At first, Yang Zheng also had this plan, but for learning, he was indeed inferior to these scholars, and he didn't have enough understanding of ancient literature, so he couldn't find a good way to cut in, and Zeng Heling was different.

Since childhood, he has been familiar with the Four Books and Five Classics, and he has been the first and second officials, and has been the official of the Hanlin Academy to revise and lecture, and then to study for a bachelor and a doctor. Participated in the compilation of "Chengzu Shilu" and "Renzong Shilu", extremely knowledgeable, under Yang Zheng's subtle influence, his horizons were much broader than before, through the reading and research of Guò these two days, and combined with reality, he found that the biggest benefit of logic is to clarify the concept. How is it clear? Mozi believes that heterogeneity does not have to be compared, but in quantity. "Which is the longer of wood and night, who is more wisdom and millet, which of the four is more expensive? Several concepts are used in different classes, and the quantities used are also different. Can't compare. But if you want to compare, it is not impossible, as long as the quantity of comparison is determined, and logic is a good determination of quantity, relationship, nature, position, time, condition, genus, action, and bearing. The ontology exists independently of itself, while the other nine categories must depend on the ontology. Based on this, he found that this logic could be slightly modified, and it was not impossible to move closer to the object, so as to avoid unnecessary trouble.

This idea and Yang Zheng said, immediately got Yang Zheng's consent, from this morning, he began to clearly absorb the essence of these six books, and then digest it, so as to extract the public theory, the ten lun theory, the next compilation of the syllogism, is the discussion of logical problems and the explanation of Aristotle's proposition, syllogism, edited into a book, the book is best the kind of two volumes, the best is the five public theory of the concept of the species relationship and its five characteristics, The method of interpretation is based on the Aristotelian concept of categories described by Bophilo in the fourth century A.D.: the "five" theory of "sect, class, special, unique, and dependent", that is, the cumbersome commentary of what is now called "genus, species, species difference, solidity, and evenness". The last five volumes of the Ten Lun are based on Aristotelian categories, which are self-three-dimensional, geometric, mutual vision, likeness, doing, bearing, dwelling, temporary, posture, and being, that is, substance, quantity, relation, nature, action, suffering, place, time, and condition, and are synthesized into the debates of the "scholastic" scholars since Bophili, and enhanced the debate of the so-called categories of the time.

The next policy is more about practical problems, these problems, plus the opinions of the people, dissolve into it, and the superfluous science objects are closer, so that this book of knowledge can be regarded as wearing a sacred coat, and it will be easier for others to accept it in the future.

After Zeng Heling said this idea, Yang Zheng agreed, but also put forward his own requirements, the most important content of "Instrumental Theory" is formal logic, including, the law of identity, the law of contradiction, the law of exclusion, judgment, judgment form, syllogism, etc., are all first regulated by Aristotle. The early church was anti-Aristotelian in the days of Pope Gregory IX, who changed course and believed that this logic could be used to mend the Christian theological system. This book is a representative of the "scholasticism" of the European Middle Ages that integrated Aristotle's logical system, and its influence on the later European Renaissance was quite long-lasting.

In the final analysis, in addition to the knowledge itself, the greater thing is the intuitive feeling and comprehension, and the fastest source of these things is undoubtedly books, so he agrees with Zeng Heling to put on a sacred cloak of logic, but he can't patronize the cloak of putting on a coat, thus ignoring the real thing, so his requirements for this book are extremely demanding, the whole refining process, to stand the test, to have "not a word properly, a little bit of corruption; or a piece of words with few thorns, and the explanation is shifted", leaving a number of logical terms for the Ming Dynasty, such as translating concepts, judgments and inferences by straight, disconnected, and inferential; to interpret and deduce and induct with clear arguments and deduced arguments; In addition, when refining, it is necessary to translate physics into metaphysics, mathematics into metaphysics, metaphysics into metaphysics, natural science as Ming art, spiritual science as Yun art, logic as dialectic, nomenclature and so on.

