About 530 million years ago, in a geological period known as the Cambrian period, a variety of animals suddenly appeared on the earth in more than 20 million years, and they all appeared rapidly and immediately. A series of animals that are basically the same as modern animal forms, such as arthropods, brachiopods, demodex, sponges, chordates, etc., have made a "collective appearance" on the earth, forming a prosperous scene of the simultaneous existence of a variety of phyla of animals.

The Chengjiang biota of Yunnan Province of China, the Burgess biota and the Carey biota of Canada constitute the three major shale biota in the world, providing evidence for the explosion of life during the geological history of the Cambrian.

Darwin mentions this fact in his work On the Origin of Species and was greatly puzzled. He believed that this fact would be used as strong evidence against his theory of evolution. But he also explained that the ancestors of Cambrian animals must have come from Precambrian animals, which were produced over a long period of evolution; The "suddenness" of the appearance of Cambrian animal fossils and the lack of Precambrian animal fossils are due to the incomplete geological record or due to the submergence of old strata in the ocean.

This is the "Cambrian explosion of life", which is still listed as one of the "top ten scientific problems" by the international academic community. According to the traditional and classical biological theory, that is, Darwinian biological evolution, biological evolution has gone through a long evolutionary process from aquatic to terrestrial, from simple to complex, from low to high, and this process is gradually realized through the slow rolling of the two wheels of natural selection and genetic variation, and Chinese scientists have challenged this authoritative theory through paleofossil research.

Internationally hailed as "one of the most astonishing discoveries of the 20th century", the Chengjiang biota has opened a valuable scientific window for exploring the mystery of the "Cambrian explosion of life". On July 1, 1984, the "Chengjiang Biota" was discovered for the first time in Chengjiang County, Yunnan Province, this multi-phyla fossil group has many types of animals, and it is very rare to preserve the soft structure of animals, and for the first time vividly reproduces the magnificent landscape of ancient marine life and the original characteristics of living animals, providing direct evidence for the study of "Cambrian explosion" with rich biological information.

After years of hard work, China has achieved a leading position in the international field of paleontological research on the Cambrian explosion. Not long ago, the "Chengjiang Biota and the Cambrian Explosion" project co-led by Chen Junyuan, a researcher from the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Professor Hou Xianguang of Yunnan University and Professor Shu Degan of Northwest University, who is engaged in the study of "Chengjiang biota", won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award for making a major breakthrough in the study of early life evolution.

The ancient fossil group miraculously preserves the mineralized bones of the organism, and also preserves a large number of soft tissue imprints, such as: epidermis, sensory organs, cilia, eyes, intestines, stomach, digestive glands, oral cavity and nerves, etc., and even some animals seem to have a full meal before death, and the food full of food in the digestive tract can still be recognized.

Chinese scientists have explored the origin of vertebrates, euarthropods, chelicerae and crustaceans, confirmed that the phylum and subphyla of living animals and complex ecosystems originated in the early Cambrian, challenged the bottom-up inverted cone evolutionary model, and provided fossil evidence for the top-down explosive theoretical model. There are more than 120 species of fossils of Chengjiang biota that have been described, belonging to more than 10 animal phyla, such as sponges, coelenterates, gill trolls, leaf pods, brachiopods, molluscs, arthropods, echinoderms, chordates, etc., as well as some strange taxa with unknown taxonomic locations, in addition, there are a variety of symbiotic seaweeds.

In Buddhism, Hinayana Buddhism, Mahayana Sutra and Mahayana Tantra all have slightly different descriptions of hell, other paths, and even the entire cosmology, because the Buddha gave slightly different teachings to his disciples with different root apparatus and levels of acceptance, but the general content is still the same. Today, he speaks from the perspective of the teachings of the Hinayana Buddhist Sect.

There is a fate that arises from the fact that those who are born in hell may feel cold and want warmth when they are dying, and they are called to be born in the hot hell, or they feel hot and want to be cool, so that they can feel the fate of being born in the cold hell. After death, their bardo body is in the form of hellish beings. After the bardo, they are born in hell. When a sin is a serious sin, and when a person is born in hell, when he goes through the bardo, the suffering will be very great, but the yin period is very short, and often even only a little bit of the bardo stage will go straight to hell.

