Second, it stipulates the low social hierarchy of merchants. Shinong industry and commerce were the hierarchical sequence of the ancient inhabitants of the Chinese Kingdom, and the merchants were at the lowest level. The ruler is not inferior to the lowly, but the noble and the lowly, and implements the method of consumption according to the rank of residents. Residents of different classes are very different in the height and size of their houses, and in the materials and styles of their clothes. After Zhu Yuanzhang Jianming, he took the task of sweeping away Hu customs and restoring the ritual system, and inherited this system. If a farmer's house is a farmer's house, but one of them is a merchant, he is not allowed to wear silk yarn." Under repeated blows, the business in the early years of the Ming Dynasty can be said to be the worst after the Han, Tang and Song dynasties, but after all, this law can not be changed by artificial changes, after Zhu Yuanzhang vigorously suppressed corruption, the development of the agricultural economy, the economy of the Ming Dynasty has developed greatly, especially after Yongle six times to the West, the business of the Ming Dynasty has flourished again, but according to the rules of the ancestors, the merchants are untouchables, and the benefits of the Ming Dynasty from commerce are minimal, and the commercial tax has not been determinedAnd because the state can not provide protection for their normal business, they can only take refuge in the landlords and the nobles, and have already formed a community of interests with them, and the imperial court wants to collect commercial taxes, but there is no basis, so that the ancestral rules have become a great guarantee for the merchants, so that the imperial court can not do anything! This is the sorrow of the ancestral rules. Although the ancestral rules are not adaptable, but for Zhu Yuanzhang's two rules are greatly supported, the first is to learn from the lessons of history, stipulating that the harem, relatives, and princes (the sons of non-princes are divided into various places) are not allowed to interfere in politics, this rule is undoubtedly correct, the harem is mostly women except for Wu Zetian, who has no political literacy and talent, and it is not convenient to show their heads. Therefore, he can only rely on his father and brother, as well as the family behind him, and over time the government will be chaotic, the Han Dynasty Liu Bang after the queen of Lu is like this, the Ming Empress Ma is diligent in internal governance, and the history books record that most of the queens of the Song Dynasty are more virtuous, and Ma will compile the family law of the Song Dynasty into a book, so that the concubines can study day and night. It is precisely because of this measure of Queen Ma that the queen of the Ming Dynasty is virtuous and in the majority, and there is rarely a situation of foreign, Qi, autocratic, and power, it can be said that Hong Wuye's rule is whether it is Emperor Jianwen, or Yongle, Hong Xi has inherited very well, not to mention that for prevention, outside, Qi, dictatorship, and power, the law of "the princess chooses the beautiful people and the children of the civil and military ministers are not allowed to interfere". It is said that the stipulation that the horses must be selected from the commoners or from the low, high, official, official, family, and court, and that the children of the chosen family can no longer be officials among the close relatives, and even those who have already become officials must retire and go home. The second is that eunuchs are not allowed to interfere in politics, Yang Shiqi does not have much prejudice against eunuchs, and even thinks that these eunuchs are poor people, but as a cabinet minister, and the court situation, eunuchs are an unstable dìng factor, most of the founding emperors are diligent in political affairs, so the government is also clear, all kinds of rules are abided, in the case of various order, rules and regulations are observed, the country is bound to develop in a good direction, plus the founding emperor most of them came from the killing, good at learning from the history books of the previous dynasty, and must have a good understanding of the harem, The eunuchs were more guarded, and the later emperors may not be able to guarantee it, they grew up in the palace since childhood, and they have never seen the situation of the harem and eunuchs interfering in politics, plus the emperor has been taken care of by eunuchs and officials since he was a child. The eunuch took care of the emperor's daily life, was familiar with the emperor's temperament and habits, and was the only cronie around the emperor. When the emperor grows up and demands to take back the government, governance, power, and power that originally belonged to him, he will inevitably have contradictions with the outsiders, relatives, groups, and regiments who want to continue to be autocratic and powerful. In the fights and battles of Qi, Ji, and Tuan, eunuchs, and officials naturally became the emperor's allies. So, with the assistance of eunuchs and officials, the emperor regained government and power. After seizing, returning, government, and power, the meritorious eunuchs and officials "enjoyed the seal of the land and surpassed the position of the minister", and the power and power of the country and the family fell into the hands of the eunuchs and officials who wrote meritorious deeds. However, when the emperor died, the new monarch succeeded to the throne, and the eunuchs and officials could not be supplemented due to politics, governance, status, status, humility, and lowliness, so there was a new foreign and qi to come to power. This kind of situation of foreign, Qi, eunuchs, and officials taking turns to dictate and power, whether it is the Eastern Han Dynasty or the later Tang Dynasty, is almost the same, so it is extremely necessary to prevent eunuchs from interfering in politics, which is why he knew that the emperor was deliberately cultivating eunuchs, and he insisted on persuading.