Zeng Heling is a serious person, plus he has edited a bad book in the Hanlin Academy, and he has great experience in how to refine a book, how to edit it, and how to highlight the content.

When Yang Zheng and Yang Pu walked into the Hanlin Academy, Zeng Heling and others had already started to work, Yang Pu picked up the manuscript casually, saw that the handwriting was neat, and all kinds of ideas were listed one by one, and the difficult things and various terms were related to the current science words, and he couldn't help but nodded secretly and said: "At a young age, it is really not easy to have this mind to do learning?" ”

At this time, Zeng Heling carried the manuscript that he had discussed and refined with everyone, and walked over to show Yang Zheng.

Yang Zheng attaches great importance to this matter, since he is not ambiguous, he has taken a closer look, and he has seen that there is not a lot of refined content, and the sentences have obviously been repeatedly scrutinized, basically meeting their own requirements, of course, there are shortcomings, first, these books are too profound, many of the things that need to be explained in detail are not explained, and more than don't say, the theory that can be understood at a glance occupies a lot of space, for this point, he had to continue to explain, and finally said: "This study is really the sect of a hundred studies, and it is the grinding of right and wrong, The stone of authenticity is the balance of all arts, the sunlight of the spiritual world, the eye of enlightenment, the key to righteousness, and the first need for all learning. The efforts of all the gentlemen will open the door to all kinds of Chinese learning, and this book will be immortalized forever! "Don't be a child's play, we have to take out the attitude of Sima Gong of the Han and Song dynasties to write history books to improve this book, so that logic will blossom and bear fruit in my Ming Dynasty, and everyone will understand logical governance, so as to explore the truth!"

"Your Excellency, please rest assured, we will uphold the spirit of Sima Gong, write rigorously, ponder repeatedly, and carefully consider every word. The words are less thorny, and the meticulous refinement of the book is so that the adults are satisfied? ”

Yang Zheng shook his head and said: "You are wrong, I am satisfied, but I am only one person who understands logic, I want the people of the world, at least the people of the world are satisfied, so this book should satisfy the readers of the world, let them see the essence of logic, see the benefits of logic...... you understand!" “

Zeng Heling said respectfully: "I understand my humble position!" The others nodded.

Through these years of contact and the study of logic, these young people have long since retreated from the pride of the past, and only feel that in front of the head of the academy, what they have learned in the past is not enough to show off, in addition to the four books and five classics to be recited every day, there are also philosophy, literature, poetry, architecture, machinery, shipbuilding, aesthetics, physics, law, art, pharmacy, mathematics, astronomy, rhetoric, grammar, ......? In addition to Asia, where the Ming Dynasty is located, there are three continents, seven oceans, and the place where we live is a sphere, which has a history of hundreds of millions of years, etc...... This qiē was like a heavy punch, opening the window that they had been closed for a long time, allowing them to see a different world, they were surprised, more admired, at this moment they understood that it turned out that it was not a great thing to learn the Four Books and Five Classics, win the champion, and win the Jinshi, compared to what the master of the academy learned in the chest, this is just the light of the spark, so everyone has surprising respect for this young and erudite master.

After talking to Yang Zheng in detail, he re-issued the manuscript he had refined, continued to make deliberations, and was about to leave, when he suddenly remembered something, and turned around and said: "My lord, I am afraid that this book will not take a few days to weave successfully, if you continue to use "Tool Theory" is obviously inappropriate, it is feasible to use "Logic", but I don't know logic for a long time, I'm afraid it will be difficult to attract more attention, so I want to ask adults to take a title."

Yang Zheng thought for a while and said: "Enter the book of "Poor Science", with the clear calendar, to open the door to a hundred learnings, and forever", and claimed that "those with academic qualifications must first be familiar with the general study of poor science", "Poor science is the sect of a hundred learnings, which is the grinding of non-determination, the stone of trying the truth, the balance of all arts, the sunlight of the spiritual world, the eyes of enlightenment, and the key to righteousness, and the first need for all learning." I think it's called "Poor Science", I don't know what the elder thinks? “

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

ps: The missionary Nan Huairen saw that science and technology were in decline in China, and even the achievements that had been made in the past Ming Dynasty had been lost, so he compiled a large number of scientific and technological works translated and compiled by the Ming Dynasty in the past, and slightly supplemented some of his own translations and works, compiled "Poor Science", which he wanted to present to Kangxi and publish and circulate.

