The title of this chapter is the core idea of "How the Demon King Plays the Bad Brave". The purpose of the protagonist is to confront it and save his own nation (humanity), the land of his homeland that he loves. (The first homeland of the Semitic continent, the second homeland of Duanferta, the third homeland of Celtic)

Original form: Galeries Lafayette de Clovence, Philippe de May

"All the people of the Qing Dynasty are **"

In April 1889, Arao Seiki submitted to the Japanese General Staff Headquarters the first important result of the Rakuzendo spies: an analysis report on the general situation in China, the "Book of Revenge". According to this report, the Qing Dynasty "has reached the extreme, the discipline is lax, the officials are reckless, and the ancestral foundation is in decline." However, China and Japan are "protecting each other's lips and teeth, and relying on each other's auxiliary vehicles", and under the watchful eye of the foreign powers, once the Qing Dynasty is not protected, Japan is bound to be in a dilemma. Therefore, "the worries of the Qing country are also the worries of Japan," and Japan must strike first. Since then, a series of reports on the general trend provided by spies stationed in China have most clearly emphasized that China's people**, not just officialdom**, and then emphasize that Japan must first transform China before it can unite China against the West.

In this regard, the most profound analysis is Kotaro Munakata. After the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War, Kotaro Munakata made a comprehensive revision of his analysis report, "The Tendency of the General Trend in China," which had been drafted the previous year. He first analyzed that China's annual fiscal revenue was only 90.74 million taels of silver plus 5.23 million stone rice (author's note: the Qing court's fiscal revenue in 1893 and 1894 was about 83 million taels), which is very unsuitable for China's size. According to his actual investigation, the actual tax of the people was four times the amount of this apparent annual income, and such "income beyond the fixed amount does not go into the state treasury, but is privately owned by local officials." He believes that bribery has always been prevalent in China, and local officials have wantonly whipped the blood of the people to fulfill their selfish desires. Therefore, Emperor Yongzheng began to raise incorruptible silver, and paid it separately in addition to the dignity of the official position, intending to put an end to the disadvantages of its convergence. However, the surging trend cannot be suppressed by the law of the system. Today, "the word 'maintaining integrity' has failed to live up to the deep meaning of Yongzheng, and the trend of official fraud is intensifying day by day." ”

At that time, many people in both the East and the West were optimistic about China's imminent rise, believing that with China's abundant products, if it could make positive changes, it would "become the world's largest power, and it would be difficult to become the world's largest power, and it would be difficult to dominate the East and West, and to be popular with its neighbors." However, Kotaro Munakata disagreed, believing that this is "a person who sees its metaphysics but does not see its metaphysics", and that observing a country is the same as observing people, and it is necessary to first "perceive its henchmen" and then "its form". Although China in his eyes is constantly reforming and progressing on the surface, it is "like an old house and a ruined building" and cannot withstand the disaster of strong winds and earthquakes. Li Hongzhang, China's most famous reformer and state activist at the time, derided himself as "the pasteur of the dilapidated house of the Qing Dynasty", and the two could be regarded as having a common language.

The reason for this is that Munakata Kotaro believes that the genes of ** have been inherited since the end of the Ming Dynasty, the whole people have lost their faith, the social atmosphere is declining, and "the people's hearts have reached the extreme", although there has been a short reform in the Kangqian period, but it has not persisted, and the government has spent the energy that should have established the "supreme good" people's hearts on "metaphysical things".

At that time, the scale of the Qing court was almost global. In the third year of Xuantong (1911) when the dynasty was untied, the internal affairs office, as the "Central Organ Affairs Bureau", had a budget of 10.24 million taels a year, while it was only 400,000 taels in the Xianfeng Dynasty, an increase of 24 times (the branch meeting on August 11 of the third year of Xuantong). As for fraudulently receiving public funds, squandering and wasting, and even embezzling disaster relief funds and grain, there are even more instances of this. Cen Chunxuan, the governor of Liangguang, inspected the army academy and "needed hundreds of thousands of gold for foreign wine" at a banquet alone, and for this purpose he also set up a special post of "foreign wine committee" in the yamen (Liang Guangzhao, director of the Ministry of Law on June 15, 33rd year of Guangxu). Even the military is heavily involved in smuggling and trafficking in smuggling, and the Beiyang Navy, known as the world's top eight, is also the main reason for the total annihilation of the First Sino-Japanese War. A large number of late Qing Dynasty have detailed descriptions of this. Munakata Kotaro sighed that China originally had a belief system and spiritual pillars, that is, Confucius and Mencius's Sofang Kotaro saw China as "like an old house and a ruined building to be whitewashed", which is exactly the same as Li Hongzhang's self-deprecation as "the paster of the dilapidated house of the Qing Dynasty".

