Chapter 94: The Plaza Accord
The biggest help to win capital is not to create a high-end enterprise with a market value of hundreds of billions like Bill Gates, nor to have a unique vision like Warren Buffett to stir up the storm in the stock market, let alone go some side ways, but to be as prescient as Wang Jie and grasp the pulse of the times.
After the completion of "Life and Death", Wang Jie handed over everything to Disney Pictures, Wang Jie believed that Michael Eisner and Jeffrey Kazenberg would take care of everything, and the film was also scheduled for the summer of June 10.
After Wang Jie took care of everything, he quietly came to Xiangjiang, this time he asked the housekeeper Lao Jim to hire hundreds of traders, and arranged them separately in the two places of Qianhu in the island country and New York in the United States. Wang Jie ordered the traders to open positions more than a month in advance, and he was waiting for the signing of the Plaza Agreement. Wang Jie is ready to peel a layer of skin on the island country RIBEN this time, and strive to make its brokerage weakness last for a little longer.
Since 1980, there have been two changes in the US domestic economy, the first is that the foreign trade deficit has widened year by year, reaching $160 billion in 1984, accounting for 3.6% of GDP that year. The second is the emergence of government budget deficits. Under the shadow of the twin deficits, the US government raised the domestic base interest rate and introduced international capital to develop the economy, and the large inflow of foreign capital caused the US dollar to continue to appreciate, and the competitiveness of US exports declined, thus expanding to the crisis of foreign trade deficit. Under the pressure of this economic crisis, the United States hopes to strengthen the external competitiveness of American products through the depreciation of the dollar in order to reduce the trade deficit.
In 1977, Treasury Secretary Brumesa of the Carter administration verbally intervened in the foreign exchange market on the grounds of the trade surplus between the island nation and the Federal Republic of Germany, hoping to stimulate U.S. exports and reduce the U.S. trade deficit through measures to depreciate the dollar. His speech led to a frenzied sell-off of the dollar by investors, which sharply depreciated against the currencies of major industrial countries. At the beginning of 1977, the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar against the yen was 290 yen per 1 dollar, and in the fall of 1978 it fell to a minimum of 170 yen, a decline of 41.38%. The U.S. government was shocked, and in the fall of 1978, President Carter launched a "Dollar Rescue Package" to prop up the dollar.
From 1979 to 1980, the world's second oil crisis broke out. The second oil crisis led to a sharp rise in energy prices in the United States, and the consumer price index in the United States rose sharply, and the United States experienced severe inflation, with inflation exceeding double digits. For example, if money was deposited in the bank at the beginning of 1980, the real rate of return by the end of the year was negative 12.4 per cent.
In the summer of 1979, Paul Volcker became Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board. In order to control severe inflation, he raised official interest rates three times in a row and implemented a tight monetary policy. As a result of this policy, official and market interest rates in the United States reached double-digit levels, with short-term real interest rates (real yields after inflation) rising from near zero on average between 1954 and 1978 to 3 to 5 percent between 1980 and 1984.
High interest rates attracted large amounts of foreign capital to the United States, causing the dollar to soar, rising by nearly 60 percent from late 1979 to late 1984, and the dollar was trading against major industrial countries above what it had reached before the collapse of the Bretton Woods system.
The sharp appreciation of the dollar led to a rapid widening of the U.S. trade deficit, and by 1984, the U.S. current-account deficit reached a record $100 billion.
The United States hopes to improve the imbalance of the United States balance of payments by increasing the export competitiveness of its products through the depreciation of the dollar.
On September 22, 1985, the finance ministers and central bank governors (G5) of the United States, island countries, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, and the United Kingdom held a meeting at the Plaza Hotel in New York, and reached an agreement on the joint intervention of the five governments in the foreign exchange market to induce the exchange rate of the US dollar to depreciate against major currencies in an orderly manner in order to solve the problem of the huge trade deficit of the United States. Because the agreement was signed at the Plaza Hotel, the agreement is also known as the "Plaza Agreement".
