Einstein derived the theory of gravity in general relativity by using the treatment of coordinate invariance

Maxwell's equations not only calculate the electric field generated by an electric charge or magnetic field, and the magnetic field generated by an electric current, but also give an important conservation law in electromagnetism - conservation of electric charge. Pen & Fun & Pavilion www.biquge.info

Noether's law, the conservation of charge should correspond to a kind of symmetry

What kind of symmetry corresponds to the conservation of electric charge?

The conservation of charge corresponds to a kind of local symmetry involving each point, and another beauty of Maxwell's equations is that it guarantees a kind of local symmetry of charge conservation, and it achieves this through the intrinsic behavior of electromagnetic forces

The electromagnetic field has local symmetry, i.e., each point of the electromagnetic field has some mathematical property that keeps Maxwell's equations constant. In studying this local symmetry, Vail proposed a new kind of invariance, now called "normative invariance". Weil further demonstrated that both the theory of gravity and the theory of electromagnetism have this invariance.

The normative invariance is determined as the "phase factor" transformation, and the phase of the "wavefunction" in quantum mechanics is a new local variable, and the invariance of the physical system under this transformation is called u(1) symmetry. This is a relatively simple local symmetry, and because the phase factors of any two points in space can be reversed, it is also called abelian symmetry. It is this normative invariance (i.e., conservation of charge) that determines the entire electromagnetic action

The conservation of electric charge determines the entire electromagnetic action

As long as the system has the gauge symmetry of the u(1) group, it is necessary to have electromagnetic interactions between the particles of the system

All canonical interactions must be passed through canonical particles

Normative transformations and the idea of local symmetry

The normative invariance that Weil discovered and proposed mainly from the law of conservation of charge is extended to other conservation laws

The conservation of isospin in the strong interaction of particles is similar to the conservation of charge in that they both reflect a hidden symmetry within the system

Isospin is one of the important properties of elementary particles, which is used to distinguish a physical quantity of elementary particles such as protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Experiments have shown that the strong interactions in the nucleus have charge-independent properties, such as the strong interactions between protons and protons, neutrons and neutrons, and between protons and neutrons

This illustrates that there is no difference between protons and neutrons in terms of strong interactions

Since protons and neutrons are so similar, we can describe them as a particle, i.e., two different states of the same particle. Particles in the same group, the mass is very close, the universe is the same, but the charge is different, they can all be seen as the same particle in different states. For example, protons and neutrons are twofold states, and π+, π0, and π- are triplet states.

To describe the properties of this twofold or multiplicity, a new physical quantity called "isospin" was introduced, whose quantum number is denoted by i. The main significance of isospin in physics is that when particles collide under strong interactions, their isospin is conserved.

This means that the total spin remains constant during strong interactions, and is not conserved during weak interactions and electromagnetic interactions

Extend the normative invariance to the law of conservation of isospin

Extend normative invariance to isospin and irreversible variables

More and more mesons have been discovered, and more in-depth research has been carried out on various interactions---- and the principle that everyone should follow when writing about various interactions - normative invariance generalization

The su(2) group in group theory replaces the u(1) group in Maxwell's equations

The groups associated with Maxwell's equations are the u(1) group, which is the Abeliangroup, i.e., commutatively (e.g., any two successive rotations on a plane can be changed in order without affecting the result), while the group associated with the Young-Mills equations is the su(2) group, which is non-commutative (class matrix multiplication), i.e., their theory is a "non-abeliangaugetheory". Moreover, this su(2) gauge theory can be easily generalized to other non-abelian gauge theories

The quantum-gauge particles of the gauge field should have three according to the su(2) group, one of which is positively charged, one negatively charged, and one uncharged, and the particle field causes new interactions by exchanging these gauge particles

After Einstein used the principle of generalized covariance (also a principle of local symmetry) to get the effect of gravity, physicists once again used the principle of symmetry to give specific laws of interaction

Exchangeable - non-exchangeable - integrated into one, condition or probability

Symmetrydictatesinteraction

An equation is a distillation of the intrinsic connection of a seemingly different thing or quantity or relationship, e=m*c*c

Observe in one dimension and establish the laws

Prophecy exists, but it is only a kind of infinite possibility, and it does not necessarily correspond to reality

Quantization --- fixed energy values

Successive macroscopic observable energy changes are the sum of the aggregates of individual quantum discreteness

Frequency, probability is the deeper concept e=h*f, whether this is related to its extreme frequency

The radiation intensity is independent of the size, shape, and material of the cavity

The cavity has infinite radiant energy, which is true, but it is not usable, which fits Dirac's sea of energy because it is negative energy

It acts like a particle and propagates like a wave

The energy conversion of uranium atoms requires not only a large number of atoms in a chain, but also a limit such as 1/1000, which is related to probability

1 There is no absolute stillness, only relative

2. The law of conservation of momentum p=mv

3. Wave-particle duality, radiation has momentum, and particles can be diffracted

4 Doppler's principle, the essence of motion is related to the state of motion of the observer

Considering from different frames of reference allows for the conversion of mass and energy

;