Dao, but the foundation of this founding has become the material for the imperial examination, the ladder for officials, and the intellectuals study this Tao in the camp camp is nothing more than to serve their personal interests. After becoming an official and taking power, he left the way of Confucius and Mencius behind, "It is not the right way to get his position, and those who seek personal gain." From the central government to the local government, mediocre officials and secular officials are flattering, and many honest and noble people are not allowed to flow with the times, and the officialdom is dark. Officialdom has led to estrangement between the upper and lower levels, even if the central government wants to implement benevolent governance, but also because of the "congestion" of local officials, resulting in "good intentions can not be implemented to the people", the good scriptures are recited by crooked monks, and a small number of people with ideals and ambitions have to "retreat to idle land" in addition to "resentment", and their reputation is rising, and they have faintly formed a force. Therefore, he believes that China is "a person who has the law to govern the country but has no governance".

In the late Qing Dynasty, when "the whole world is not corrupt officials", some structures that undermined the interests and rights of the state objectively reduced or even basically eliminated the corruption that was rampant in this field, and this result is also a paradox in modern Chinese history. For example, the management of customs and taxation to the team of foreigners (its most famous leader is Hurd) is undoubtedly a side of sovereignty, but the customs under the management of foreigners has become the most honest and daring agency in the government.

The American missionary Ding Weiliang () believed that the foreigners' management of customs was originally "the illegitimate child of the rebellion (referring to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement)", which was an expedient measure, but it was the integrity of the government that prolonged the life of this freak. He recounted that during the years when the Englishman Horationel Sonlay was the first chief tax officer, the Shanghai Daotai repeatedly set traps to pull him into the water, such as when two merchant ships arrived at the port together, the Shanghai Daotai suggested that Li Taitai and the two sides should swallow their customs duties with one person and one ship, but they never succeeded. Ding Weiliang said, Faust painting: At that time, the scale of the Qing court was almost overall, and even the army was heavily involved in smuggling and trafficking in smuggling, and the Beiyang Navy, known as the world's top eight, was also the main reason for the annihilation of the First Sino-Japanese War. The picture shows the propaganda poster of the Japanese army that year: the capture of the Qing army officer who absconded with the money.

As a result, the integrity of the customs officers has become a sand in the eyes of the Chinese Taotai, and thus there is a deep hostility towards this tax system. Kotaro Munakata profoundly pointed out that the state is a collection of the people, and the people are a "molecule" of the state organization. China's "elements" collectively, the country's vitality will lose and die, which is more terrible than the policy mistakes, the policy mistakes can still be reversed, and the country's vitality will be "not easy to return to the middle way". The Japanese spy quoted Mencius as saying to China: "If you pay for profit, the country will be in danger." In particular, officialdom has led to judicial injustice, and even punishments and even lives can be controlled by money, ordinary people have no way to appeal, and the backlog of public grievances has brought great danger to the country.

Kotaro Munakata estimated that judging from the situation at the time, China would be "bound to be fragmented and show a major change" in 10 years or 30 years at the latest. And just sixteen years after he finished writing this article, a hasty and crude revolution in Wuchang actually caused a chain reaction, destroying an old empire almost instantly. With such a difficult situation, those in power should "uphold discipline, guard against arrogance and extravagance, eliminate local political disorder, eliminate the grievances of the people, exert great benevolence, and recuperate the people" to create a harmonious society. However, Kotaro Munakata was even more surprised to see that the government was at a loss due to inertia and numbness, and "stuck in the same way", and did not care about the people's support at all, and engaged in image projects such as celebrating the birthday of the Queen Mother, "whitewashing the peace".

This kind of analysis came from the hand of a spy, and it can be seen that Japanese spies are not only at the tactical level, but also at the strategic level. Paradoxically, when Qing Wangyi, a member of the Qing Dynasty, worked hard to celebrate the birthday of the Queen Mother, the customs under the management of the foreigner Hurd became the most honest and daring agency in the government.

