The theory of elements is a name that Zhu Youxiao poured into the material structure form of molecular atoms in later generations, and in such a form, he began to spread the modern worldview in the feudal era of the Ming Dynasty. Pen, fun, and www.biquge.info

"Elements are the foundation of the world, and everything is made of elements, including this book, including you and me, and other living beings, are made of elements." Zhu Youxiao held a book, and the first sentence shocked the two of them inexplicably.

"There are many kinds of elements, no less than hundreds, each of which has a different nature, large or small, light or heavy, and is never repeated. And their shape is also extremely tiny, and it is impossible for the human eye to see it. To what extent do they have knives? Zhu Youxiao twisted his fingers and pulled them out hard, and a fine hair was pulled down by him.

"Elements are just a general term, just as we make water water, and atoms are specific individuals of a certain class of elements, just as each of us is to the Han Chinese. The Han people are the elements, and the people who are doing it are the atoms. ”

Speaking of this, Song Yingxing suddenly moved, got up and picked up a pen and paper from the desk, "Your Majesty, Weichen wants to record it, I don't know if it's possible?" ”

"Hmm." Zhu Youxiao nodded, and then continued his explanation, and when he was allowed, Song Yingxing was overjoyed, picked up the brush and worked hard to write, and quickly copied what the emperor said just now on the paper, and at the same time he also pricked up his ears and listened carefully.

In order to facilitate him, Zhu Youxiao slowed down, and after Song Yingxing's writing kept up with the progress, he started teaching again.

"Atoms are the embodiment of the elements collectively, so their shape, huh?" He asked rhetorically, but he didn't expect the two to answer, "Atoms, in general, can be understood as circles, but in depth they are too complicated, not for you to understand, so you can understand atoms as circles." ”

"Atoms are the tiniest structure of matter, how small is he?" Zhu Youxiao lifted the strand of hair that he had just plucked, "Atoms, hundreds of millions of times smaller than this hair, the Buddha said, a sand and a world, in this hair, there is a world composed of atoms, this world is very vast, for atoms, just like the Ming Empire is for us." ”

This description shocked the two of them again, and they stared blankly at the hair in the emperor's hand with their mouths wide open, trying to imagine such an atomic world in their minds, but in any case, they did not have this concept.

"Atoms, although they are the most basic things, do not directly make up matter. Several atoms combine with each other to form something called a molecule, which makes up the world that we can see with the naked eye. The combination of atoms, just like our Han people, a man, or a woman, cannot form a family, a man plus a woman and a child can form a family, and thousands of families make up our Han people and form the Ming Empire. ”

At the end of each explanation, Zhu Youxiao has to add a metaphor, with this, it is easier to understand the two ancients of the elements.

"All kinds of molecules, all kinds of substances, water has molecules, iron has iron molecules, carbon has carbon molecules. Matter is made up of these molecules. However, in the process of the formation of substances, not one kind of substance, some molecules will affect each other and mix together when forming substances. ”

"This is the difference between elemental and mixture, just like water, which is elemental, sugar, is also a element, but after the sugar melts into the water, the sugar water formed is the mixture. The iron we practice now, due to the lack of technology, is not the elemental nature of iron, but is mixed with carbon, which is the molecule of charcoal that we often say. ”

"The hardness and toughness of iron are different depending on the carbon content, and the carbon content in a range, and this content is roughly between 2 parts per 10,000 and 2 percent."

After such an explanation, Xu Guangqiden had a sudden feeling that he had never felt that the world was so clearly presented in front of him, as if it was within reach.

Song Yingxing next to him also trembled when he heard it, although he couldn't confirm whether what the emperor said was right or not, but this novel worldview made him deeply shocked, hundreds of elements, infinite changes, the world instantly became colorful in front of his eyes.

The viewpoint of this elemental theory is far more sophisticated and attractive than the Five Elements Theory.

"As for how to determine the content of this, I don't know, I can only rely on the efforts of the two Qing families. I don't know the specific method, but I have some experience in some generalizations. Zhu Youxiao's mouth kept talking, he was ready to throw out the scientific experiment method, to this extent, many things are inseparable from the experiment.

"Scientific experiments?" The two of them muttered this word in their mouths, and their eyes lit up a little, are they finally going to the specific and practical link? Compared to the previous lofty elemental theory, the two of them were obviously more interested in the technology that could be used directly.

"The scientific experiment method is actually very simple, just eight words, observation, analysis, induction, and summary. For a matter, we should not be confused by appearances, but to understand deeply, such as steel, what is the performance of this steel? It is necessary to do experiments on him, such as beating, twisting, bending, etc., these will get data, and on these data, analysis, induction, and summarization, you can get a kind of law, don't look at these laws as inconspicuous, they are the manifestation of the Heavenly Dao. ”

"Heavenly Dao is all around us." Zhu Youxiao's rather godly summary made the eyes of the two straighten.

"Then, Your Majesty, how do you analyze and summarize these data?" Song Yingxing couldn't wait to ask. The previous steel was divided into three categories and he tested it, but he just tested it simply, compared with pig iron, and compared with each other, there was no specific data.

"That's going to require a tool, math!"

"Math?" Song Yingxing was at a loss, what is mathematics? Arithmetic?

"Yes, it is mathematics, the knowledge between numbers, its vast and profound degree, like the scriptures, is unfathomable, so I name it mathematics."

"As unfathomable as the scriptures?" The two glanced at each other, but they had a bad premonition in their hearts, but they didn't understand what this premonition revealed.

"Mathematics is the most real tool, it can most accurately reveal the mysteries of the Heavenly Dao, but if you want to use mathematics, you still need a premise." Zhu Youxiao still didn't stop, he said his thoughts in one breath.

When the two of them heard this, they hurriedly put aside their thoughts just now and listened carefully, they both knew that what was going on was very important.

"It's about setting uniform standards."

"Uniform standards!" Another modern word made the two at a loss, but Xu Guangqi had been in contact with mathematics for a long time, and he quickly reacted, "Could it be that he is like the first emperor, unifying weights and measures?" ”

"If you look at it roughly, you can say that, but what we have to do is far deeper and broader than that." Zhu Youxiao explained slowly.

Next, he explained in detail the concept of standardization and modularization, and every industry has a standardized terminology, unified standards, measure words, numerals, various definitions, and various units, all of which must be unified.

For this standard, Zhu Youxiao called it the national standard.