(Wrong chapter, if you want to subscribe to the correct chapter, please come to the starting point to subscribe to the correct chapter, a chapter is only a corner, not very expensive.) Pen Fun Pavilion www.biquge.info please respect me and respect the fruits of my labor, thank you! Now we are going to learn the Analects! )

collection

Feedback

The Analects

The Analects is one of the classic works of Confucianism, compiled by the disciples of Confucius and his successors. There are 20 articles in total, and the book was written about the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. It mainly records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, and embodies Confucius's political ideas, theoretical thoughts, moral concepts, and educational principles. Together with "University", "The Mean", "Mencius", "Book of Songs", "Book of Songs", "Book of Rites", "Book of Changes" and "Spring and Autumn", it is called "Four Books and Five Classics". It is the main material for future generations to study Confucius's thought. The book has a total of 20 articles and 492 chapters, and it is the first to create a "quotation style". During the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi combined it with "Mencius", "University" and "The Mean" into the "Four Books". The Analects, the Book of Changes, and Lao Tzu are several source scriptures of the Chinese nation, which are not only important carriers of morality and culture, but also the crystallization of the wisdom of the ancient sages after cultivating themselves and enlightening themselves, realizing the Tao and enlightening the Tao, and the unity of heaven and man.

Origin of the name

Loading Analects

The Analects records the words and deeds of Confucius, as well as the words and deeds of Confucius's famous students. Ban Gu's Hanshu Yiwen Zhi says: "Confucius answered his disciples in the Analects, and the people of the time and his disciples listened to the words of the master. At that time, the disciples had their own memories, the master was dead, and the disciples were compiling and compiling, so it was called the "Analects". ”

The "Selected Texts and Commentary on Discernment" also quoted "Fu Zi" as saying: "In the past, Zhong Ni did not have it, and Zhong Ni's disciples pursued the words of the master and called it the Analects. ”

From these two passages, two concepts are obtained: (1) The "discourse" of the "Analects" means "the compilation", and the "language" of the "Analects" means "language". "Analects" means to "compile" the words of the Master. (2) The name of the "Analects" was given at that time, not later.

For example, Liu Xi said in "Interpretation of Names, Interpretation of Classics, and Art": "The Analects also records the words of Confucius and his disciples. On the theory, ethics also, there is ethics also. Language, narration, narration of what you want to say. The meaning of the Analects, then, is "to narrate one's own words in an orderly manner." At this point, no one will inevitably ask: Isn't what anyone other than Confucius and his disciples say a "coherent narrative"? If not, then what is the significance of a name like the Analects? It can be seen that Liu Xi's explanation is very far-fetched. (The exegesis of "Interpretation of Names" is mainly based on sound training, and there are many far-fetched places.) There are also books that interpret "Analects" as "discussions" and say that "Analects" is a book that "discusses the meaning of the text", and He Yisun's "The Eleventh Classic Asks the Right" is such a proposition, and it is a subjective view that came out later.

There are also different theories about the origin of the name of the Analects. Wang Chong said in "On Heng and Zheng Shuo": "At the beginning, Confucius Sun Kong Anguo taught the Lu people to support Qing, and the official went to Jingzhou to assassinate the history, and the first name was "The Analects". It seems that the name of the Analects was not given to it by Kong Anguo and Fuqing until the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. This statement is not only different from the statements of Liu Xin and Ban Gu, but also may not be consistent with the facts.

There is such a passage in "The Book of Rites and Fang Ji": "Ziyun: A gentleman relaxes the mistakes of his relatives and respects his beauty." The Analects says: "Three years without changing the way of the father, can be described as filial piety." Although we cannot determine the age of the work of "Fang Ji" at present, it can be asserted that it will not be after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Therefore, this statement of "Arguments and Balances" may not be reliable.

From this, it can be concluded that the title of the book "Analects" was given to it by the compilers of the day, and the meaning is the compilation of language.

Chronology

Loading Analects

The Analects is a collection of fragments. The arrangement of these chapters doesn't necessarily make sense; Even between the two chapters, there is not necessarily any connection. And these fragments are by no means the work of one person. The Analects is not very long, but there are many repetitive chapters. Among them, there are words and sentences that are exactly the same, such as the chapter "Clever Words Make the Color Fresh and Beautiful", which was first seen in "Learning and Chapter 1", and re-emerged from "Yang Goods Chapter 17"; The chapter "Erudition in the Text" was first seen in "Yongye Chapter Sixth", and it was reproduced in "Yan Yuan Chapter Twelfth". There are also basically repetitive but slightly different details, such as the chapter "The Gentleman is not important", the "Learning and Chapters No. 1" has eleven more characters, and the "Zihan Chapter 9" only contains fourteen words below "the Lord is faithful"; In the chapter "Father is Watching His Chronicles", there are more crosses in "Learning and Chapter No. 1", and "Liren Chapter IV" only contains 12 characters below "three years". There is another meaning, but there are various records, such as the fourth chapter of Liren says: "Do not suffer from self-knowledge, and seek what can be done." Chapter 14 of the Constitution also says: "If you do not suffer from the knowledge of others, you will not be able to suffer from them." The fifteenth chapter of Wei Ling Gong also said: "A gentleman is ill and incompetent, and he does not know if he is not sick." If you add "People don't know and are not ashamed, and they are not gentlemen" in "Learning and Chapter 1", it is repeated four times. This phenomenon can only be reasonably inferred: the remarks of Confucius were recorded by the disciples at that time, and they were later compiled into a book. Therefore, the Analects must not be regarded as the work of a single person.

So, who are the authors of the Analects? Among them, of course, were the students of Confucius. There are two chapters that can be glimpsed today. A chapter is in the ninth chapter of Zihan:

"He said: 'Ziyun: I don't try, so I art.' ”

"Prison" is a personal name, and according to legend, his surname is Qin, the character is open, and the character is Zhang (this statement was first seen in Wang Su's pseudo-"Confucius Family Language", so Wang Yinzhi's "Jingyi Shuwen" and Liu Baonan's "Analects of Justice" are both suspicious of it, thinking that Qin Prison and Qin Zhang are two different people). Whether or not this legend is reliable, the way in which the account is not given by a surname but only by a first name is inconsistent with the general style of the Analects. Therefore, it can be inferred that this chapter is the account of the person who edited the Analects, "taking the ear of what he wrote" (the Japanese scholar Yasui Xixuan's "Analects of the Analects"). The other chapter is the first chapter of Constitutional Question 14:

"Shame on you. Zi said: 'The state has a way, a valley; Bang Wudao, Valley, shame also. ’”

"Xian" is the original constitution, the word Zisi, that is, the original thought of "the original thought is the slaughter" of the sixth chapter of "Yongye Chapter Six". The removal of surnames and names here, but not the characters, is obviously inconsistent with the general style of the Analects, so it can also be inferred that this is Yuan Xian's own pen and ink.

The passages of the Analects were written not only by different students of Confucius, but also by different of his followers. Many of these are records of students who have participated. Like the first chapter of Taber 8:

"Zeng Zi was ill, so he called his disciples and said: 'Enlighten your feet! Hands! "Poetry" clouds, trembling, like facing the abyss, like covered with thin ice. From now on, I know that my husband is forgiven! Brat! ’”

It cannot but be said to be the record of the disciples of Zeng Shen. Another example is "Zizhang Chapter 19":

"Zixia's gate asked to hand it over to Zizhang. Zi Zhang said: 'Zi Xia Yun He? He said: "Zixia said: Those who can do it will be with it, and those who can't reject it." (To be continued.) )