"Having said that, but the internal and external ministers, no one can be taken over by themselves, and the people who live with them are only eunuchs, and His Majesty is eloquent and strategic, and he can control the eunuchs, but after His Majesty, once the prince is weak, the only person he trusts is the eunuchs, and at this time, the eunuchs take the opportunity to control the government, isn't it a disaster in the Eastern Han Dynasty?" Yang Shiqi said loudly.

Zhu Zhanji didn't stop, listened to Yang Shiqi's question, and did not answer immediately, but asked: "Yang Aiqing thinks that the world rises and falls, and the husband is responsible."

Yang Shiqi was stunned for a moment, he didn't expect the emperor to suddenly come to such a clueless sentence, but he read it silently, so much so that he felt that it was also a little interesting.

Zhu Zhanji glanced up at Yang Shiqi, and without waiting for him to answer, he said to himself: "There is a dead country, and there is a dead world." The death of the country and the death of the world ridiculed, said: Yi surname changed the name to say the death of the country, benevolence and righteousness are full of and to lead the beast to eat people, people will eat each other, it is called the death of the world.

How can the people of the Wei and Jin dynasties die in the world? It is Mencius's so-called Yang Mo's words, as for those who make the world fatherless and kingless, and enter the beasts. In the past, Ji Shao's father Kang was killed in King Wen of Jin, and when Emperor Wu was revolutionized, and Shan Tao recommended him to enter the office, Shao Shi lived in a private door, and he couldn't resign. Tao said: "For the long time of Jun Si."

There is still news in the four seasons of heaven and earth, and it is not for a while. "He who recites it as a clear word, but does not know that it is corrupt and hurts the teaching, so that he leads the world and has no father. Fu Shaozhi is not his king, and he forgets his father and is not a king. When he has not died for more than 30 years, he has been a fatherless person for a long time, and how can Tang Yin's death be enough to atone for his sins?

Since the beginning of the day, the ignorance of righteousness has spread all over the world. If the mountain is the leader of heresy, he makes Ji Shao's sage and ignore the world's disapproval. The husband is evil and righteous, and there is no room for two sides, so that Shao is loyal, then Wang Pei must be said to be disloyal and then can also. Why is it strange that he is subordinate to Liu Cong and Shi Le, and who watches his former master Tsing Yi and drinks without moving his heart? Those who protect the country are sought by their kings and ministers, and those who eat meat; those who protect the world are the cheapest and responsible...... Since the beginning of Cao Wei's reign, the situation of unclear righteousness has spread all over the world. Since the likes of Shantao are the culprits of heresy, they make sages like Ji Shao risk the condemnation of the world without any scruples. The two evaluations of evil and good are diametrically opposed, and the two cannot go hand in hand. If you think that Ji Shao is loyal, then you must think that Wang Shao is disloyal. Otherwise, how can we blame those old ministers of the Jin Dynasty who went to serve Liu Cong and Shi Le one after another, and saw that his former master, Emperor Huai of the Jin Dynasty, was indifferent to the people who were wearing green clothes and cheap clothes? Therefore, we must first know how to protect the world, and then we must know how to protect the country. Protecting the country is something that those rulers who are in the position of the king and his subordinates have to consider; protecting the world, even ordinary people with low status have the responsibility, and I understand this truth, so the scholars in the world can understand it, and the eunuchs can understand it? Not necessarily, because they are illiterate, so they do not know the rise and fall of the country, but they are also my people, is it because the grandfather of the emperor said that eunuchs cannot interfere in politics that they are deprived of understanding the truth of the rise and fall of the world?" After a pause, Zhu Zhanji continued: " This world is mine, I let the eunuchs understand the truth of rise and fall, did I do it wrong?"