In the First Sino-Japanese War, the Beiyang Naval Division was formally formed, with 25 warships and more than 4,000 officers and soldiers, including the "Dingyuan" and "Zhenyuan" ironclad ships, with a displacement of 7,335 tons, each equipped with 4 12-inch cannons, and it is also a large-tonnage ship today, and the Japanese side sighs that it is "the Oriental giant". However, it is deplorable and thought-provoking that such a seemingly powerful military force and a rather powerful national defense foundation were completely defeated and annihilated in the First Sino-Japanese War.

There are at least three reasons for its failure: First, a rotten political system. In the face of war, first of all, the leading group must have a strong will and determination to resist, but the ruling group of the Qing Dynasty at that time was rotten internally. For her personal pleasure, the Empress Dowager Cixi even ignored the country and embezzled the navy's military funds to build the Summer Palace for the birthday celebration. The royal family was poor and extravagant, and the officials were also bold. Li Fengbao, who was ordered to buy warships, dared to fill his own pocket with a kickback of 20 percent, and only bought three warships with the money that could have been used to buy four warships. Li Hongzhang's nephew, Zhang Shiheng, was the general office of the Tianjin Ordnance Bureau, responsible for the supply of military supplies, and he "stole and exchanged" the artillery shells supplied to the navy in small quantities and poor quality, resulting in a shortage of artillery shells for the Yellow Sea Battle Fleet. The second is the bureaucratic system. Li Hongzhang "had millions of taels of silver, which was deposited with the Chashan Coal Mining Company in Japan, and his son opened three foreign banks in various islands of Japan." With such a background, it is strange that Li Hongzhang does not betray the country. There is a fact that is the best verification: Before the First Sino-Japanese War, Japan bought 30,000 tons of coal and 3,000 stone of rice from China, and after the war began, his subordinates suggested that the supply should be stopped, but Li Hongzhang said that "the order was placed before the discord" and ordered the supply to continue "as a sign of credit", and this coal was just used as fuel for warships attacking China. Even foreigners believe that "Lee's position is worth pondering." The third is the degenerate army. As a result, the army's training is wasted, discipline is corrupt, and there is no fighting spirit, and even the best weapons cannot play their due role. In 1886, when the Beiyang Fleet visited Nagasaki, Japan, officers and men went ashore to make trouble in a brothel, causing an incident and causing dozens of casualties. Afterwards, Li Hongzhang not only did not deal with it, but also excused himself, saying, "Martial artists are lewd, and they have been since ancient times." "In this way, the military discipline of the Beiyang Navy Division has a source. Admiral Ding Ruchang was originally an army general, served for more than 10 years, neither knew the navy nor learned naval knowledge, and even built a shop on Liugong Island in the base, opened an opium smoke house and a brothel, and rented it to subordinates to collect money. With such a rotten court, such a ** bureaucracy, and such a degenerate army, defeat is inevitable.

Many people have commented on the Sino-Japanese First Sino-Japanese naval battle, and here I will try to analyze a few points of view on land warfare. Although the First Sino-Japanese Naval Battle suffered heavy losses and the Beiyang Naval Division was annihilated, it was the land war that really forced the Manchu government to sign the Treaty of Shimonoseki. Li Hongzhang's old elite Huai army almost lost everything, the Liaodong Peninsula and the Shandong Peninsula were lost one after another, the middle gate was wide open, and the Japanese 200,000 troops could directly point to the capital at any time. At this juncture, it is equivalent to a steel knife on the neck, so it's not what people want to give? Anyway, it's better to give a thief than a house slave. Distress is distress, but behind closed doors, I'm still the boss, isn't it?

