Meng Ge's death is an unsolved case in history, and it is said that Meng Ge fell ill as early as June because of his lack of adaptation to the water and soil, and his death was delayed until July. There is a saying that Meng Ge was killed by the defenders, in July, the anxious Meng Ge went into battle shirtless, personally led people to the city to attack, Wang Jian led the army to counterattack with fierce artillery fire, Meng Ge was wounded in the battle, and died in the army on the 27th.

Later, when Marco Polo traveled to the Yuan Dynasty, he also heard rumors from the Yuan Dynasty that Meng Ge was killed by the defenders of Diaoyu City. It is said that after Meng Ge was wounded, he led his army to retreat, and on the way to retreat, Meng Ge died in Wentang Gorge of Jinjian Mountain. In any case, there is no doubt that Möngke died in the Battle of Diaoyu City.

The most widely circulated theory is that Meng Ge was shot to death by the Song army, and the second theory is that Meng Ge was frustrated by the attack again and again, and finally died of worry. The third theory is that Meng Ge drowned and died, and the war ship Meng Ge was riding on was scuttled through the bottom of the boat by divers of the Song Army and fell into the water and died. The fourth theory is that Meng Ge died of illness and ineffective treatment, Meng Ge was a good drinker, the weather was hot, dysentery was prevalent in Meng Ge's army, and Meng Ge contracted the disease and died.

Zhang Jue is a native of Fengzhou, exiled in Sichuan in troubled times, and joined the army in Diaoyu City, Hezhou at the age of eighteen. Because of his bravery and good at riding and shooting, he was known as the Sichuan general. When Meng Ge led the army to besiege Diaoyu City, Zhang Jue cooperated with the commander Wang Jian to lead the army and civilians to defeat the Mongolian army repeatedly, and Meng Ge died in this battle. Perhaps the soldiers and civilians of the Southern Song Dynasty had a positive attitude towards the fact that Meng Ge was shot to death in the city, and since Meng Ge was killed by an arrow, who sent the arrow? This credit was naturally transferred to the head of the brave general Zhang Jue.

After the Battle of Diaoyu City, Zhang Jue successively served as the commander of all the armies stationed in Xingyuan Mansion and the governor of Hezhou, the deputy envoy of Sichuan and the prefect of Chongqing, and the envoy of Sichuan. The small court of the Southern Song Dynasty once regarded him as a military support, and summoned him to lead the army into the guard, but gave up because of the dangerous road. The Yuan army captured Chongqing with the cooperation of the traitors of the Song army, and after Zhang Jue led his troops to fail in the street battle, he went east by boat, committing suicide twice on the way, but was stopped, and finally was captured in Fuzhou, and Zhang Jue committed suicide near Xi'an.

Before his death, Meng Ge left his last words: "In the future, if you capture Diaoyu City, you should slaughter the people in the city." ”

It can be seen that Diaoyu City is the world's Mongolian Khan heart can never let go of the pain, after the defeat of Meng Ke Khan, Diaoyu City withstood countless attacks by the Mongolian army, until the defender Wang Li Kaicheng surrendered, Diaoyu City fell into the hands of Mongolia. Later, the Diaoyu City was surrendered, but Kublai Khan pardoned the soldiers and civilians in the city.

After Möngke's death, the Mongol army retreated from Diaoyu City, and many of the generals who accompanied Möngke on the expedition died under Diaoyu City, which can be imagined the tragedy of the Diaoyu City Battle and the heavy losses of the Mongol army.

After Möngke's death, his younger brother Kublai Khan competed with Ali Buge for the throne. When Kublai Khan heard the news of Möngke Khan's death, he was still fighting against the Southern Song Dynasty in the Ezhou area, and later heard that Ali Buge, who had stayed in Mongolia proper, was preparing to assemble to call Khan, and immediately negotiated peace with the Southern Song Dynasty and then returned north to Kaiping.

After hearing the news, Ali Buge, with the support of the kings of Asutai, Yulong Tashi, Haidu and other kings, convened the Kurultai Conference, that is, the Great Khan, in the capital of the Mongol Empire at that time in Hala Horin, in June of the same year. Because Kublai Khan lived in the Central Plains for a long time, appointed Han people, implemented Han law, changed the nomadic tradition of the Mongols, and caused dissatisfaction among many Mongolian princes and nobles, most of the kings of the Western Province supported Ali Buge at that time.

