Information transfer of different scopes and thresholds is carried out crosswise: those with small thresholds are sensitive to changes, and the changes caused by them reach the threshold of action of other proteins at a certain level, and then continue to be carried out. Pen? Interesting? Pavilion wWw. ｂiquge。 The info concomitant changes are networked, with sodium and potassium ions and permeability changes

(Phase 0): Stimulation of NA+-small influx-threshold potential activation-fast na+ channel-na+ massive influx-na+ equilibrium potential

(Phase 1) Fast NA+ channel inactivation + activation of ITO channel ↓K + transient outflow ↓ rapid repolarization

Phase 2: Slow Ca2+ channel + activated IK channel at -40mV depolarization in phase O ↓ Ca2+ slow inflow and K+ outflow are in equilibrium ↓ Slow repolarization

Phase 3: Slow Ca2 + channel inactivation + IK channel permeability ↑↓K + rapid outflow ↓ rapid repolarization to RP level

Stage 4: Ion pumps (bidirectional) →→ activate the ion pump (bidirectional) to pump out Na+ and Ca2+ due to the increase of [Na+] and [Ca2+] in the membrane and the increase in K+ → restore normal ion distribution.

The different rates of slow automatic depolarization of autonomic cells in phase 4 result in different frequencies of pulsation, and ectopic pulsations are a buffering reserve, which is a high-dimensional cycle formation

Dominance conduction pathway, probability

The distribution of velocity, the point of mutation is regarded as the boundary

There is a concentration difference between the two sides of the membrane: the membrane permeability is selective

For cycles, overall changes such as potassium concentrations are sequential changes: sodium channel permeability

The channel is a buffered storage and a drag regulation

The formation of blood pressure is the result of the interaction of motility and resistance. The interaction of cardiac ejection and peripheral resistance forms systolic blood pressure, and the interaction of elastic return force of the great arteries and peripheral resistance forms diastolic blood pressure.

The waveform of the pulse is the coupling body of information, and the energy reflects the changes in the body, and its eigenlevel is the various diagnoses. Need a relative role? That is, the interaction of the doctor's pulse

Signal transduction, the intrinsic-level network behavior, is the path with the greatest probability

The representation of information is continuous, and the modification is the topology of the network

Feedforward control, positive and negative feedback, cross-inhibition

Color synthesis of the three primary colors

The study of the phenomena and mechanisms of life activities, as well as adaptation to environmental fluctuations and changes

The relationship between body structure (anatomical, organizational, molecular biology level) and physiological function, as well as the functional integration of organs and systems

Chapter 1 Cell Membranes and Transmembrane Transport

The organelle membrane confines specific biochemical processes to small places, and the cell membrane is not only to maintain a potential energy difference between the cytoplasm in the membrane and the outside world, so that it is coupled, it is also a layer, coupled with the upper and lower levels, considering the role of differential equations, such as cell membrane proteins and skeleton proteins and the extracellular matrix

There are commonalities in membranes, and there are differences in membrane composition and structure in different parts of different cells and even in different places of the same cell, which can be regarded as different eigenvalues of the wave function: lipid bilayer membrane, protein composition

The free diffusion of membrane components is also a wave function, some membrane components cannot diffuse freely, such as ethylcholine receptors are confined to the motor endplate of skeletal muscle, and some other proteins move probabibly according to the distribution function. If the motor nerve innervating skeletal muscle is severed, the ethylcholine receptor will spread to the entire plasma membrane of the muscle cell, which can be seen as a continuous action that manipulates the wave function and constrains its diffusion. The wave function is different at different locations, such as the epithelial cell apex and the outer matrix have different protein compositions

The phospholipid bilayer is the structural basis of membrane permeability, which is the coupling of structure and function. Some small proportions of phospholipids play a key role in signal transduction, such as cleavage of phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-phospholipase C--- inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (which acts on the receptor of the endoplasmic reticulum to release Ca2+) and diacylglycerol (which is involved in the activation of protein kinase C with Ca2+)

Cholesterol acts as a limit to the range of membrane fluidity

Lipids, solubility bias (soluble in organic solvents)

Saturation, chain structure, autosynthesis

The coexistence of large proportions of lipids, proteins, and sugars can continue to be refined into smaller proportions, such as the proportion of serum proteins, immunoglobulins, etc., and even the proportion of genes, the proportion of bases of sequences, and different proportions of things have their different functions and can be coupled at a larger scale. And the proportion of proportions will reflect a certain similarity, and there will be coupling, such as the binding of lipid cholesterol and protein receptors. Therefore, to avoid this cycle, we need to use gradients, curls and divergences to integrate.

