The beauty of the cardiovascular system lies in the closed coupling, and the various levels of coupling make the complex system a dynamic and static, linear and non-linear, discrete and continuous community. Pen "Fun" Pavilion www.biquge.info

The frequency of the sinus node is 60-100, and the atrioventricular node is 40-60, which has different expressions in different time and space

Emphasizing the uniqueness of the path, the sinus node to the atrioventricular node to the left and right bundle branches to the Purkinje fibers

The regularity of the heart's beating, the macroscopic transmission

The eigenvalues of the network composed of the sequential opening, secondary order, intensity, duration, and object of action of various channel proteins are periodic and can be decomposed by Fourier

Thresholds are an important indicator of the deformation of the network

The automatic depolarization of the 4-phase autonomic cell is the basis of the autorhythmic excitation, which is actually related to the periodic opening of the K,Ca ion channels

The transport and renewal of the closed system, the transmission of signals, the maintenance of homeostasis, the self-defense and regulation of the pathway

The necessity of self-coupling, pulmonary circulation is the basis of systemic circulation

The polarized state, i.e., hierarchical differentiation, is the basis of network movement. The presence of discrepancies is a must, this is the criterion for distribution. At the same time, it is able to store energy as a buffer system. The existence of selectivity makes the work of the network more specialized

The sodium current serves as the background, and at phases 0 and 4 are separated by different channels

Positive feedback is a crazy growth, which is bound to be accompanied by corresponding inhibition mechanisms, such as sodium influx in phase 0

The concomitant growth of the ion current, first na and then ca in looking k

Bodily fluids are the environment, and the relative balance of its levels is important, and one of its levels is the overall nature that can be observed from the outside world. These equilibrium are achieved through the adjustment of various pathways, i.e., probability networks.

The basic units of the network are pathways, such as the reflex arcs of nerves (receptors, afferent nerve fibers, nerve centers, efferent nerve fibers, and effectors)

Humoral regulation is a diffusion network form, which uses the whole body blood circulation as the dynamic transport effect, and regulates multiple levels through the action of cells on specific molecules, such as cell tissue and organ systems, which illustrates the importance of sequences, that is, the correspondence of combinations, genes, and protein levels

Others are smaller-ranging self-conditioning, which has a limited range of action and small granularity

The above adjustments are structures, and they take the form of various feedbacks. Negative feedback is the main one, which makes the cycle work, while positive feedback accelerates the breakdown of the balance to create a new equilibrium, such as childbirth

The opening and closing of channel proteins and the entry and exit of various ions are a coupling

Permeability helps to form a gradient to store the potential energy difference

Selective formation

Active transport is a basic operation of cells in the human body, local information can flow, which makes our cells perform simple actions, but on the whole to form a cooperative society; there is active, there must be passive, this distribution is caused by the automatic distribution of energy; when the level increases, it needs to swallow and vomit, which is a wider range of changes, but at this level of coupling

Receptors are important first-order recognition, and the combination of different receptors (spatiotemporal order) is second-order, and the interaction of their respective pathways is the initiation of changes (macroscopic electrical changes, microscopic chemical reactions)

Specificity is the first element of recognition, saturation is the mechanism of regulation, and reversibility is the structural adaptation of multiple iterations of the hierarchy

The focus is on the information transmission of external changes, there are special proteins that sense, and there are proteins that sense protein changes, and the repeated inclusion of these levels allows the information to be transmitted, but there is always a level that corresponds to the overall change

Different cells have different sensitivities to stimuli, and their responses to different levels of stimuli are also different. Nerve cells, glandular cells, and tissue cells in general respond differently

Single-cell, all-or-nothing, at the level of tissue is the local potential of the buffer system, which is the inclusion of the layers of coupling

Local excitation has a linear variation, has a range of action, and can be superimposed, which is a microscopic form of action

The stable dynamics of the potential difference make it sensitive to changes, that is, small changes in the permeability of proteins to sodium can cause potential changes, although soon there are feedback changes in potassium channel proteins to restore equilibrium, but the purpose of information transmission is achieved