According to his ideas, Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty could enthusiastically encourage the sponsored books, and he is now sorting them out and summarizing, so that Kangxi can take a look at them, and then "cut the board to implement", there should be no problem. After all, Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty organized manpower to conduct organized and systematic large-scale translation research on Western science and technology (this will be explained later), and now there is no need to ask you to do this again in the Qing Dynasty, so at least it is not too difficult to organize and preserve the things that have been done in the past. However, he really put a hot face on his cold ass and touched a big nail! Kangxi, who was praised as the first emperor of the ages, did not play a good role after this incident, and he did read or turned over this book, and then what happened? He returned the book to Nan Huairen very easily!

There is such a record in "Kangxi's Living Notes": "It is said: 'The words in this book are very paradoxical and incomprehensible'. Mingzhu and others said: 'The knowledge and memory of the people they use are all tied to the mind and other words, and it is absurd to reason. He said: "The copy does not need to be returned to Nan Huairen, and the book written is returned." ’”

In this way, the series of Western scientific and technological translations of "Poor Science" was not published because of Kangxi's dislike, not only was it not engraved, but it was also not completely preserved, only fragments remained, and a large part of the fragments were "Famous Detectives" that Li Zhizao of the Ming Dynasty and Fu Fanji, a scholar of the Jesus, began to translate in the first year of Chongzhen. Speaking of which, the literati who wrote "Kangxi's Living Note" left this record, which was originally intended to be used as evidence of how wise and wise Kangxi was, but now it has become a record of Kangxi's ignorance, which not only they can't think of, but Kangxi can't even think of it.

Speaking of which, the Qing Dynasty also had the opportunity to develop Western science, and not long after Nan Huairen also introduced the "Poor Theory" and other scientific knowledge to Kangxi, with the Qing Dynasty stabilizing the country.

The academic activities of Jingshi are extremely frequent. In the seventeenth year of Kangxi, he recruited erudite Confucianism, and in March of the following year, he tried "Xuanji Jade Hengfu" and "Provincial Cultivation Poems" in the Taihe Palace. Kangxi set up the Department of Erudition and Lyrics, and selected dozens of scholars across the country to have Han Chinese compile history books in order to win over Han literati. "Xuanji Jade Hengfu" turned out to be one of the test questions, which is quite intriguing. Xuanji and Yuheng are often regarded as astronomical observation instruments in ancient China, which suggests that Kangxi's purpose may have been to investigate the scientific cultivation of the Han people, which is not unrelated to his scientific interests. This endowment had a great impact, and Hongru, who was selected at that time, mostly included this endowment in his anthology.

Even Mei Wending, who did not take the exam, also planned to write a long story "Xuanji Yu Heng Fu" after Kangxi arrived in Beijing in the 28th year, which fully reflected his profound astronomical knowledge. Therefore, in a sense, this endowment has played a certain role in promoting the study of calendrical calculations. However, none of the scholars who participated in the erudite Hongci course were proficient in calculus, and it is conceivable that it was difficult for Kangxi to be satisfied with this answer. Kangxi admired Zhu Zi and attached great importance to calculus (calendrical arithmetic as practical learning). In the early Qing Dynasty, a famous scholar of science "studied the nature of nature, was good at governing the scriptures, and knew more about the calendar." The reason for this has an important relationship with Kangxi's advocacy.

But this good atmosphere did not last long, there was a stargazing observatory incident, this thing is a little ridiculous, the protagonist of the incident is named Li Guangdi's scientist, this person is a Fujian, Kangxi nine years of Jinshi, the same year elected Hanlin Academy Jishi, Kangxi eleven years to the Hanlin Academy editor, fourteen years later as the head of the academy bachelor.