ds/dt=k(a)(c1-c2)/x, which is a coupling

The concentration and voltage dependence is an approximation of Maxwell's equations for transport

Studying electrical signals may provide a holistic view of ion transport, deformation of channel proteins, and the proportions of various molecules

The equilibrium potentials of different molecules should not be additive, but should be arranged in a matrix, depending on our critical criteria, to select a specific eigenvalue, i.e., the collapse of the wave function

It is necessary to maintain a certain concentration difference in order to have a certain steady state

The cumulativeness of the local potential is a basis for logic loops

Triacylglycerol metabolism

Metabolism of phospholipids

Cholesterol metabolism

Metabolism of fatty acid source hormones

Plasma lipoprotein metabolism

The continuous inclusion of the system builds a higher-dimensional network, and the molecular structure of the network is based on some common chemical information molecules and receptors, such as the transmitter thyroxine and M, N1, N2 receptors. In the complex differential equation of the system, molecules and receptors are eigenvalues at different levels, and their different effects are different expressions of the same solution. This is a manifestation of coupling. At the same time, because it has a period, it means that it is also structurally coupled

The coupling of different levels of systems is not necessarily the same, and needs to be specific, such as antibody cytokines of the immune system. But it is important to recognize, the sequence (antibody antigen) (transmitter receptor)

The topological properties of the network: central node, probabilistic nature of connection, cohesion, loop formation, network cluster structure, statistical characteristics (proportion), priority of connected central nodes, distribution of connectivity, expression of adaptability, elimination mechanism of nodes (natural selection), granularity of relatively closed bodies with dense connections within clusters and relatively sparse clusters indirectly, average path length, distribution of cohesion coefficient (also another level of natural selection), tendency, positive and negative relations, hierarchical clustering based on similarity

The essence of the network cluster structure is the minimization and distribution of energy, and the inevitable connection with other complex phenomena of the network is the inevitable natural selection behavior in the process of evolution, and the intrinsic attribute of the network itself is the operation of node groups

Euler's theorem of the network v-e+f=2 dimensions of the series operation, emphasizing the reciprocation of the hierarchy. That is, Lenz's law

resistance to changes

A network cluster is defined as a densely connected branch of a network, which has the characteristics of dense connections within clusters and sparse connections between clusters, and can be regarded as the shortest path, that is, paths. At the same time, it is also a tendency

The main statistical characteristics of complex networks are small-world, scale-free, and node degrees obey power-law distributions

Scale-free, i.e., characteristics that are independent of the size of the network

Clustering, the study of the tendency of things to cluster, similarity, hierarchy, subnetwork is a low-dimensional level, which is a solution of a differential equation, has its periodicity, and can be coupled with the solutions of other subnetworks to construct a new network

The low-dimensional is closed, and the high-dimensional is relatively broken, which is a manifestation of Gödel's law of incompleteness

A network is a description of the most fundamental relationship, which is the transition from the unspeakable level of the wave function to the relativity of the relationship to the probability connection of multiple objects

First order: degrees; Second-order: cluster coefficient, distance, and average distance

The "small world" feature has both a small average shortest path length and a large cluster coefficient

Linear space, computationally closed

The negativity of 1, i.e., the stored potential energy

2 The distance is not unidirectional, and d(x,y) is not necessarily equal to d(y,x)

3 The sum of the distances of one dimension ab+bc is greater than ac, and the high-dimensional ones are different because of the connection of probabilities

The number of paths in higher dimensions increases, with only one straight line in two dimensions and countless curves in three dimensions

Function space: elements plus rules

The fixed-point principle holds in finite dimensions and allows us to find approximations to refer to equations, but the infinite dimension does not. Compress the image and reduce the dimensionality, there must be a fixed point

The infinite dimension of a network function, if the functions of each part are uniform, bounded, and continuous, then the network is compact

Use higher-order algorithms, such as integrals

The frequency, which is inversely proportional to the length of the path, has a sense of harmony with a certain proportion of multiple frequencies

The series of the dissociative variable method is depresented, and the periodic function is represented by the Fourier series, which is based on a certain function

Completeness: All periodic functions can be represented, but not necessarily described

Orthogonality makes the integrals of multiplication of functions easy to solve

The differentiation of a function is a multiplication of its Fourier transform: the differential equation is transformed into an algebraic equation, and the smoothness of the function becomes the boundedness of the Fourier transform

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