As mentioned earlier, there are four ways in which sentient beings are born in the six realms: viviparous, oviparous, wet, and metamorphose.

Human birth is the form of viviparity; Birds, livestock are oviparous; Hellish beings, on the other hand, are born in a changed way, and are not born through parental intercourse and mother's womb, nor are they born from eggs.

The various hells are not small spaces one by one, but each is as big as the whole earthly country.

As for the average lifespan of hell beings, each hell is different, and the life span of the living hell beings is the shortest. How long is life in hell? They live an average of 500 years, but their day is not the same length as a day on earth, but 500 years in the heavenly realm (the four heavenly kings).

How long is 500 years in the heavenly realm? A day and a night in the heavenly realm is fifty years on earth!

According to the human calendar, a life born in a living hell will suffer an average of 26,200 billion years in this hell!

The average life expectancy of other hells is many times longer than that of living hells!

Human beings have done countless bad deeds in their lifetimes, and there are many people who have killed them alone. Now we can imagine that the retribution of killing a single living being could lead to 2620 billion years of suffering in the living hell not long after!

In other words, this body is still suffering in hell when it has long been fossilized!

After 26,200 billion years, it took a turn in hell. If you can return to the world, you may see your previous fossils in the museum!

A single killing is enough to cause such terrible retribution, but what about other killing karma in this and past lives?

There are many other negative karmas, and they will all have their consequences!

Think about it: you may have been to a seafood restaurant today, or you may have ordered a live shrimp to cook and enjoy, which has created the cause of suffering dozens of times for at least 26.2 trillion years!

The auspicious clouds quickly passed through the raging sea, and the large clusters of dark objects under the sea level seemed to be entangled by karma.

The origin of the Cambrian explosion of life—the Ediacaran fauna

The Ediacaran fauna was first discovered by Sprigg in 1947 in the Pound sandstone formation in the Ediacara region of south-central Australia.

Initially, it was not possible to determine the age of this fauna, but it was finally determined to be Precambrian with an age of 670 million years. The Ediacaran fauna contains three phyla, 19 genera, and 24 species of lower invertebrates.

The three phyla are: Coelenterate, Annelid, and Arthropoda. There are 7 genera and 9 species of jellyfish; There are 3 genera and 3 species of hydras; There are 3 genera and 3 species of sea gills (corals); 2 genera and 2 species of Jellyfish; 5 species of 2 genera of polychaete cycloworms; Arthropods of 2 genera and 2 species.

Most of them are preserved as imprint fossils, and although their form and structure are very primitive, they are considered to be one of the most significant discoveries in paleontology of the 20th century. The discovery has pushed the scientific community away from the long-held belief that metazoan fossils could not have occurred before the Cambrian period. Metazoans refer to a variety of multicellular animals relative to protozoa.

The Ediacara fauna contains a variety of strange animal fossils: the body is large and flat, mostly oval or band-shaped, with a smooth organic membrane, the oldest and most primitive fossils ever found, and the most convincing biological evidence found in the Archean strata.

From a scientific point of view, the Ediacara fauna can be divided into three types: radial growth, bipolar growth and unipolar growth. Except for the radial growth type, which may have a group related to coelenterates, the other two groups are not related to the biological phyla that appeared after the Cambrian.

Although there is still much controversy about the nature of the Ediacara fauna, its strange morphology has led many scholars to believe that the Ediacara fauna was the first to adapt to radiation after the emergence of metazoans, and that they took a different form and structure from most modern animals. Without increasing the complexity of the internal structure, only the basic form of the body is changed, becoming very thin, in the shape of bands or pancakes, so that the parts of the body are sufficiently close to the outer surface to breathe and take in nutrients without internal organs.

For example, most modern animals adopt a round or spherical external morphology while evolving complex internal organs to expand the corresponding surface area (such as lungs, digestive tract), and it can be seen from the fossils that these organisms have highly differentiated tissues and organs, indicating that they are no longer the most primitive type.

