sun Quan of Eastern Wu in order to fight Cao Cao and have a chance to survive. Pen, fun, pavilion www. biquge。 infoFor Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang crossed the river with Lu Su alone, and he wanted to lobby the ministers of Eastern Wu. At that time, Liu Bei was defeated and retreated to Xiakou, Cao Cao's army pressed the border, and the wind of surrender was growing in Eastern Wu.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao coerced the Son of Heaven to order the princes, and most of the more powerful warlords were eliminated by him, but Liu Bei and Sun Quan still had the possibility of developing and growing, and Cao Cao knew that it was difficult to annex these two forces at once. So Cao Cao sent people to Eastern Wu with his letters, wanting to join forces with Sun Quan to eliminate Liu Bei.

Most of Sun Quan's advisers advocated surrendering to Cao Cao to protect themselves, and only Lu Su advocated joining forces with Liu to resist Cao. But Lu Su knew that it would be difficult to convince Sun Quan and the Wenchen of Eastern Wu, so he specially invited Zhuge Liang to be a lobbyist.

Zhuge Liang came to Dongwu alone, and in the face of the difficulties of the Confucianism of Dongwu, Zhuge Liang was calm and answered, one by one, in order to defend, but he was not willing to just answer, and launched an offensive after each answer.

Zhang Zhao, the first strategist of Eastern Wu, asked Zhuge Liang: "You compare yourself to Guan Zhong and Le Yi, but in the end you made Liu Bei abandon Xinye, flee to Fancheng, and lose the battle in Dangyang Changhanpo, the remnants of the army fled to Xiakou, and there was no place to stay, after Liu Bei got you, the situation seems to be even more miserable." Zhang Zhao's question was really powerful, Lu Su thought to himself: Zhang Zhao is so poisonous.

Zhuge Liang replied with a smile: "Dapeng flies thousands of miles, how can its ambition be known by a group of birds?" Zhuge Liang compared himself to a Dapeng, he has ambitions for thousands of miles, and compares the Confucianism of Eastern Wu to a group of birds, without great ambitions.

Next, Zhuge Liang used the method of metaphorical argumentation: "When a person is seriously ill, he should mix it with medicine and eat it in porridge, but he should not swallow it directly with strong medicine." ”

Explaining that it would take time for Liu Bei to win, Zhuge Liang further used facts to explain his point of view: "Our army's armor is not complete, the city is not strong enough, the army has not undergone strict training, and the food is not enough to continue the day, but it can burn Bowangpo, and the Baihe River floods Cao's army, which makes Xiahoudun and Cao Ren's generation frightened." Even if it is Guan Zhong and Le Yi's use of troops, it may not be like this. ”

Zhuge Liang used facts as arguments to give arguments to the statements of Guan Zhong and Le Yi, and Zhang Zhao's criticism was self-defeating in the face of the facts.

Zhuge Liang attributed Liu Bei's temporary defeat to three reasons: Liu Bei was benevolent and righteous, could not bear to seize the foundation of the same sect, could not bear to abandon the people who went to righteousness, and he was willing to incur defeat; Liu Cong was weak, listened to the false words of others, and secretly surrendered to Cao Cao; Liu Bei's army was less than 1,000 people, and the generals were only Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, and Zhao Yun, who were outnumbered, and victory or defeat was a common thing for soldiers.

Later, Zhuge Liang cited Han Gaozu's repeated defeats to Xiang Yu, and finally succeeded in the next battle, as an argument to show that Liu Bei's defeat was temporary, and the final victory was inevitable. Then it was concluded that the final victory of Han Gaozu relied on Han Xin's good strategy, highlighting his important role in Liu Bei's great cause of reviving the Han dynasty. This paragraph replied to Zhang Zhao, Liu Bei got Zhuge Liang but was not as good as the initial situation, his statement is that water comes to cover the earth, and every drop of water does not leak.

Then Zhuge Liang turned his words and pointed the finger at the Confucians of Eastern Wu: "I, Kong Ming, am not a boaster, selling fame and reputation to deceive myself and others; You people are just jokes in the world. ”

Zhuge Liang's move was so aggressive that no one in the Eastern Wu Confucians could answer. This is a debating strategy of defending first and then attacking, and attacking and defending in moderation.

