Yang Zheng glanced at it and said, "Okay, today's official doesn't want to fight with you in civil and military affairs, I just said that a country's strength, in addition to poetry and songs, is far from enough, but also to learn other things to enrich, in order to make a country stronger?" ”

Yang Ding said: "My lord, you say, what do we learn?" ”

Yang Zheng hesitated for a moment and said, "Philosophy! ”

Everyone was stunned for a moment, and then laughed, Zeng Heling said: "We have already learned philosophy? ”

This time it was Yang Zheng's turn to be stunned and said, "Have you learned it earlier?" No way? “

Zeng Heling was able to take the top prize, but the talent in his chest was not covered, seeing the surprise on Yang Zheng's face, he was not ambiguous at the moment, and said loudly: "Tao gives birth to one, life to two, two to three, and three to all things." All things are negative yin and embrace yang, and they are impulsive and peaceful. The evil of people is only lonely, widowed, and not valley, and the prince thinks it is called. Therefore, the thing may be lost and gained, or the benefit and loss. What people teach, I teach, isn't this philosophy? “

Yang Zheng was slightly stunned, then laughed out loud, and said: "Look at me confused, philosophy is indeed no stranger to these talents, "Tao Te Ching" is just 5,000 words, all-encompassing!" In terms of dialectic, Lao Tzu believes that both the natural world and human society are in flux. He observed that everything in heaven and earth exists in two contradictory opposites, such as existence and absence, rigidity and softness, strength and weakness, blessing and misfortune, rise and fall, and so on, all of which are interdependent and interconnected.

EpistemologyLao Tzu denies that human knowledge comes from sensory experience, "Without leaving home, you know the world; Don't peep, know the way of heaven. It is far away, and its knowledge is small. It is known by the saints who do not do it, and it is made by not seeing it, and it is not done." He also preached the intuitive method of "purifying the mysteries" and taught people to look inside. He stood in the position of a ruler and opposed the enlightenment of the people's wisdom, and asked people to "abandon wisdom without sacredness" and "never worry about learning". He believes, "Those who are good in the past will not be foolish if they do not use the people as enlightened." The people are difficult to govern, and their wisdom is abundant." Therefore, he advocates "always making the people ignorant and desireless".

In terms of social and historical outlook, Lao Tzu advocated that "small countries and widowed people, so that the people have the tools of Shibo and do not use them, so that the people die and do not migrate far." Although there is a boat, there is no way to ride; Although there are armor soldiers, there is nothing to show up; so that people can use it again", "neighboring countries look at each other, the voices of chickens and dogs hear each other, and the people do not interact with each other until they are old and dead". He longed for the primitive society of knotted ropes, and believed that in such a society the people would "be willing to eat, be beautiful, live in peace, and enjoy their customs", which was undoubtedly the original philosophy.

Yang Ding said: "It's not all, you see Zhuangzi said that he will be guarded for the thieves of the scumbags, the probes, and the thieves, and they will be kept tight, and they will be solidified; The so-called knowledge of this world. However, when the giant thief arrives, he will be burdened, exposed, and burdened; lest the tightness be unsolid. However, the so-called knowers of the township are not the big thieves?

Are there any so-called wise men in the world who are not accumulating for great thieves? The so-called saints, are they not the guardians of the great thieves? How do you know it's evil? …… Once Tian Chengzi kills Qi Jun and steals his country, will the thief be the only evil in his country? and steal it from the law of its holy knowledge. Therefore, Tian Chengzi has the name of a thief, and the safety of Yao Shun, small countries dare not be wrong, big countries dare not be punished, and exclusive to Qi country. Is it not to steal the kingdom of Qi, and to guard its body as a thief with the law of its holy knowledge? "The saints were born thieves." If the saint is dead, the thief cannot afford it, and the world is peaceful for no reason. "Those who steal the hook are punished, and those who steal the country are the princes, the gates of the princes, and benevolence and righteousness are preserved." The saint abandons knowledge, and the thief stops. If you destroy the pearls, you can't afford to steal them; The burning charm broke the seal, and the people were despised. Fight and balance, and the people do not fight". Mess up the six laws, destroy the Zhu and Se, plug the open ears, and the world can restrain its intelligence; Eliminate the ornaments, dismantle the five cai, stick to Lizhu's eyes, and the talents in the world hide his sensitivity. Destroying hooks and ropes, abandoning rules, breaking the fingers of the worker, the world can hide his skills. Eradicate the behavior of Zeng Shen and Shi Yu, seal the tongues of Yang Zhu and Mo Zhai, and reject benevolence and righteousness, so that the virtue of the people in the world can reach the state of Xuantong and unity. Everyone's wisdom, intelligence, ingenuity, and virtue are contained in the world and not flaunted to the world, so that the world will not be confused and desolate. “