They represent the first radiative evolution of metazoans, so it can be assumed that the Ediacara fauna was an attempt by metazoans to occupy shallow seas on a large scale under conditions of low atmospheric oxygen content at the end of the Proterozoic, which failed and led to extinction. In later evolutionary processes, metazoans adopted the second way to complicate internal organs and the development of species diversification, that is, biological phylogenetic evolution.

As mentioned earlier, hells are divided into four categories, the first of which are the eight great hot hells, and their names are listed in order of the degree of suffering: Equal Living Hell, Black Rope Hell, Mass Hell, Screaming Hell, Tuba Hell, Burning Hell, Extremely Hot Hell, and Infernal Hell.

In the living hell, sentient beings will take up blades and weapons to kill each other.

After being slashed, all these beings will fall down and die. This kind of death is only a death in the name of a word, not the real end of life, but a state similar to fainting.

They will go through death-like experiences that are more terrible than human death, taste the pain and horror of death, and finally their minds will remain still.

Because of their karma, at this time there will be a cool wind blowing, and a voice from the sky will say, "Get up!" and they came back to life and killed each other again. Every day, the beings in this hell will be killed, feigned death, and re-reborn many times, and they will be in agony! Most of the beings who are born in this hell are those who killed or slaughtered as a karma in their previous lives.

The Cambrian explosion has attracted countless paleontologists and evolutionists in search of evidence to discuss its causes. More than 100 years of evidence have given rise to two basic ideas to explain the Cambrian explosion. One view is that the Cambrian outbreak was an illusion, which is the view held by some Darwinists or neo-Dalists. Since evolution is gradual, the so-called "explosion" only indicates that organisms that have been widely present and developed as early as the Precambrian have been found for the first time in the fossil record, while other fossil groups may be "missing" due to the incomplete geological record, and the reason for this "gap" is that the Precambrian strata experienced heat and pressure, and the fossils in them were destroyed.

This explanation is no longer convincing due to the discovery of a large number of simple prokaryotes such as bacteria and cyanobacteria in the Precambrian fossil sediments. Another view is that the Cambrian eruption represents a real event in the process of biological evolution, and scientists explain this phenomenon in terms of changes in the physical environment and ecological environment.

In 1965, two American physicists proposed that the Cambrian eruption was caused by the level of oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere. They believe that the atmosphere of the early Earth contained little or no free oxygen, which was formed by the gradual accumulation of photosynthesis in the Precambrian algae plants. Metazoans need a lot of oxygen, on the one hand, for respiration, on the other hand, oxygen also absorbs a large amount of harmful ultraviolet rays in the atmosphere in the form of ozone, so that metazoan animals are protected from harmful radiation damage.

Biologists have approached the issue in terms of the ecological relationship of organisms themselves, because geological evidence refutes this idea of oxygen. The extensive sedimentary layers between about 1 billion and 2 billion years ago contain a large number of heavily oxidized rocks, suggesting that there were sufficient oxygen conditions for an explosion of life during this period. Therefore, biologists explore the causes of the Cambrian outbreak from the emergence of two important events, namely the emergence of sexual reproduction and the emergence of biological harvesters.

According to fossil data, eukaryotic algae appeared to have sexual reproduction about 900 million years ago, and in fact, sexual reproduction appeared much earlier. The occurrence of sexual reproduction plays an extremely important role in the evolution of the whole biological world, and it is possible to further increase the diversity of organisms because of the genetic variability provided by sexual reproduction, which is one of the causes of the Cambrian explosion.

In the Black Rope Prison, sentient beings are forcibly pressed against iron plates that are hot to a fiery red.

Because of their karma, they will encounter the jailer who will imprint them with red-hot iron, and the jailer will then use the mark to cut their bodies into pieces with a large knife.

When mutilated, their suffering is not the same as that of human beings. In the human world, if your hand is cut off, of course you will feel the pain of the severed limb, but you will not also feel that the severed hand still has its own pain.

In hell, because of the karma of sentient beings, the severed parts of the limbs have their own pain, so the pain felt by sentient beings when they are dismembered is 10,000 times greater than when they are dismembered in human beings.

This great suffering does not end with death. Sentient beings will be mutilated and suffer again after being reborn. The life in this is to be mutilated many times a day, month after month, year after year, day after day, until the karma is exhausted.