The change needs to reach a threshold, and the change acts in a quantum form of units

Binding of receptors (competitively binding to receptors or acting substances, enhancing or weakening), generation and clearance

Systolic and diastolic cycles of the heart

Each discipline is an eigenvalue at the biological level. Thus the effects of the network and various couplings are brought into play

Hierarchical coupling, interaction, relative movement, can be integrated into larger systems, morphological complementarity: ganglion location, synaptic neurotransmitters and relative receptors and effects, complementary secondary effects: skin and muscle blood vessels, sweat glands, erector pilios, adrenal medulla, only sympathetic innervation. The dynamic equilibrium of the interaction is a persistent process, i.e., it exists as a background, and circuits are formed, and the same trend is manifested as different physiological effects. The bias of the network is different, which is the specificity of expression

Based on the circulation of the body, the blood circulation, nerve distribution, and the coupling of tissues.

exchange, the body is broken down into a membrane, there is a difference in permeability and potential energy

Fractal dimension, the continuous branching of the trachea, the bronchial differentiation into a monomembrane of the alveoli

Sympathetic nerve → NE+β2 receptors→ smooth muscle relaxation→ airway caliber ↑ → airway resistance ↓

Vagus nerve →ach+M receptors→ smooth muscle contraction→ airway caliber ↓ → airway resistance ↑

Receptors distributed on bronchial smooth muscle: beta2 adrenergic receptors, M cholinergic receptors

Smooth muscles throughout the body, distribution of other cells with similar receptors, distribution of receptors, distribution of nerves

Inspiratory muscles: diaphragm and extracostal muscles, expiratory muscles: internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, functionally different, but anatomically similar, which is also a coupling

Flow, qi, blood, ions, etc., require a certain pressure i.e., potential difference and channel, i.e., resistance

The secondary change caused by the change is a probabilistic sequence of certain sequences that can cause a change in another dimension if the pressure exceeds a certain threshold, such as the exchange of gases due to the contrast between the pressure inside the lungs and the outside atmospheric pressure, or the potential change of the cell membrane caused by sodium channel proteins

Intrathoracic pressure is always negative, allowing the exchange to continue

Elasticity (pulmonary elastic resistance, thoracic elastic resistance) and inelastic resistance (airway resistance) are the relationship between fixed and variable zones

The communication of the alveoli will have the Matthew effect of large alveoli swallowing small alveoli, which is a physical property, but biology lies in the coupling of its levels, and the alveoli will have surfactants

Ventilation/flow ratio 4. 2/5=0。 84 Indicators to measure the function of lung ventilation (proportion is an indicator)

Regulation is networked, a rhythmic cycle, which can be expressed by differential equations, which have multiple levels of coupling, and are chemical dynamic equilibrium

The neural level, the central and transmitted networks are themselves a level. There is also the role of receptors, the stratification of their interior: peripheral and central, carotid and aortic bodies, type 1 and 2 cells, their specific role in the sensitivity of stimuli, and the construction of networked pathways

The influence of specific factors: the role of PCO2↑, PO2↓, [H+]↑

(1) All three change respiration by acting on peripheral or central chemoreceptors to excite the respiratory center;

(2) PO2↓ mainly acts on the periphery, PCO2↑ mainly acts on the center, and [H+]↑ is sensitive to the center;

(3) PO2↓ is excitable to the periphery and inhibites the center, while PCO2↑ and [H+]↑ are excited to both the periphery and the center.

(4) PO2 has little effect on normal respiratory regulation, and a certain level of PCO2 is an important factor in maintaining respiration;

(5) The effect of PCO2 on the center is realized by generating [H+], which has a certain time delay.

There are also interactions

Frequency is a measure of activity and can also be an eigen

The rhythmic center, like the movement of the heart, changes periodically and provides the source of power. Regarded as a central node, there should be multiple central levels and general external nodes, and the network built by them is the result of hierarchical coupling

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