Everyone applauded, and Yang Zheng also nodded, Zhuangzi's "Dao" is the way of heaven, the "Dao" of imitating nature, not the man-made disability.

In Zhuangzi's philosophy, "heaven" is the opposite of "man", "heaven" represents nature, and "man" refers to the "man-made" qiē, which is contrary to nature. The word "artificial" is a "pseudo" word when combined.

Zhuangzi advocates obedience to the way of heaven, and abandons "artificiality" and the "false" impurities in human nature. Obeying the "way of heaven" and thus communicating with heaven and earth is the "virtue" advocated by Zhuangzi.

In Zhuangzi's view, real life is natural, so there is no need to teach or prescribe anything, but to remove what and forget what to forget, to forget about the mind, the mind of chance, and the mind of discrimination. In this case, do you still need political propaganda, etiquette and education, and benevolent and righteous persuasion? These propaganda, education, and persuasion are all "false" in human nature, so they should be abandoned.

In Zhuangzi's view, not stagnation means that there is nothing contrary to nature. Do not be stuck in any thoughts, interests, or other things, so as to achieve the state of a saint who is not stuck in things. I have an end to my life, and there is no end to knowledge, and I use my limited life to pursue infinite knowledge and interests to the extreme, while ignoring the beauty of the one around me, which is stagnant and stagnant. Zhuangzi believes that only by not stagnation can we take advantage of things to wander the mind, and not be enslaved or burdened by any thoughts and interests, that we can live a whole life. It has had a profound influence on Chinese philosophy, art, and religious classics in later generations.

As the ancestor of Taoism, the philosophy of Lao Zhuang is the only one of the greatest ancient doctrines in Chinese philosophical thought that can compete with Confucianism and later Buddhism. It occupies no less position in the history of Chinese thought than Confucianism and Buddhism, and has always been loved by scholars all over the world, and it is not surprising to say that they have studied philosophy.

Someone spoke, and everyone was bolder, this one silently recited Mozi's philosophical sayings, and that one was Confucius, Xunzi, Liezi, Guiguzi, and even Sun Tzu all came out one by one, and it was not lively for a while.

Yang Zheng listened silently, Chinese philosophy shines in the era of a hundred schools of thought, after the Western Han Dynasty, except for the Song Dynasty after Zhu Xi combined the words of the three schools of thought, formed a new philosophical thought, there is really little development, of course, this is not counted in the middle of the Ming Dynasty Wang Yangming's mind, and these philosophies except Xunzi's simple materialist thought, Mozi's simple logical thought, the others rarely go in this direction,

As a result, China lacks a unified logic, which is also the biggest flaw of ancient Chinese philosophy.

The reason why Yang Zheng chose Aristotle is that his logic is very systematic, and logic is indeed very useful, which has a great impact on the current style of science in the Ming Dynasty.