As mentioned earlier, the average lifespan of living hells is 26.2 trillion human years, and the life span and suffering period of sentient beings born in the Black Rope Hell are several times longer than these 26.2 trillion human years!

The suffering period of the Hell is even longer than the Hell of the Black Rope! The beings in this group will imagine that mountains of different shapes will flatten them according to the karma they have created, and then they will come back to life and be flattened again...... Until the karma is exhausted.

The cause of being born in this hell is still mainly the karma of killing. The beings in this hell have illusioned the shape of the mountains that they used to kill in the past, because these mountains are the infantile manifestations of karma.

For example, if you have crushed a small ant with two fingers together, and this killing karma has matured and you have fallen into the Hell of Harmony, you will have the illusion that the rocks like your fingers will crush you to death again.

The biological reaper hypothesis, proposed by the American ecologist Stanley, is an ecological theory that explains the Cambrian outbreak, that is, the harvesting principle. For most of the Precambrian 2.5 billion years, Stanley argues, the ocean was an ecosystem of simple primary producers like prokaryotic cyanobacteria. The communities within this system are ecologically homogeneous and unchanging, and the trophic levels are simple and unique.

Because the physical space is tenaciously occupied by such small but large biomes, the evolution of this community is very slow and has never been richly diverse.

The beings called hell live longer than those in the hells, so their suffering period is very long. In this prison, there are many iron houses, and sentient beings are trapped in these burned red iron houses, and they are not allowed to escape, but they will not die until their karma is exhausted, and they have to endure this unimaginable suffering in agony.

The situation is similar to the cry of hell, but the pain is twice as high as the cry of hell.

The burning hell is terrible. The jailer placed the sentient beings in this prison on a bed of iron that was burned to a red core, and used a large iron needle to penetrate their bodies from the lower body, and the tips of the needles came out from the top, and the orifices of the sentient beings' heads were burned to the point of smoke and pain.

In the scorching hell, sentient beings are thrown into a boiling pot of molten copper and boiled until their skin is open and their flesh is rotten, and then they are fished out until their skin and flesh grow again, and then they are thrown into the pot and tortured.

The key to the Cambrian outbreak was the emergence and evolution of herbivorous harvesters, i.e., protozoa that ate prokaryotic cells (cyanobacteria). The Reaper creates room for greater diversity among producers, and this increase in producer diversity leads to the evolution of more specific Reapers.

The trophic level pyramid is rapidly developing in two directions: the lower producers add many new species to enrich the species diversity, and the top producers add new "harvesters" to enrich the diversity of the trophic level. As a result, the biodiversity of the entire ecosystem was continuously enriched, which eventually led to the emergence of the Cambrian explosion of life.

Infernal Hell is also known as "Abi Hell".

In Tibet, "You deserve to go to the hell of the nose!" It is the most poisonous, severe, and vicious curse on man.

In other hells, although the suffering of sentient beings is inconceivable, there is always a chance to breathe a little bit of breath once in a while. In this infernal hell, the suffering of sentient beings is completely uninterrupted, which is why it is called "infernal."

Ordinary people, even if they do a lot of bad karma, will not fall into this hell. The beings who are born in this hell are sentient beings who have done the worst negative karma, such as killing their own parents.

In this hell, fire erupts violently from all directions and from all directions. If you look inward from the edge of hell, the fire burns so violently that you can't tell the flame from the burning body. The lifespan of beings in this hell is so long that it can be measured by the time of eons.

Scientists have not yet found direct evidence to prove its correctness for the "harvest theory", however, there is some circumstantial evidence to support this theory.

One circumstantial evidence comes from the Precambrian stromatolites, which are composed of algae that preserve the richest producer communities of the Precambrian period. Today, stromatolites are found only in barren environments where there is a lack of metazoan harvesters, such as saltwater lakes with supersalinity. The abundance of algae in the Precambrian strata presumably reflects the paucity of harvesters at that time. In addition, ecological field studies have provided some indirect evidence, showing that the stocking of predatory fish in an artificial pond increases plankton diversity; Removing sea urchins from a diverse algal community can lead to a decrease in diversity due to the dominance of a particular algae in that community.