Eight years later, he was appointed as the governor of Shuntian, and then he was appointed as the governor of the Ministry of Rites, and he was promoted to a scholar of Wenyuan Pavilion, and his reputation was prominent for a while. He had fallen into the dispute of officialdom, although he was an official from time to time, but he was able to vote for the favor of Emperor Kangxi, committed to academic research, all "Zhou Yi", rhyme and Zhu Zi's learning, are good, and he was ordered to compile "Zhu Zi Quanshu", "Zhou Yi Compromise", "Sexual Essence and Righteousness" books, advocating Zhu Xue, very effective. In the early Qing Dynasty, the controversy over academic portals was quite fierce, and the debate on how to choose between Zhu and Wang's theories to meet the needs of the times was quite fierce. Under the complex background at that time, Li Guangdi was able to figure out Kangxi's psychology, so he was deeply appreciated by Kangxi, so that Kangxi had "I know the most true, and I know that I have no one who has passed the light!" sigh.

In the spring of the twenty-fifth year of Kangxi, Li Guangdi begged for life, took a year off, and before leaving, Kangxi specially summoned Li Guangdi to talk about the calendar, especially about Western astronomy, which is the first record of Kangxi and Li Guangdi's discussion of Western science:

(above) He also asked, "The eclipse of the sun and the moon in the calendar, the five stars are reversed, and the offenses are wrong, how wrong were the ancients, and where is its original peace?" He said, "The calendar cannot be bad,...... Even if the present calendar is extremely fine, it will be bad if it is a little longer, so it must be corrected at any time." It said: "The ancients had seven degrees each, so it was difficult to calculate. Nowadays, Westerners can calculate the profit and contraction by playing a few circles, the big bottom is 360, and the small bottom is also 360, which is a little benefit for him." ……

He asked, "Is the Western calendar good?" He said: "The law is very precise, and the words and reasoning of the ministers are clear and clear, which has not been issued since the Han Dynasty. It seems that Westerners are very absurd in learning, but Tan Li is precise and deciless, which is the talisman of the calendar of this dynasty. The emperor quelled the troubles, and his merits were towering, and the ministers did not dare to praise them. That is, there are two things in the system text, which is enough to cross the past." He asked, "What's the matter?" He said, "The calendar is one of them. The twelve characters of Manchu are all in line with the ancient rhyme, and the sound of heaven and earth has never been reached."

In addition to politics, in addition to studying Zhuzi, Li Guangdi also has a hobby for calendars, which has a lot to do with Kangxi's questions. In the thirtieth year of Kangxi, Mei Wending arrived in Beijing, and soon Li Guangdi hired him into the museum, taking Mei Wending as his teacher, recruiting students who love calendrical calculations, forming a collective for the study of calendrical calculations in the early Qing Dynasty, and cultivating a group of talents for the opening of Mengyangzhai in the Kangxi era and the compilation of "The Origin of the Legal Calendar". The reason why he has such a great passion for astronomical calendrics is worth pondering. Let's first examine some of the activities of Li Guangdi and Mei Wending around the 30th year of Kangxi.

In 1670, Li Guangdi was admitted to the Jinshi examination, and was later recommended by Xiong Cilu, a famous minister of science in the early Qing Dynasty (who was a bachelor in charge of the academy at that time), and was reused. After that, Lee was promoted to the rank of Bachelor of Honour, an important position leading to a university scholar. However, in May of the 28th year of Kangxi, Li Guangdi was criticized by Kangxi and was transferred to the general political envoy Sitong, and his real power declined. In order to understand the process of Li Guangdi's demotion, it is necessary to review some of the activities of Kangxi and Li Guangdi before and after this period. What is quite interesting is that Li Guangdi's transfer has a certain relationship with Kangxi's activities at the Nanjing Stargazing Platform during Kangxi's southern tour in the 28th year.