In order to win the support of the suzerain, Kublai Khan acquiesced in the de facto dominion of the respective fiefdoms of the queen king of Jochi, the queen of Chagatai Aruhu and Bara, and the sixth brother Hulegu, but nominally the four khanates of the northwest still belonged to the vassal states of the Great Khan of the Great Mongol State. Kublai Khan and Ali Buge then began a four-year war for the throne, while Belge and Hulegu also fought in the Caucasus, a series of wars that represented the division of the empire.

Ali Buge was defeated and imprisoned, because compared with Kublai Khan, who believed in Han law, Ali Buge occupied more land and poisoned some people at most, but it was absolutely impossible to destroy the Southern Song Dynasty, Ali Buge died of illness after that, so what would the truth be?

After the bloody war for the throne of Khan, Ali Buge was subdued by Kublai Khan, although Kublai Khan did not kill him for the time being, but most of his cronies and generals were executed. Therefore, Ali Buge felt very frightened, so he took more than 30 people, including his family and cronies, and fled south, passing through Hebei and Henan, and fled to the ancient Yunmengze site in Huguang, which is today's Honghu. He lived incognito, and even in the Yuan Dynasty, he did not dare to call himself a Mongol and said that he was a Semu person.

Originally they lived in Jianli County, where Ali Buge died shortly after his arrival and was buried and a cemetery was built. The local surname Lu calls it the Lu family tomb, and the ruins of the cemetery still have traces to this day. The reason why the surname Lu was originally because Ali Buge was the sixth son of Tuolei, and the capitalization of the six characters was the same as the Lu character, so the Lu character was used as the surname.

The Lu Mongols, young and old, knew that they were descendants of Genghis Khan, and could clearly recount the history of their direct ancestor, Ali Buge, who eventually fled south in the struggle against Kublai Khan for the throne, and finally settled in Xiaxinhe Township, Honghu County.

The tablet before their ancestor worship can show the characteristics, the front is no different from the Han people, but the back has the word Mongolian. When the Han people worship their ancestors, they often set up a jade plate in front of the shrine and knock it when worshipping. The Lu Mongols did not have jade plates, which they considered to be hoodoos.

When they first arrived in Honghu in the thirteenth century, because they had just fled from the north to the Yangtze River valley, they must have been very different from the locals in terms of language, appearance, customs, and clothing, so they called themselves Semujin, and later changed to Han Chinese.

After Ali Buge quietly slipped away from Kublai Khan, Kublai Khan did not get the news that Ali Buge had fled to the Western Regions for a long time, and guessed that he must have been hiding in some remote area, so he went to the Illihan Kingdom and the Mongolian countries in the Western Regions to find out the false news that Ali Buge had died of illness. Kublai Khan may have done this in order to cover the ears and eyes of Ali Buge's supporters.

Kublai Khan finally defeated Ali Buge, and then moved the capital to Dadu, all of which were accompanied by the capital. However, the Ögedai Khanate, which supported Ali Buge, refused to join Kublai Khan and became de facto independent, and the Mongol Chagatai Khanate was repeatedly contested by Kublai Khan, Ali Buge, and Ögedai Khanate, and later allied with the Haidu of the Ögedai Khanate against Kublai Khan.

The two khanates were located in the present-day Tarim Basin, the Dzungar Basin, and the middle of Central Asia, and the Kipchak Khanate was founded by Batu, the eldest son of Jochi, and was located in the present-day Eastern European Plain, the North Caucasus in South Russia, and part of Central Asia north of the Syr Darya River, and the Kievan Rus' principalities were remote vassal states controlled by the Grand Duke Vladimir whom he supported.

The Ilkhanate was founded by Hulagu and included Greater Iran and other places. The Kipchak Khanate was already de facto independent when Kublai Khan competed with Ali Buge for the throne, and only the Ilkhanate recognized Kublai Khan's throne, but also became independent after Kublai Khan's death, resulting in a de facto split of the Mongol Empire.