Yu Fu continued: "Liu Bei was defeated, saying that he was not afraid of Cao Cao, but he was really deceiving people by saying big things. ”

Zhuge Liang replied: "Liu Bei was outnumbered, so he retreated to Xiakou and waited for the time to come, all to fight against Cao Cao." However, your Jiangdong soldiers are well fed, and you have the danger of the Yangtze River, but you want your lord to surrender to Cao Cao, regardless of the shame of the world. Zhuge Liang's counterattack made Yu Fu unable to deal with it.

Later, in the face of the difficulties of Bu Qi, Xue Zong and others, Zhuge Liang used this method of attacking first and then defending, so that the Confucian scholars of Eastern Wu were defeated one by one.

This method is very wonderful, because there is a group of Confucianism in advance, Zhuge Liang is not allowed to not answer, so he guards first, and guards quite calmly, both distorts the reason, and presents the facts in detail, and resolves the opponent's cross-examination one by one; and because the group of Confucians are not good and have many malicious intentions, they hold their positions and launch a counteroffensive, so that the debate advances and retreats, and it is fascinating. If we only defend but do not attack, we will inevitably fall into a passive situation; if we only attack but do not defend, we will lose the part of our reasoning and arguments, and the argument will be limited to a dispute of words, and we will not be able to convince people with reason.

Zhuge Liang used superb language skills to make the whole debate process wonderful, but with a limited number of sentences, it contains a deep meaning, chewing the aftertaste is full of fragrance. When talking about the reasons for Liu Bei's defeat in the new field, Zhuge Liang said that Liu Cong secretly surrendered, which was intended to mock the people who advocated surrender in Eastern Wu, and it was not idle, implying that Zhang Zhao and others were idle and incompetent;

Bu Qi pointed out that Zhuge Liang wanted to emulate Zhang Yi and Su Qin's lobbying moves, but Zhuge Liang downplayed the identity of Zhang Yi and Su Qin as debaters, and highlighted their heroic nature, emphasizing that both of them had a strategy to help the country, and pointed out that the Confucian scholars of Eastern Wu had no courage and no strategy, and only knew that clever speech and argument were actually the essence of greed for life and fear of death. Zhuge Liang avoided the characteristics of some debaters lobbying for their own interests, and while highlighting their great ambition to help the country, he also said for himself, I came to support the country, but you are arguing for the sake of burying the country.

Lu Ji asked Cao Cao because Cao Cao was a descendant of Xiangguo Cao Shen, and Liu Bei's background was unverifiable: "Liu Bei sees that he is just a country man who weaves straw mats and sells straw shoes, how can he compete with Cao Cao?"

Zhuge Liang didn't answer the question directly, but smiled contemptuously: "Aren't you Lu Lang who hides oranges in Yuan Shu's arms?"

Zhuge Liang mentioned this matter, which seems to be an idle matter on the surface, but it is actually quite meaningful. The matter of hiding oranges in the arms is a model of filial piety, but after all, it is a child's thing, and the children's theory of hiding oranges in their arms must be a child's opinion, and it is naturally not enough to speak with Coats.

Zhuge Liang's answer can be divided into two layers, one is on the demeanor of the gentleman's Confucianism, loyalty to the monarch and patriotism, keeping the right and evil, and ensuring that Ze and the time are left for future generations. The second is to paint the face of the villain's Confucianism, although there are a thousand words in the pen, there is really no plan in the chest, and the Confucianism is at a loss to give a spicy satire to the current enemy, and the sad end of Yang Xiong stooping to serve Wang Mang shows that the Confucianism of the villain in Eastern Wu surrenders regardless of integrity, and will surely leave an infamy through the ages.

Zhuge Liang's argumentative skills fully show Zhuge Liang's argumentation skills, killing two birds with one stone, there are sounds outside the strings, and expressing extremely rich content with extremely concise sentences, which is quite combative. It seems that Zhuge Liang's wisdom is inadvertently revealed, and when he comes easily, he becomes more and more powerful, leaving full room for imagination.