In fact, the Sino-Japanese War was doomed to defeat before it started, who told the old lady Ye He, the boss at that time, to think about her 60th birthday and make more treasures, but she didn't put her mind on the safety of the country at all? As a result, the bigwigs who are accustomed to understanding the true intentions of the boss in the high-level of the club pull their hind legs and dig the feet of the wall, so that no matter how heroic the front-line soldiers are, it is also a dead end. To say that the Qing army is incompetent, it is estimated that there are not many people who oppose it. However, there are many reasons for the incompetence of the army to this point. There are too many officials at all levels, backward logistical supply and management systems, intelligence communications and overall strategic and tactical long-term use, the relationship between officers and soldiers, training, and weapons. In the final analysis, there are too many problems in the system, and there are too many smart people in office. Of course, at that time, except for Li Hongzhang, few people in the government and the opposition really looked at Little Japan in their eyes. At that time, the imaginary enemy was Britain, France, Russia and other Western powers, and for most of the stupid and arrogant top of the government, small Japan was not yet a climate. Isn't? Our hardware is much stronger than that of small Japan, isn't it? There is also a lot more money than him! Speaking of people, that's more, one person can drown the country with spit, afraid of him a ball? For this reason, although the intelligence agencies of the Great Qing Kingdom in Tokyo were not for nothing, the information about Little Japan was always ignored by those self-righteous supervisors at all levels, intentionally or unintentionally. All in all, the politically correct behavior at that time was to whitewash the peace, maintain harmony, and make the 60th birthday of the boss a glorious one. Show the foreign devils the magnificent atmosphere of our Celestial Empire. Anything that violates this basic principle, even if you really act for the sake of the national interest, is asking for hardships. So from a political point of view, if you don't fight, you've already lost more than half of it.

Let's take a look at the intelligence and command part of the software, the Japanese army's pre-war intelligence collection work is like mercury, it is really pervasive, and even the Qing army's telegraph secret code is well known (this point can be seen from the rapid response of the Japanese army on the battlefield and the negotiation conditions after the war, such as seeing through the Manchu cards). On the contrary, the Qing army knew nothing about its opponent, and in terms of the art of war, it did not know itself or the other, and lost more than half of it. Looking at the command system of the Qing army, the Huai Army alone had several units participating in the war, and how to coordinate and command the overall situation was not a trivial problem. However, some of the garrisons of the Qing army at that time did not have telegraphs, and the information had to be communicated by cavalry, and it often took several days to go back and forth, which caused the inability to unify the battle and support each other in wartime. And during the entire war, Li Hongzhang's command center never left Tianjin, and it was not a joke to use such a mechanism and square style to command hundreds of thousands of soldiers and horses to fight together to deal with more than 200,000 enemy troops with modern equipment? Even on the same battlefield, there is no such thing as a unified command center or a general staff. The battle of Pyongyang is the most obvious example, in which the commanders of the four major Huai armies each commanded their own soldiers and horses to defend one side, and did not communicate with each other, fighting each other and not supporting each other. Although there is a temporarily appointed commander-in-chief Ye Zhichao in name, no one listens to him at all. In this way, the Japanese army under unified command can easily concentrate its forces to break each one.

In terms of hardware, don't look at the fact that most of the Qing army at that time was equipped with a considerable number of advanced Western infantry weapons, including the Mauser gun, which was more advanced than the Japanese, but some of them were self-made knockoffs. Moreover, in addition to the elite troops of the Huai Army, most of the Qing army units were also mixed with modern rifles of different calibers, all kinds of ancient muskets and cold weapons, and few units were equipped with unified modern weapons. According to pre-war estimates by Japanese intelligence, only three-fifths of the Qing army had modern infantry weapons and muskets of various calibers, and the rest had only broadswords, spears, and pikes. According to the pre-war analysis of the British intelligence division (July 1894, doc, the predecessor of the 007-born MI5), a large number of modern weapons in the hands of the Qing army were second-hand or even third-hand firearms that had long been eliminated by European armies. Why is this so? Except for the fact that someone made a huge fortune from the sea, mainly at that time, people did not have the concept of standard weapons. It is often the case that there are new weapons, depending on whose relationship is hard and the background is thick, you divide a hundred, I divide a thousand, and don't waste the old weapons, keep them, anyway, there are people in China, and in wartime, a notice will come as soon as you wave. As a military leader, having a gun is the last word. In this way, how to ensure the logistical supply of the large corps has become a big problem, and it is not surprising that there are guns without ammunition, and there are bullets without guns. Imagine an army that is even a problem with supplies in peacetime, let alone supply in wartime. And to achieve the whole army's standard equipment and perfect logistics supplies and other big things that cost money, the old queen mother is not willing to pay from the treasury even if she is killed, poor Li Hongzhang is strong, what else can he do except collect some tariffs?