After the signing of the "Plaza Accord," the above-mentioned five countries began to jointly intervene in the foreign exchange market and sold a large number of dollars in the international foreign exchange market, which then formed a selling frenzy among market investors, resulting in a sustained and substantial depreciation of the dollar. In September 1985, the U.S. dollar fluctuated around 250 yen per dollar, and in less than three months after the agreement was signed, the U.S. dollar quickly fell to around 200 yen per dollar, a 20% decline. After that, the US authorities, represented by US Treasury Secretary Baker, and financial experts represented by Fjd Bergsten (then director of the US Institute for International Economics) constantly verbally intervened in the dollar, and the lowest fell to 120 yen per dollar. In less than three years, the dollar has lost 50% of its value against the yen, that is, the yen has doubled in value against the dollar.
Beginning in the mid-to-late 80s of the 20th century, with the bursting of the bubble economy, the island countries fell into a decade-long economic stagnation, that is, the "lost decade". From high growth to secular stagnation, the islands' development experiences provide a valuable lesson for emerging countries with ambitious economic take-offs.
The biggest impact of exchange rate changes is not the export and import of products, but the flow of capital and the corresponding wealth effect. The economies of island countries have also benefited the most from the Plaza Accord, which also comes from the latter.
In today's international currency market, no one really believes that the government has the ability to intervene in the international money market, because the government's resources are very limited and it is powerless in terms of market prices - this is one of the main reasons why the world's major industrial countries, led by the United States, justified their inaction after the economic crisis in Southeast Asia.
Even in the 80s of the 20th century, the funds that the governments of the five countries participating in the "Plaza Accord" could call upon to carry out public operations were extremely limited compared to the huge turnover of transactions in the international currency market, and they were almost "swallowed up by the market in the blink of an eye". To use the classic metaphor of Samuelson, the great economist, just as "the greatest king of mankind is powerless to change the currents of the sea", governments cannot intervene in the international currency market as they please.
Moreover, the various policies promised by the five participating countries in the "Plaza Accord," especially those measures linked to domestic financial and fiscal policies, have not been substantively implemented and implemented.
In fact, for a long time after the Plaza Accord, the trade surplus of the island countries with the United States has not decreased, but has increased significantly. The appreciation of the yen has not opened up a vast island market for American goods, because island products are structurally different from those of the United States, and there is no price competition. Even in the most tragic era of the island economy after the collapse of the bubble economy, there is no evidence that island products, whether they are electrical appliances, automobiles, or intermediate machinery products, have lost their international competitiveness. As a result, the Plaza Accord was a complete failure in terms of its goal of reducing the U.S. trade deficit with the island nations.
In the 10 years since the signing of the "Plaza Accord" in 1985, the value of the yen has risen by more than 5% per year on average, which is tantamount to giving international capital investment in the stock market and housing market of island countries a sure way to make a profit. In the nearly five years since the Plaza Accord, stock prices have increased by 30% per year and land prices by 15% per year, while the nominal GDP of island countries has grown by only about 5% per year during the same period. The bubble economy is getting farther and farther away from the real economy, and although the per capita GNP of the island countries exceeded that of the United States at that time, the high housing prices in the country made owning their own homes an unattainable thing for ordinary island nationals. In 1989, the government of the island country began to implement a tight monetary policy, although the bubble economy was punctured, but the stock price and land price fell by about 50% in a short period of time, the banks formed a large number of bad debts, and the island economy entered a recession period of more than ten years.
In 1987, the G5 countries met again at the Louvre Museum in France to review the impact of the abnormal depreciation of the US dollar on the international economic environment since the "Plaza Accord", as well as the advantages and disadvantages of using exchange rate adjustment to reduce the US trade deficit. As a result, the Louvre agreement demanded that the United States no longer force the yen and the mark to appreciate, and instead use domestic economic policies such as lowering the government budget to save the American economy. In other words, the Plaza Accord did not find the crux of the weakness of the US economy at that time, and the appreciation of the yen and the mark did nothing to help its economic weakness.
On the contrary, the Plaza Accord has had an incalculable impact on the economies of island countries. This is because, after the Plaza Accord, the yen appreciated sharply, which had a considerable impact on the export-oriented industries of the island countries. In order to achieve the goal of economic growth, the governments of island countries have adopted loose monetary policies such as lowering interest rates to maintain the prosperity of the domestic economy. Since 1986, the benchmark interest rate of the island countries has fallen sharply, which has caused a large amount of surplus domestic funds to be invested in non-productive tools such as the stock market and real estate, thus forming the famous bubble economy of the island countries in the 1990s. After this economic bubble burst in 1991, the economy of the island countries fell into the biggest recession after the war, which lasted for more than ten years, and the economy of the island countries still showed no signs of recovery.