What happened is this, in the 28th year of Kangxi, Li Guangdi went south from Kangxi, and on February 27 in Nanjing, in order to observe the celestial phenomena, Kangxi arrived at the stargazing platform under the escort of a group of ministers, and Li Guangdi was also able to accompany him. Li Guangdi once vividly recorded Kangxi's activities at the stargazing platform:

In the twenty-eighth year of Kangxi, he toured the south. …… To drive to Nanjing, see Xiaogan (according to: that is, Xiong Ci Shoes) in the middle of the day, on the screen to retreat left and right, and the language to dusk to the beginning. asked Xiaogan: "What is Li's knowledge?" He said, "If you don't know a word, you plagiarize other people's arguments and talk nonsense, and you always blindly deceive." He said, "I can smell him and know the astronomical calendar." He said, "Some people don't know, the emperor tried to ask him about the stars in the sky, but he didn't recognize any of them." Xiaogan came out, and then went to the stargazing platform. …… Both climbed, Yu and Jingjiang (press: that is, Zhang Yushu) climbed on the step, panting. The color was red, and he asked Yuyun angrily, "Do you know the stars?" Yu Song said: "I don't know, but the calendar in the book is a few words, and I don't know the depths, and I don't know the stars." He pointed to the star and asked, "What star is this?" Answer: Refer to the stars.

Shangyun: "You say you don't recognize it, how can you recognize the stars?" Song Yun: "Everyone knows how many stars there are, but as for the number of stars in the sky, I really don't know it." Shang said, "That's the old man?" Yu said, "According to the books, the old man sees the stars, and the world is peaceful." Shangyun: "What is it related, it's all nonsense, the old man star is in the south, Beijing is naturally invisible, and it can be seen here, if you go to your Fujian and Guangzhou, even the South Pole star can be seen, the old man star is not in the sky that day, how to say that it will be peaceful." …… asked Danren (i.e., Gao Shiqi): "How is Li's knowledge?" He said, "I don't know if I don't get along."

In ancient China, the appearance of the old man star was regarded as a "sign of benevolence", so Li Guangdi played "the old man star sees, the world is peaceful", trying to curry favor with Kangxi, but the fact backfired and was reproached by Kangxi.

This dialogue between the monarch and the minister shows that Kangxi was wary of Li Guangdi, Kangxi wanted to find out Li Guangdi's personality from others, and Xiong Cixu was guarding the system in Nanjing because of his mother's funeral, so he asked Xiong about it. Xiong Cilu can be regarded as Li Guangdi's teacher, but he slandered Li Guangdi in front of Emperor Kangxi, which shows that the relationship between master and apprentice has been very deep. The grievances between Li Guangdi and Xiong Cixu are also recorded in the "Sequel to Rongcun Quotations", saying: "Xiaogan (according to: referring to Xiong Cixu) is also shrouded in people, and it seems that it is impossible to peek into the bottom of it. Between the lines, there is dissatisfaction with Xiong Ci's shoes. It can also be seen that Xiong Cixu and Xu Qianxue have a very close relationship. And Xu Qianxue handed over Chen Menglei's renunciation letter to Li Guangdi, which is likely to cause Li Guangdi's displeasure, and the two may also have grievances over this.

During Kangxi's southern tour, the French Jesuit John Hong and the Italian Jesuit Bijia were in Nanjing. Hong Ruohan is a famous French astronomer, as Louis XIV's "king mathematician" was sent to China, before coming to China was known for being good at observation, Kangxi arrived in Beijing in February 27, was received by Kangxi, Hong Ruohan's achievements, Kangxi has heard of it. When they were in Nanjing, Bi Jia and Hong Ruohan also presented Kangxi with "square objects and measuring instruments".