Some people say that the weapons of the Qing soldiers at that time were no worse or even better than those of the Japanese army, and as far as individual military units are concerned, it can be said to be true. However, when it comes to the specific combat units and the overall combat effectiveness, this is not necessarily the case. Looking at the following images of the battlefield left by the Japanese army painters, although many Qing soldiers were armed with German-made Mauser guns, there were also many soldiers with broadswords, spears or muskets. At that time, the overall armament of the Qing soldiers was still inferior to that of the Japanese army, and they were still stuck in the feudal era just by wearing them. This kind of dress is a live target on the modern battlefield. Among them, in the Battle of Pyongyang, the Qing cavalry fled at dawn, and the Japanese army saw it clearly from afar, and a row of guns passed, and more than 100 people were hung at that time. With such a weapon as the Qing soldiers, it is obvious that the command can only stay at the level of the semi-cold weapon era. Unfortunately, the enemy we faced this time was the Japanese 8mm Murata Type 22 8-burst rifle and the earlier 11 mm Murata Type 13 or 18 rifle (the Type 22 was mass-produced in 1889 and was developed by Murata Tsunekei). Some people may object to this, because there are many people who think that the Japanese army is equipped with a single-shot 11 mm Murata, but the British and American reports do mention that the Type 22 8-round rapid gun, which will not be discussed here, and will be analyzed in a separate article in the future), has received strict training in the coordinated operation of modern firearms tactical infantry artillery, and is led by the Japanese young Zhuang officers who have rich experience in modern actual combat and German officers, and has a unified command system under the leadership of the Japanese young army officers, plus the navy to cooperate in operations. Is this comparable to the armed forces of the local bun peasants in the country in the past? Although neither the single-shot Murata 11mm nor the eight-shot Murata 22 rifle is comparable to the 13-round Mauser rifle of elite units such as the Huai Army, the standard weapon can still play its advantage of easy supply in wartime.

Let's take a look at the situation of army management training in software, take the most elite Huai army at that time. Most of the officers climbed up through a series of bloody battles, and each of them had their own set of successful experiences. However, the opponents they defeated were the Taiping army and the Twist army, which were born from peasants, and most of the battles were mainly cold weapons, supplemented by modern firearms. The Xianghuai army often relied on the relatives of the township up and down to win the battle, and the nepotism and interest relations were maintained, coupled with the siege of the city, and the floating wealth could be shared after the victory, so that the upper and lower levels were concentric, and the goal was reached, and the soldiers used their lives. At that time, a significant number of officers with rich experience in the civil war did not think that weapons were too important, but that it was important to maintain this relationship and morale, and felt that the set of successful weapons in the past with a few new weapons was absolutely sufficient. It was because they were very resistant to the combat training of modern rifles, mainly modern rifles, and coordinated infantry and artillery, which were introduced from the West at that time. Therefore, with the exception of a small number of troops who have really conscientiously studied the new methods of warfare, most of the troops have acted perfunctorily under the negative response of self-righteous leading officers. In this regard, let's take a look at the report of the New York Times reporter in the United States after the on-site interview before the war: "In addition to the thousands of elite troops trained by foreign officials, most of the Qing ** teams are still alive 300 years ago even if they have modern weapons in their hands. ”。 The reasons for this are obviously problems of ideology, management system, and bureaucracy. And the shortcomings in this regard cannot be revealed in peacetime. For example, during the New Year's holiday, the army finds a few martial arts masters to perform what chest broken boulders, it is absolutely no problem, even if it is to find a few more elites to perform a hundred steps through Yang, it is not difficult to wear Yang, and the bosses at all levels are happy to watch, and the rewards are great. But as soon as it arrives, as soon as the well-trained Japanese army starts, the aftermath will be fully revealed, and you usually want him to change to a fast gun if you usually hold a knife, can he do it? Usually training is a dead target, but this time the replacement will not only move, but also bite back, so what should I do? There is also a more important question of how to maintain morale, why the war is fought, and what are the benefits of winning it. What is the oil and water to fish in the war with the Japanese? If it's not good that life is gone, how can morale be maintained?

Here we take a look at a battlefield scenario described by the Japanese: "... The military quality of the Qing army was inferior, but the weapons they carried were all sophisticated firearms such as Mauser, and after the infantry dispersed, they began to shoot arbitrarily with the banner as the signal, and there was no platoon of guns and no reserves, and the commander's guard was behind. As soon as the situation was unfavorable, the guards slipped first, and then the stragglers began to run around... The shooting technique is very poor, and the bullets mostly fly over the head... When shooting, we do not consider the use of terrain to conceal and use kneeling or prone shooting, and all standing shooting is used in order to maintain formation... What does this mean? Obviously, the other party is the elite unit of the Qing army, otherwise the weapons would not be so sophisticated. It's a pity that the tactical level is still in the period of the civil war, isn't this another way for people to shoot live targets? It is said that the formation of Qing soldiers is quite good-looking in peacetime, but it is definitely looking for death on the modern battlefield. In fact, little Japan really wronged the Qing soldiers. These elites usually train to stand and shoot targets, and the shooting level will not be below the Japanese army, but now there is such a big target standing in the rain of bullets, and they have to shoot without support, and they have to tremble if they change hands, right?