Kublai Khan changed the name of the country in his territory to the Great Yuan and established the Yuan Dynasty, which was called the Great Yuan Great Mongolia in Mongolian. However, at the same time, the four major Mongolian khanates, the Kipchak Khanate, the Chagatai Khanate, the Ögedai Khanate, and the Ilkhanate successively went their separate ways, until Yuan Chengzong and the Mongol kings finally reached a peace agreement after realizing that the civil war was destroying the foundation of the Great Mongol State, and the four khanates nominally re-recognized the Yuan Dynasty emperor as the Great Khan of the Great Mongol State, and set up post roads and switches between each other to resume contact.

The Yuan Dynasty retained the territories of Jochi Khan and Yil Khan in Hedong Road, Henan and other places, and awarded annual gifts. The monarch of the Ilkhanate still needed to be canonized by the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, and the Chinese seals such as the palace of the state and the people, the true emperor and the treasure of Shun Wanyi were issued as vassal states of the Yuan Dynasty. Since then, the digital monarchs of the Kipchak Khanate, such as Tokhtar and Yuejibo, have also been officially canonized by the Yuan emperor.

One of the four khanates, the Ögedai Khanate, had fallen, and the Yuan Dynasty and the khanates had been drastically reduced to 22.7 million square kilometers. From the beginning of Yuan Chengzong, politics began to go downhill, and by the middle and late stages of Yuan Huizong, political affairs had become increasingly chaotic.

Liu Futong led the members of the White Lotus Sect and the river workers who were requisitioned to dig the Yellow River to raise an uprising, organized the Red Turban Army to fight against the Yuan army, and began the Red Turban Army uprising. Zhu Yuanzhang destroyed the Yuan Dynasty and established the Ming Dynasty, and the Mongol regime where the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty returned to the Mongolian Plateau continued to use the name of the Great Yuan State, known as the Northern Yuan Dynasty in history, and was derived from Tatar and Warat after the end.

Among the Mongol khanates, the territory of the Ögedai Khanate was divided between the Chagatai Khanate and the Yuan Dynasty. The Chagatai Khanate was divided, and the Ilkhanate perished, both of which were eventually conquered by the Timurid Empire. The Kipchak Khanate fell by the end of the 15th century, and the Crimean Khanate, which had been dissolved, existed for 18 years, and the Astrakhan Khanate, the Kazan Khanate, and the Siberian Khanate were finally occupied by the Russian Empire in the 16th century.

Timur was a descendant of the Turkic nobleman Barulasi in the Thirsty Stone region of Central Asia in the Western Chagatai Khanate, and because he later married the princess of the son of Hei, the queen of the Eastern Chagatai Khanate, as a concubine, and was a direct descendant of Temujin, he also claimed to be a descendant of the Mongolian golden family, also known as Timur the Horse.

He established himself as a sultan, and after launching seven wars against the Eastern Chagatai Khanate, he forced the Chagatai Khanate to submit, and several small khanates derived from the Mongol Ilkhanate after the destruction, conquered the Kipchak Khanate Tokhtamysh, conquered the Delhi Sultanate in India, captured Delhi, and defeated the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I and the Mamluk dynasty of Egypt in the west.

At its peak, the territory of the Timurid Empire stretched from Delhi and the Firkhana Basin in India in the east, Asia Minor in the west, the Aral Sea and the Syr Darya Valley in the north, and the Persian Gulf in the south. Timur led an army of 200,000 to attack the Ming Dynasty in China, only to die of illness on the way to the army. After Timur's death, his empire was divided and died at the hands of the Uzbek Shaybani.

The Timurid Empire was not part of the Mongol Empire, but it was part of the post-Mongol powers, and most of its territory was in the former Mongol Empire. The Timurid Empire was destroyed by the Turkic Uzbek tribes, and Babur, a descendant of Timur, conquered the Delhi Sultanate in India, established the Mughal Dynasty, proclaimed himself King of Hindustani, and its territory was greatly reduced in the 18th century, and was finally conquered by the British Empire.

At its peak, the Mongol Empire ruled over an unprecedentedly large empire from East Asia to Central Asia, West Asia, and Eastern Europe. The establishment of the Mongol Empire accelerated the cultural and technological exchanges between the East and the West, and promoted multi-ethnic cultural exchanges. For the first and last time, the entire Silk Road was controlled by a single country, which made it much easier to trade between East and West than in other periods of division.