For Zhang Zhao, because he was an important minister and the first strategist of Eastern Wu, Zhuge Liang adopted the strategy of capturing the thief and capturing the king first, telling the story, and attacking after a strict defense, so that Zhang Zhao had nothing to say. Zhang Zhao's rebuttal was sprinkled, meticulous and meticulous, and the following Confucians ended the battle quickly with concise and clear answers, and did not entangle with more.

In the whole process, Zhuge Liang's art of argumentation was brought into full play, and he calmly responded to the challenge in the face of the flood of Confucianism, or quoted scriptures, or changed the topic, or sharply reprimanded, or ridiculed each other, which can be described as handy and easy.

For example, Han Xin's plot and Yang Xiong's death are used as arguments to help clarify his views; Zhuge Liang ignored Buqi's argument: "You Kong Ming want to imitate the tongue of Zhang Yi and Su Qin to lobby Eastern Wu?"

Xue Zong scolded Xue Zong sharply: "Why did you Xue Zong make such remarks that he has no father and no king?" Zhuge Liang grasped the characteristics of Confucianism advocating loyalty and filial piety, and drank Xue Zong with the two righteous words of the monarch and father, which really hit the fatal place of the opponent, and Xue Zong was naturally full of shame.

To Lu Ji, Zhuge Liang ridiculed him in a tepid tone, pointing out that he was absurd about heroes based on his origin, which made Lu Ji speechless.

Zhuge Liang only responded with three sentences to the severe treatment of the classics, and he first thought that the people who were looking for chapters and sentences were pedantic Confucians in the world and could not prosper the country. And for example, Yi Yin, Jiang Ziya, Zhang Liang, and Chen Ping all have the talent to support the universe, but they did not die in books, and dancing and writing are just the actions of scholars. In just a few words, it is reasonable and well-founded, and in a series of enumerations of ancient and modern sages, the uselessness of scholars is reflected.

Different methods of argumentation show Zhuge Liang's flexibility and flexibility, answering the old and spicy in detail, and slightly for the shallow, swaying, left and right, laughing and scolding, all of which are articles, which are really impressive.

In the whole process of the debate, Zhuge Liang's words were majestic, so that the opponent was intimidated by the power of his language, and only had the ability to parry, but not the power to counterattack, which was prominently reflected in the use of his rhetorical tone.

He asked Zhang Zhao rhetorically: "Dapeng flies thousands of miles, how can its ambition be known by the birds? Liu Bei is just temporarily accommodating himself, how can he really sit here? In the past, Han Gaozu was repeatedly defeated by Xiang Yu, and the success of the next battle was not Han Xin's good strategy?"

He fought back: "When you heard Cao Cao's false and fraudulent words, you were afraid and wanted to surrender, and you dared to laugh at Su Qin and Zhang Yi?"

He said to Lu Ji: "Although Han Gaozu first became the pavilion chief, he eventually won the world; how can he be humiliated by weaving straw mats and selling straw shoes?

Zhuge Liang's series of rhetorical questions, the tone was strong, aggressive, and convincing people, Zhuge Liang's momentum in his language overwhelmed his opponent. As far as the sentences are concerned, the momentum of Zhuge Liang's language is also highlighted.

The majestic voice comes from being upright, straightening is the cause, and being strong is the effect. In Zhuge Liang's consciousness, this trip to Dongwu is for justice, so he is righteous and unfazed. His chic demeanor and extensive knowledge made the opponent lose three points in terms of momentum, and Zhuge Liang chased and fought fiercely, so he had the tendency to break the bamboo.

Looking at the whole process of the tongue battle group of Confucianism, Zhuge Liang calmly did the right thing in the interrogation of the Confucians of Eastern Wu, talking eloquently, vertically and horizontally, and with ease, and finally made Zhang Zhao speechless to answer, Yu turned can't be right, Bu Qi was silent, Xue Zong was full of shame and couldn't answer, Lu Ji was speechless, he couldn't be right, Cheng Deshu couldn't be right, so that everyone was discolored, it can be said that a three-inch tongue can be worth a million soldiers.