Finally, there is a very important point, the suspicious and jealous old queen mother never really believed in the armament of the Han people. There is no way to use the Hunan army of Zeng Guofan to fight the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, who said that the Eight Banners Green Battalion has rotted to the core? It's the same with the Huai army to fight the twisted army, and when it is used up, it will start disarmament. Do you think that if a large group of veterans of the Hunan army who have experienced a hundred battles do not return to the field, will the old Mr. Zeng Guofan still have a chance to die a good death later? In the final analysis, it was impossible for the Manchu government to allow the Han Chinese to have elite armed forces without restraint. For example, the Huai Army is a valuable Feng army, which is considered elite, right? Before entering North Korea, he had to spend his own money to buy 1,000 fast guns. If you want to buy a fast cannon, you have to go through layers of approval, until the battle is over, and the people are almost dead, and the cannon still hasn't arrived. As a result, at a critical moment, he had to go to the city to light the cannon, so that he was hit by Japanese artillery fire and unfortunately died. Indirectly led to the commander Ye Zhichao abandoning the city and fleeing, the Japanese army occupied Pyongyang City, and captured a large number of weapons and ammunition. Think about it, when the breech fast cannon has become the opponent's standard weapon, it is still placed in a conspicuous place at the head of the city, isn't that another live target for others? And this heroic and benevolent leader of the left can be regarded as a general who was born in martial arts, fought the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Twist Army, and has rich experience in civil wars, which shows that the backward and outdated concept is going to kill many people.

In fact, at that time, the war was all about disaster, although the old queen mother and a group of high-level officials had long wanted to negotiate peace for their own interests, but the ancestral family law still had to be taken into account. And most people, including senior officers, really don't take the little devil seriously, and the result can be imagined. After a fight, you find that your opponent is far beyond your prior judgment, and you can still escape without defeat? In addition, the various ministries are not coordinated with each other, and each has its own interest group. As for the soldiers at the grassroots level, many of them were recruited shortly before the war, for example, Xu Bangdao recruited new soldiers at the beginning of the war, and went to the battlefield after less than a month of training, so how could he be the opponent of the well-trained Japanese army? Later, among the more than 10,000 defenders who defended Lushun, most of them were new recruits. According to the intelligence of the Japanese army, the Qing army had about 230,000 troops in the entire theater at that time, and temporarily recruited another 500,000 or 600,000 troops. In this case, even if there are still bloody good men in the army, who dare to defend the dignity of themselves and the country with their own lives, what role can they play? Modern warfare requires coordination, coordination, and the level of training, and individual bravery cannot save the overall situation. Looking at the following Japanese army painters' war report-style prints at that time, it can be imagined that the battle situation on the front line at that time was still quite tragic.

On the other hand, the Japanese army's propaganda work was also carried out in a sound and impressive manner, and reporters and painters accompanying the army sent war reports, prints, and photographs back to China in the fastest possible time, boosting morale and boosting the people's morale. It was like a modern-day U.S. attack on Iraq, and the media was overwhelmingly reported. The Manchu report can be said to be unique. So much so that when we look back on this period of history today, we can only look at the photos and drawings left by the opponents of that time. Look at the ultra-low casualty report that Little Japan reported by itself that is close to the US military Iraq, and there is no moisture in it, and the ghost knows. Here we quote a report from the Yokohama Weekly Post in August and September 1894 after the start of the Korean Campaign: "The tactical level of the Qing Army was extremely low, and the weapons and equipment were not good... "The biggest skill of the Qing ** people is to escape, while running and taking off their military uniforms, and changing into the clothes of the North Koreans, even the supreme leader Ye Zhichao is no exception, as long as our army chases down along the military uniforms thrown down by the Qing army, they can often catch prisoners, and Ye Zhichao's official uniform was found on this road paved by the Qing army's uniforms. . . ."