During this southern tour, Kangxi repeatedly summoned missionaries wherever he went. According to the "Verdict of the Xi Dynasty", before Kangxi went to the stargazing platform to observe the stars, he had sent guards Zhao Chang to ask Hong Ruohan and Bi Jia if they could see the old man star in Nanjing, and they answered the relevant astronomical questions. "The Verdict of the Xi Dynasty" cloud:

(Kangxi 28th year) February 25th, from Danyang to Jiangning by land. …… Twenty-seven days,...... The guard Zhao was ordered to come to the hall and asked, "Antarctic Old Man Star, is Jiang Ning likely to see it?" How many degrees is out of the horizon of Guangdong? How many times has Jiang Ning?" and other words, Bi and Hong told them one by one. The guard Zhao is Pegasus. Bi and Hong replied in a hurry, I am afraid it is difficult to know in detail, until the beginning of the evening, watch the celestial phenomena, check the old man's star in and out of the horizon, carefully understand it, and have another volume, and send it to the palace on the morning of the 28th.

^^^^^^

The above records show that Kangxi did not know much about the exact location of the "Old Man Star", so he consulted Hong Ruohan and others. "Shengzu Record" also mentions Kangxi's observation of the old man's star and his question with Li Guangdi, but does not mention Hong Ruohan at all. What's more, according to the actual record, Kangxi knew the position of the "Old Man Star" in the sky, which completely reversed the cause and effect. "Sacred Record" cloud: (February) Yichou (27th) on the Xingxing Stargazing Platform. …… He also put on a small star map, guided the big star near the earth according to the direction, and told the ministers: "This old man star is also." Li Guangdi said: "According to historical legend, it is said that the old man sees the stars, and the world is the sign of benevolence." Shang said: "Pushing it by the North Pole, Jiang Ning sees that it is a star, how can this be looming?"

In addition to talking about the old man's star, Kangxi also talked to the minister about other astronomical phenomena, such as "the retreat of the glow and confusion", the "five-star alignment", and the priority of the position of the star and the ginseng in the sky. In the early Qing Dynasty, the Jesuits changed the traditional question of the order of the visit, but this issue was opposed by some conservatives, Kangxi mentioned this issue again, indicating that it still troubled many scholars at the time, "Kangxi Living Note" described this matter in detail, the original text is as follows:

In front of the ministers of the Ministry of Justice, he asked, "Are there any people in Hanchen who know astronomy?" They all said, "The ministers have not yet tasted it." He also asked Li Guangdi, the master of the academy, "What are the stars you know?" "The twenty-eight ministers are not yet able to understand everything." The Superior Cause Order refers to the one who knows it. He also asked, "What is the reason for the ancient history and the ginseng, and now the ginseng and the ginseng?" The bare earth said, "This is not known to the ministers." He said, "This elongation may be fallacious.

Measured by the instrument of the stargazing platform, Betelgeuse to the middle of the heavens is indeed before the stay. Looking at this, it is enough to prove that the present history is true." …… On it, he also wore a small star map, the location of the case, and the big star near the ground of the guide, and told the ministers: "This old man star is also." "According to historical legends, the old man sees the stars, and the world is the sign of benevolence." Shang said: "Pushing it by the North Pole, Jiangning is a star. Is this looming?" After the edict is finished, return to the palace. On that day, he was stationed in Jiangning Mansion.

Kangxi came to the stargazing platform and asked Li Guangdi and others to show his erudition, and Kangxi used this to criticize the Han people. Therefore, Kangxi has prepared for the pair of monarchs and ministers on the stargazing platform, but he is just acting on the spot, and using this to show off his erudition, Kangxi's character, there are many kinds of expressions, which will not be listed here. Obviously, the replies of Li Guangdi and other Han ministers were difficult to satisfy Kangxi, and Li Guangdi's painting and color record of asking this question correctly shows that the psychological blow he received was by no means ordinary.

In May of the same year, shortly after Kangxi returned to Beijing, he thought: "Li Guangdi and other impostor Taoists claim to be proficient in the hexagrams of the Book of Changes, but the words they write are very unusual, why should they set an example?" After Kangxi's southern tour to Beijing, many ministers rushed to Kangxi to offer gifts to express congratulations, but Li Guangdi was very dissatisfied because he did not make contributions, so he transferred Li Guangdi to the post of general political envoy Sitong political envoy, which was not a small blow to Li Guangdi.