Yang Shiqi's lips moved, he didn't know where the emperor got such an irrefutable article, even if he was full of talent, he couldn't refute the four words of the rise and fall of the world, otherwise it would be ill-intentioned!" sighed softly and said: "Since the emperor said so, it is not easy for Weichen to say anything, but it is not unreasonable for all dynasties to be wary of eunuchs, Weichen please think twice?"

Zhu Zhanji nodded and said: "Yang Aiqing, please rest assured, this will think twice?" As an emperor, he certainly needs eunuchs now, but he is not blind, eunuchs have a special identity, and it is very easy to form an authoritarian situation, but a eunuch needs to be in power, it still needs a few steps, the first step must be when the emperor holds the power to do this, otherwise the imperial power will fall, and the eunuch will not help even if he can do politics, and the second step, the eunuch is the same as the civil official, and he also needs qualifications. popularity and the emperor's trust, so most of the capable eunuchs helped the emperor seize or consolidate the throne at a critical moment and made great contributions, and the eunuchs were favored and held in power. In the third step, a dynasty can have a situation of eunuch dictatorship, most of which are in the middle and late stages, such as after the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty, most of them are in the dynasty by young masters, and the power is mostly among the relatives headed by the queen mother. When the emperor became an adult, he was not willing to accept the dictatorship of his relatives, so he relied on the eunuchs around him to launch a coup d'état, so that the eunuchs formed a political group with the support of the emperor and manipulated the regime, and the Tang Dynasty began in the middle of the period. After the Anshi Rebellion, the eunuchs increased their power because of their meritorious service. Later, he directly grasped the military power, and the eunuchs began to interfere in politics without fear, and even the emperor was at his mercy. At this time, either the emperor was young, or the emperor felt that the power of the ministers or local forces was expanding, and the imperial power was threatened, so he used the eunuchs of the inner dynasty to divide the power of the foreign dynasty, or control the local forces, and the eunuchs gradually manipulated the military and political power, forming an authoritarian situation, of course he did not want to see, so he was extremely strict with the eunuchs' reading, and the first was to let the Hanlin scholars teach the eunuchs to study the "Hundred Family Names", "Thousand Character Texts", "The Book of Filial Piety", "University", "The Mean", "The Analects", "Mencius" The purpose is to figure out guò reading, so that the eunuchs can understand the general righteousness of the country, and loyalty to state affairs is the first priority, the second point, the current situation, once the eunuchs begin to participate in government affairs, then the imperial court is divided into the inner court and the outer court, and the institution is completely symmetrical. The outer court has a cabinet plus three law divisions, and the inner court has a ceremonial supervisor Jiadong factory and Jinyi Wei. As an extension of the institution, the outer court also had local governors and governors sent abroad, and the inner court also had town guards and garrison eunuchs stationed in the local area. In this way, the inner court and the outer court can achieve mutual checks and balances from the court to the local level, and if you rely on one person, no matter how much power you have, it will be difficult to extend your tentacles inside and outside the court.