Genghis Khan once dreamed of making the Mongols pastures under the blue sky, and in the process of Mongol expansion, countless ancient civilizations were destroyed, countless cities were destroyed, and terror and mass extermination of opponents were the tried and tested tactics of the Mongols.

The eastern half of the Islamic world experienced horrific death and destruction, and the total population of Persia fell from 12 million to 1.1 million due to massacres and famines. In the riverine regions of Central Asia and Great Khorasan, the irrigation systems established from Greece to the Bactrian kingdom were completely destroyed, accompanied by the desoravity and desertification of countless fertile fields, and in Western Asia, the irrigation systems established since the Akkadian Empire and ancient Babylon were completely destroyed and a large amount of fertile land was left uncultivated.

The cultivated land in West Asia has not yet recovered to 60% of what it was before the Mongol invasion, and at least 70 cities in Central Asia, West Asia and Eastern Europe have been slaughtered by the Mongol army, and some cities have even been slaughtered many times, causing great disasters and painful memories to the local people.

Half of the two million people of the Kingdom of Hungary were killed by the Mongol invasion under the attack of Batu, almost all the cities of Kievan Rus' were destroyed, most of the surrenderers died as slaves due to heavy labor, prisoners of war joined the Mongol army to continue the westward expedition, and about half of the Russians died in the Mongol invasion. Chinese Before the Mongol invasion, the population of China, including the Jin Dynasty, the Western Xia, the Southern Song Dynasty, and the Dali Kingdom, was about 144 million or more, and by the time the Mongols were completely occupied by the Mongols, only 70 million people.

Genghis Khan allowed the populace to freely spread the worst and most implausible rumors about him and the Mongols, when Genghis Khan realized that the best way to spread terror was not through the actions of soldiers, but through the pen of a literati. The Mongols manipulated the propaganda machine and often exaggerated the death toll in the war with the intention of spreading fear.

Although the Mongol armies practiced an unprecedented killing, and almost treated death as a policy, and, to be sure, they also thought of death as a way of creating terror, they departed from the ordinary conventions of the era in a significant and surprising way. The Mongols did not torture, mutilate or maim people, and warfare was usually fought in a horrific form, and other rulers of the era used primitive and barbaric tactics to instill terror and horror in the population through public torture or horrific mutilation.

From China to Europe, the rulers and religious leaders of the civilized world have relied on these horrific methods to rule their own people through terror and to undermine the confidence of their enemies through terror. In contrast to the terror of the civilized armies of their contemporaries, the Mongols did not cause terror through their ferocious and cruel acts, but because of their swift and effective conquest and their seeming utter contempt for the lives of the rich and powerful.

In contrast to the rumors of terror, the cities that had surrendered to the Mongols at first were treated leniently and mercifully, and the inhabitants naively doubted the Mongols' abilities. After the surrender, many cities were initially obedient and rebelled as soon as the Mongols left their country. Since the Mongols had only a handful of officials to manage and no small troops left in the city, the inhabitants mistakenly believed that the Mongol retreat was a sign of weakness and took it for granted that the main Mongol force would never return the way it came. The Mongols showed no mercy to these cities, and they quickly returned to the places of rebellion and destroyed them completely, and a city that had been utterly destroyed could not rebel again.

When the Mongol Kipchak Khanate army attacked the Black Sea port city of Kaffa, the bodies of people who had died of the plague were thrown into the city with a stone thrower, the first bacteriological warfare on record in the West. Plague originated in Central Asia and was carried by marmots, and plague was introduced to China many times before the Mongol Empire, so although there were regional plague infections in China, Chinese medicine gradually gained experience in the repeated battles against plague, while Europeans had never been exposed to plague before.

A Genoese merchant in Kaffa inadvertently brought diseased fleas to the Republic of Genoa, Italy, and the plague spread widely across Europe, eventually killing 20 million people and becoming known as the Black Death, where plague patients died of bruising under their skin and blackening their bodies.

The Black Death deprived Europe of a third of its population, and with it a humanistic sense of concern for people awakened. The first masterpiece of European humanist literature, The Decameron, was written by Boccaccio at the height of the Black Death, describing the terrible plague that occurred in Italy and ushered in the dawn of the Renaissance in Europe.