In the fifteenth year of Kangxi, Xiong Cixu once returned to his hometown because of the cabinet vote, and then lived in Nanjing, where he lived at home for more than ten years, taking the collection of books as a pleasure. In the twenty-seventh year of Kangxi's reign, the book of the Ministry of Rites was once again reused, and then some Han officials said good things about Xiong Cixu in front of Kangxi. In September of the following year, Kangxi talked about Xiong Cixu, Li Guangdi and others, and hated the Han people's style of flattering and patting horses, and even issued "The behavior of the Han people is very shameful!" exclamation. Kangxi believed that what Li Guangdi was talking about was nothing more than Wang Yangming's "Taoism", and that Xiong Cixu was preaching Zhu Xi's learning, and criticized Li Guangdi.

"Kangxi Living Notes" recorded the recital of the scholar Wang Xi: "People of Taoism should cultivate their temperament, if they each set up their own doors, each has their own opinions, and frames each other to make enemies, how can he learn Taoism?" Kangxi said: "If the opinion can last, it is okay, but after a long time, it will change and change its ears." Kangxi's practice of violating the yang and yin of Han officials is no longer tolerated, and it also shows Kangxi's defensive psychology against Han officials. In May of the 28th year of Kangxi, he was dismissed from the bachelor's degree because of Kangxi's criticism, which made him adjust his academic skills, changing his previous wandering and wandering, and instead believing in Zhu Xue, since then the atmosphere of Western science and technology has set the tone.

In contrast, let's take a look at Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty.

Xu Guangqi proposed in his recital to Emperor Chongzhen in the second year of Chongzhen: "If you want to win, you must be able to pass; Before the meeting, it must be translated", it is really categorical and powerful! With translation as a means and a goal of transcendence, what a courage and ambition this is!

This proposition was fully supported by Emperor Chongzhen. In fact, during the Ming Dynasty, both the Chinese folk and the government were simultaneously engaged in a large-scale translation of Western books on scientific and technological thought. During Xu Guangqi's lifetime, with the support of the Ming court, a large-scale translation and introduction of Western astronomical and mathematical works was carried out around the compilation of the Chongzhen Almanac, which will be introduced below. After Xu Guangqi's death, Li Tianjing took over his work in science, not only continuing to complete the compilation of the rest of the Chongzhen Almanac, but also following Xu Guangqi's "yù to achieve victory, you must be able to pass; Before the meeting, it must be translated", with the support of the Ming court, continued to organize manpower and material resources to translate other Western scientific and technological works.

For example, "Kun Yu Gezhi" was translated by Tang Ruowang and Chinese Yang Zhihua and Huang Hongxian under the auspices of Li Tianjing, with a total of four volumes. The original work is the "Complete Book of Mining and Metallurgy" by the German scholar Agricola. The 12-volume Encyclopedia of Mining and Metallurgy is a classic work of European mining and metallurgical technology, which introduces the separation, preparation and purification methods of various metals, and also introduces in detail the preparation methods of various inorganic acids, and contains many important chemical knowledge. In December of the sixteenth year of Chongzhen, Emperor Chongzhen instructed the household department to distribute "Kunyu Gezhi" to various places, "depending on the terrain of the local officials, take it cheaply", but unfortunately, with the fall of the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Chongzhen's instructions could not be implemented, and even this book translated by Chinese and Western scholars organized by the Chinese imperial court was completely lost under the rule of the Qing Dynasty.

During the Chongzhen period, it was very common for the Ming Dynasty to have a welcoming and positive attitude towards science and technology, and there were many examples, and there were too many examples. The following is just a focus on the Chongzhen Almanac.

In the second year of Chongzhen, Emperor Chongzhen personally approved the grand plan proposed by Xu Guangqi, and asked him to "gather the strengths of the people, listen with an open mind, and combine Western methods, and seek to synthesize the different views of each family." "Xu Guangqi was ordered by Emperor Chongzhen to open the West Bureau in Qintianjian, and in the second year of Chongzhen, in the seventh year of Chongzhen, Xu Guangqi, Li Zhizao, and Li Tianjing successively supervised the revision of the calendar with the West Law. During this period, Tang Ruowang, Luo Yagu, Long Huamin, Deng Yuhan and others were appointed to complete the "Chongzhen Almanac", a total of 46 kinds and 137 volumes.