As a eunuch, what he can actually control is the entire inner court, for the cabinet and the three law divisions that are restricted by him, he can't buy all the people even if he bribes, and moreover, there is another key point in the mystery of this, that is, the cabinet and the celebrant have both the chief and deputy positions, who is the chief and who is the deputy is decided by the emperor at any time, on the surface these two positions are on the same front, in fact, they can also play a role in the balance of power within the department. In this way, if a eunuch wants to absolutely obtain the power of the imperial court to overthrow the emperor, unless he can completely control the cabinet and the three law divisions, as well as the local feudal officials directly under the cabinet - it is simply wishful thinking to be able to do this, it is very simple, the people's hearts are unpredictable, understand this, and they are not afraid of eunuchs to study, the reason why the eunuchs of the Han and Tang dynasties can put the emperor's life and death in their own hands, that is, they have military power in their hands, which is that Emperor Taizu In view of the eunuchs of the Han and Tang dynasties, he has already made arrangements, and the power at the beginning of the country was handed by the emperor, civil officials, military generals, and princes are divided, and there is no eunuch at all, and Chengzu only grasped power after he ascended the throne, but he restrained each other with the previous classes, but it was the lowest level, in the final analysis, the eunuchs did not participate in the military power, and the power in their hands was only the factory guard (East Factory, Jinyi Guard, Xichang), but due to political reasons, the eunuch is not the real master of the factory guard after all, the real master is the emperor, so the eunuchs of the Ming Dynasty must have the trust of the emperor to do whatever they want, in fact, they are only the emperor's domestic slaves, and the rest of the officials are afraid of them, in fact, they are afraid of the emperor who gives the eunuchs power. Once the emperor no longer trusts these eunuchs, a single decree is enough to leave the eunuchs without a place to bury, so why not use this man who poses no threat to him against another bureaucrat who is always a threat to him?"

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Annotation: The Rise and Fall of the World Translation: Since ancient times, there have been things about the death of the country, and there are also things about the death of the world. How can we distinguish between the dead country and the dead world? That is, the name of the Yi family name is changed to the name of the dead country, and the path of benevolence and righteousness is blocked, so that it leads the beasts to eat people, and there is life and death between people, regardless of whether they win or lose, and they do not give up, this is called the death of the world.

The reason why the Qing Dynasty of the Wei and Jin dynasties were able to perish in the world? The reason is that Mencius said that the doctrine of Yang, Zhu, Mo, and Zhai made the people of the world look without parents and without a king, and thus degenerate into beasts. In the past, Ji Shao's father Ji Kang was killed by King Wen of Jin, and when Emperor Wu of Jin established the Jin Dynasty, Shantao recommended Ji Shao to enter the court as an official, and Ji Shao lived in seclusion at home at that time and wanted to refuse. Shan Tao said to him, "I've been thinking about you for a long time. There are still times when the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter in heaven and earth change each other, not to mention the short life of life. People recited these words of Shantao as famous sayings, but they did not understand that his words corrupted righteousness and hurt education, so that the whole world was blinded without parents. To the Jin Dynasty, Ji Shao was not his monarch, but he forgot that his father was killed by King Wen of Jin and went to serve the monarch who was not his. In the more than 30 years he has lived in the world, he has been a man without parents for a long time, so how can he atone for his sins by dying in Tangyin? Moreover, when he first entered the court as an official, how did he know that the King of Jin would definitely be defeated, and he could establish a loyal name to make the evening festival perfect!

Since the beginning of Cao Wei, the situation of unclear righteousness has spread all over the world. Since the likes of Shantao are the culprits of heresy, they make sages like Ji Shao risk the condemnation of the world without any scruples. The two evaluations of evil and good are diametrically opposed, and the two cannot go hand in hand. If you think that Ji Shao is loyal, then you must think that Wang Shao is disloyal. Otherwise, how can we blame those old ministers of the Jin Dynasty who went to serve Liu Cong and Shi Le one after another, and saw that his former master, Emperor Huai of the Jin Dynasty, was indifferent to the people who were wearing green clothes and cheap clothes? Therefore, we must first know how to protect the world, and then we must know how to protect the country. Protecting the country is the responsibility of those rulers who are in positions of the king and their subordinates, and it is the responsibility of even the lowly ordinary people to protect the world.