"You are all the proud sons of heaven of my Ming Dynasty, and you are familiar with the words of the sages, how can this official not know that you are familiar with philosophical sayings? But the philosophy that Benguan said today is neither the benevolence that Confucius said, nor the love and non-aggression that the Mohists said, and of course, not the Tao that the Taoists said, the Tao that is not the Tao, the very Tao, and the name is very famous......? Is it a new science? ”

Curiosity is the nature of the Chinese, and when they heard that it was not the words of the sons and hundreds of schools, nor the words of the saints, everyone was first surprised, and then curious, Zeng Heling said: "I don't know what the adults are talking about?" ”

Yang Zheng was already prepared and said: "Logic! ”

There is no shortage of scholars on the field, but it is the first time I have heard such a word, you look at me, I look at you, they each shook their heads, Zeng Heling said: "What is logic?" “

Yang Zheng said: "The world is extravagant to talk about nothingness, surprised for the magic, is to know that there is no need to be a object, and the law and images are donated, the understanding is swept away, and the epiphany is the purpose, and it is absurd and absurd. Mr. Xi Rufu not only interprets "Huanyou", but also reproduces more than ten volumes of "Famous Detectives", probably wanting people to understand this true truth, and to use enlightenment and inference as a ladder. Reading its purpose is like a mystery, and the taste of its reason is true, honest for the great original of the poor reason, in the final analysis, it is the object! “

Everyone felt fresh, and their hearts were both curious and felt that this knowledge was a little strange.

Yang Zheng was worried about causing controversy, but seeing that everyone was just curious and did not reject it, he secretly breathed a sigh of relief in his heart, and said in his heart: "Although the literary atmosphere of the Ming Dynasty is not as unrestrained as that of the Tang Dynasty, and it is good at absorbing advanced foreign civilizations, since the Tang Dynasty, the improvement of the imperial examination system in the Southern Song Dynasty has made the cultural examination the only legal way to be an official. "Learning and excellence is the best" and "everything is inferior, only reading is high" began to become the motto believed by readers. Conversely, government officials must also be literate people who have read Confucian poetry and classics. This politically ensured that the group of "scholars" was inevitably an elite class of intellectuals.

In this way, the inheritance of the philosophical spirit has been institutionally guaranteed, and the class of "scholars" should be said to have been formally formed in the Song Dynasty.

In addition to inheriting the essence of the Great Song scholars, the scholars of the Ming Dynasty have further developed, and most of them have a lofty sense of moral mission of "serving the emperor with all their loyalty, and dying with all their might". Therefore, politics is the first priority in their lives; But at the same time, their cultural literacy also determines that they are literature, calligraphy, painting, seal carving, antique collection and other traditional Chinese culture inheritors and creators, absorbing advanced culture is also one of the most significant characteristics of scholars, these people in front of them are the prototype of the Ming scholars in the final analysis, absorbing a logic or this courage.

Seeing that the scene he imagined did not appear, Yang Zheng breathed a sigh of relief, but also a little more joy, and continued: "There is an interesting story do you want to hear?" ”

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Note: In order to prepare against thieves who pry boxes, pick pockets, and open cabinets, it is necessary to tighten the knots, strengthen the latches and lock keys, which is what is commonly referred to as a clever practice. But as soon as the great robber came, he ran quickly with the cabinet on his back, his chest, and his pocket, lest the knots, the latches, and the keys were not strong enough. If this is the case, isn't the so-called clever way to accumulate and reserve for the thieves? So I've tried to discuss the situation, is there a so-called wise man in the world who doesn't accumulate wealth for the thief? Are there any so-called saints who do not guard the property of the great thief?

How do you know this is the case? In the country of Qi at that time, the neighboring villages looked at each other from afar, the voices of chickens and dogs heard each other, the water surface spread by fishing nets, and the land cultivated by ploughs and hoes, with a radius of more than 2,000 miles. In the entire border, all the places used to set up temples and shrines, and all the places used to build administrative institutions at all levels of eup, house, prefecture, lu, township, and li, are not imitating the practices of the ancient sages! However, Tian Chengzi killed the monarch of Qi at once, and he stole the entire Qi country. Is what he stole and seized just that kind of Qi country? It was also looted along with the various holy laws and regulations there. Although Tian Chengzi has a reputation as a thief, he is still in a stable position like Yao Shun, and small countries dare not criticize him, and large countries dare not crusade against him, stealing Qi from generation to generation. So, isn't this the theft of the Qi Kingdom and the laws and regulations of the Shengming there, so as to guard his thief body? So I tried to discuss the situation, are there any so-called wise people in the world who do not accumulate wealth for the great thieves? Is there a so-called saint who does not defend the property for the thief?