"Chongzhen Almanac" is not just an almanac as some people imagine it is. More precisely, this is a large-scale series of books that introduced Western mathematical and astronomical knowledge with the support of the Ming Dynasty court headed by Emperor Chongzhen. In Xu Guangqi, "yù to seek super, must be able to pass; Under the guidance of this ideological principle, the Ming Dynasty from emperors, scholars, court officials, and even the people to the Ming Dynasty began to consciously and purposefully translate Western books on mathematics and engineering.

In Xu Guangqi's view, these works are not just for the sake of the calendar itself, he said that "the completion of the calendar, the requirements of the great preparation, one righteousness and one law, must be deeply said why it is natural, from the flow to the source, because the branches reach the root, and can be the root of all things" said very clearly, the final goal is to become the root of all things. The Chongzhen Almanac was written with this goal in mind, and it was divided into five basic items.

First, the law is the basic theory, including the basic theory of mathematics, astronomy, cosmology and other aspects

Second, the number of laws, which is a table for astronomy and mathematics

Third, arithmetic, the mathematical knowledge necessary for astronomical calculations, mainly spherical trigonometry and geometry

Fourth, ritual instruments, astronomical measuring instruments and calculation tools

Fifth, Huitong, the traditional Chinese method and the various conversion tables of the Western method of measurement units.

It is precisely in order to realize that "one righteousness and one law, we must deeply explain the reason for it, trace the source from the stream, and reach the origin of the branches", as the basic theoretical part of the "law principle", occupies the most important and core part, with a total of more than 40 volumes, accounting for 1/3 of the whole series. This is unique in the Chinese calendar revision of the "Chongzhen Almanac" adopts the Western Tycho celestial motion system and geometric calculation system, introduces the concept of the earth, as well as the geographical latitude and longitude, introduces the spherical triangle, distinguishes the winter solstice point and the fastest point of rì line, introduces the correction of the Mongolian air difference, adopts the ecliptic circle as the basic ecliptic coordinate system of the great circle, and adopts the European unit of measurement.

In the Chongzhen almanac, "The Great Measurement", "The Whole Meaning of Measurement", "The Eight-Line Table of the Circumcision", "The Table of Eight Lines", "The Table of the High Arc of the North and South", and "The Table of the High Arc", "The Solution of the Proportional Gauge" and "The Calculation" introduced two calculation tools, and the "Geometric Original", "The Calculation of the Same Text" and "The Comparison of Circles" translated by Xu Guangqi and Li Zhizao in the past have systematically introduced the basic content of geometry, arithmetic, and calculation tools in Western mathematics into China. And a large part of this work is carried out under the conscious organization of the government.

After the death of the Ming Dynasty, the Western missionary Tang Ruowang, who had participated in the compilation of the "Chongzhen Almanac", shamelessly revised the "Chongzhen Almanac" and renamed it "The New Western Law Almanac" and dedicated it to the Qing court. At the time, the book was quite advanced.

When Chongzhen Almanac was in the seventh year of Chongzhen, there was a small gap between it and European astronomy. But after compiling it, it has remained almost unchanged for more than two hundred years. Later, the Qing Dynasty revised it several times to supplement the sporadic knowledge of European astronomy, but in fact we completely detached ourselves from the process of European astronomy. For the next two hundred years, we were almost standing still, while the two hundred years of astronomy in Europe were in full swing.

The Chongzhen Almanac had an opportunity to bring us into line with international standards, but because of the Qing Dynasty's attitude towards science, China still lost this opportunity. We were once in line with international standards, but soon derailed, and finally when the Opium War ended and Western literature entered in a big way for the second time, we Chinese hardly knew it, because we were almost two hundred years behind, and it had to be said to be a sadness.

(It's not counted as a word count, it's just a little fun for you to see, please forgive me!) ）