Chapter 458: Beauty and Disaster
It's not so easy to do.
Moreover, Iceland is a country without its own army, which tests the wisdom of their leaders.
It must rely on intelligence to survive, because it does not have so many resources to raise a strong army.
Comparatively speaking, Iceland is a very cold place.
At least, that's what Ye Chao thinks.
It is said that the first person to set foot in Iceland was said to be ...... In 874, the Viking Inger? Arnathan and his group settled in Iceland.
Before the Scandinavians and Celts immigrated to Iceland between the 9th and 10th centuries, Iceland was the last large uninhabited island in the world outside of New Zealand.
The living environment, that's pretty bad.
In 930 the world's first parliament was established and the Icelandic Free State was formed, although it did not run for long after that. There is some textual evidence that Irish monks lived in Iceland before the arrival of the northerners, although there is no archaeological evidence to support this inference.
Iceland remained independent for 300 years before being ruled by Norway and Denmark.
Iceland was a colony of the Norwegian king until the 1814 partition of the United Kingdom of Denmark and Norway under the treaty of Kiel, and has since become a Danish vassal state. In 1874, the Danish government granted Iceland limited autonomy, and in 1918, Denmark and Iceland signed an Act of Association, in which Denmark recognized the Kingdom of Iceland as a sovereign state attached to the Kingdom of Denmark.
Since then, Iceland has further gained independence and sovereignty similar to that of a protectorate in internal affairs, and Denmark has retained power in foreign affairs and defence.
In 1940, when Nazi Germany occupied Denmark during World War II, the Icelandic parliament declared that the Icelandic government had withdrawn from the Danish king the powers of Iceland's foreign affairs and other affairs.
In the same year, the British occupied neutral Iceland, and the following year the United States took over from the British in Iceland. The Danish king continued to rule de jure.
The Republic of Iceland was established in 1944.
The new republic was a member of NATO and signed an agreement with the United States in 1949 to defend Iceland. Under this agreement, the United States maintained a military base in Kiflavik until the unilateral withdrawal of the United States troops at the end of September 2006.
So far, Iceland does not have its own army.
In the decades after the war, Iceland's economy depended on fishing, and there were several conflicts with neighboring countries over this resource, including the famous "Cod Wars" with the British.
In recent years, Iceland has diversified its economy with the development of an aluminium industry and the liberalization and privatization of the economy as a result of heavy investment in heavy industry. The 2008 financial crisis in Iceland triggered a series of political movements and upheavals.
Iceland became a member of the European Economic Area through the EEA, but did not join the EU. On 17 July 2009, the Government of Iceland formally applied to the Swedish Presidency of the European Union and the European Commission in Brussels, the capital of Belgium, for EU membership, but has suspended EU accession negotiations.
Ye Chao has long heard of this small country built on ice and fire, and now he has been to Norway and Denmark, such a close distance, if you don't come here to take a look, I'm really sorry for my trip.
Here, although the environment is harsh, there are really many natural wonders.
There are many things to do in Iceland. The best part is that all of Iceland's attractions are open, with no walls, no entrances, and no entrance fees. Except for the low fences on both sides of the basic guidance path and the explanatory boards, the natural appearance is maintained.
For example, a glacier lagoon.
It's located in the southeast of Iceland and is a fantastic place.
It is said that the second season of Titanic and Game of Thrones (Game of Thrones) was filmed here.
The lake is full of floating icebergs that broke into the water during the Ice Age.
The larger ones are in the middle of the lake, and the closer ones are the smaller ones.
The ice floes are all blue, and the bigger the bluer. The lake is connected to the sea by a river, and the ice floes are all drifting towards the ocean under the flow of water.
Ye Chao could pick up some small ice cubes on the shore, which were very pure, and slowly watched it melt in his hands.
It feels like time and history have all been killed in seconds, just to experience the feeling of falling into ancient times.
Ye Chao has seen many lakes and swam in them, such as West Lake in Hangzhou and Dongting Lake...... And so on, the glacier lagoon has a different kind of beauty, with ice and water, forming a lake.
There is also Dettifoss, in the northeast of Iceland, near Lake Mývatn.
With a width of about 100 meters and a height of 44 meters, Dettifoss is considered the tallest and most turbulent waterfall in Europe.
Ye Chao came here in the afternoon, and there were no tourists at this time.
In the afternoon, it was already dark, and rumbling could be heard in the distance.
Trekking all the way down the cliff (with ladders) and finally meeting Dettifoss, the current was really strong and fast......
Standing next to it has the feeling of being washed down by a sound, and there is water passing on the shore on both sides of the waterfall, so the mud is soft.
The water is also milky white because it contains a lot of minerals, which is caused by the accumulation of the environment over the years.
It's easy to see natural phenomena like the aurora borealis and rainbows in Iceland.
Many people may have the illusion that there is only ice in Iceland, but this is not the case.
This Nordic country, which has just touched the Arctic Circle, occupies only about one-tenth of the country's ice fields, ice caps and glaciers, and you can enjoy the beautiful scenery of horses, cattle and sheep grazing freely and green grass.
A one-day trip east from the capital city of Reykjavik will take you to see the world's only three natural wonders, including the crustal plates on the horizon, the majestic two-stage waterfall, and the geothermal fountain that erupts to tens of meters high.
When he came here, what Ye Chao wanted to see most was the Icelandic volcano.
Icelandic volcano refers to Eyjafjalla volcano, which is located on the southern Afjallajökull Ice Sheet 125 kilometers east of Reykjavík, the capital of Iceland, and is a stratovolcano with a height of about 1,666 meters, which was formed by the deposits of ash, magma and rock from previous eruptions.
On March 20, 2010, Eyjafarah erupted for the first time in 190 years, creating a 500-metre-long fissure and producing spectacular lava eruptions that piled up several foam-filled volcanic rocky hills along the crater.
A volcano is a "liquid zone" 100 to 150 kilometers below the earth's crust in which there is a molten silicate material containing gaseous volatiles, known as magma, at high temperatures and pressures.
Once it washes out of the surface of the earth from a weak part of the earth's crust, it forms a volcano. It can eject a variety of substances.
The formation of volcanoes involves a series of physicochemical processes.
The mantle rocks on the earth's crust are partially melted and separated from the parent rock under certain temperature and pressure conditions, and the melt moves upward through pores or fractures, and gradually enriches in a certain part to form a magma sac.
With the continuous replenishment of magma, the magma excess pressure of the magma sac gradually increases.
When the case cover is not strong enough to stop the magma from continuing its upward movement, the magma rises to the surface through a weak zone.
When the volume fraction of the bubble exceeds 75%, the bubble confined in the liquid will be quickly released, resulting in an explosive eruption, and the magma viscosity will drop to a very low level after the gas is released, and the flow will turn into turbulent nature.
If the magma has a low viscosity or low volatile, there will be only a quiet overflow.
The difference in physicochemical changes, from partial melting to eruption, has led to a wide variety of volcanic activity.
Kartra Volcano, Iceland's main volcano, says scientists say history proves that Kartra will follow in the footsteps of Eyjafara, and it is only a matter of time before it erupts.
If it erupts, it will have important local and global implications, as the Eyjafjallajökull volcano, a volcano under the Eyjafjallajökull glacier in South Iceland, continues to spew magma and ash outward, and the ground shakes slightly.
The eruption of Eyjafarah has raised concerns about a large-scale eruption of the nearby Katla volcano.
Recently, local volcanologists in Iceland predicted that the volcano would erupt violently in the near future, the largest in a century.
Ye Chao stood on an extinct volcano, smiled and said to himself: "There is ice and fire, living in this country of ice and fire, although it is beautiful like a paradise, however, this paradise is not peaceful." Nature has blessed the beauty but also hidden the ...... disaster"