The Cambrian eruption, as the second largest unsolved case in the history of the country, has always attracted people's attention. As fossils continue to be discovered and new theories are established, this mystery will eventually be revealed.

The wild wolf sea breeze wantonly slapped Cheng Bei's messy hair, the latter was supremely cool, his face was serene, and his mouth was full of words.

"People know the gods of their gods, but they don't know why they are gods!" Cheng Bei smiled faintly,

Manjushri looked sideways.

"Born to kill, the principle of the Tao is also"

"The birth of life is also the birth of hell, life is life, hell is killing, hehe, life is hell!" Cheng Bei smiled lonely.

Manjushri didn't speak, looking up at the huge Yama King rising in the ocean of life.

Cheng Bei also raised her head, and at this moment, the confusion in her eyes retreated.

At the top of the image of the Endemon King, a square elisk appeared, on which was written a large verse:

Thou shalt seek to depart

in this law

Practiced Buddhism

Often do not let go

Subdue the army of life and death

I can exhaust the sea of troubles

Like destroying a grass house

Be at the end of the spectrum

"There's no need to watch anymore, so what is your enlightenment along the way?" Manjushri asked, bowing his head.

"What I have seen along the way has included the three poisons, life and death and bardo, the situation of the six realms of reincarnation, and the operation of the twelve causes and conditions. By understanding the principles of karma in this world, which is made up of the six realms, and the karma of samsara, we can realize that the nature of the world is suffering, and at the same time, we will know the source of these sufferings and the rules of their circulation. ”

Cheng Bei's upper body image in the raging ocean is a verdant lotus flower, tenacious and indestructible.

"More than 2,000 years ago, the Buddha gave many teachings on the Four Noble Truths. The four noble truths are the truth of suffering, the truth of concentration, the truth of extinction, and the truth of the path. The truth of suffering teaches that the essence of the world is suffering; What is the root source of suffering? The true extinction describes the state in which all sufferings cease to cease; The Truth of the Path teaches us the path and method of moving from suffering to liberation from suffering.

In the main body of the wheel of birth and death, there are the teachings of the true suffering and the collective truth, that is, the source of suffering and suffering. What do these two noble truths have to do with sentient beings?

They have a great deal to do with sentient beings! First of all, sentient beings must understand that they are suffering from it, otherwise it will not be possible to develop the desire to be free from suffering.

This is the reason why sentient beings must understand the truth of suffering. However, it is useless to know that you are in suffering. To get rid of suffering, we have to find the cause of the suffering of all beings. It is only when the source of suffering is cut off that sentient beings can avoid suffering.

Otherwise, no matter if sentient beings fly to the top of the six worlds or escape to the deepest underground, they still cannot avoid suffering or the grasp of the Yama Dead.

This is the reason why sentient beings learn the Truths. By studying the Collective Truths, sentient beings will realize the root cause of suffering and the cycle of birth and death, i.e., the three poisonous afflictions such as self-grasping ignorance and the karma that are driven by them. ”

The diagram of the wheel of life and death is derived from the teachings of the Buddha. So above this diagram, there is the form of the Buddha. When the painter wanted to paint a portrait of the Buddha, because of the Buddha's bright body, solemn virtue and respect for the painter, the painters did not dare to look directly at the Buddha's holy body, and it was difficult to depict the 32 aspects of the Buddha's body and the 80 good characteristics of the Buddha's body, so the Buddha cast light and shadow on the cloth for the painter to copy.

In the picture, the Buddha stands above the main body of the Wheel of Life and Death, indicating that the Buddha has already been freed from the control of birth and death, the six realms of reincarnation, and the death of Yama, and has attained the state of freedom without suffering. His finger pointed to the two verses and the moon to guide us to follow the teachings in the verses, so that we can attain the state of freedom without suffering in the meaning of the moon, just like Him. The Buddha himself had already attained freedom through the same path; So, He's teaching us,

"If you want what I have, follow the path I have walked!" This is the meaning of His finger to the moon and the verses. The moon represents the state of being free from suffering, which is called the true extinction. The path or method that leads to this result is called the "true path." These true truths of extinction and the true path, together with the truths of suffering and the true concentrations mentioned earlier, are the four noble truths taught by the Buddha. Between Cheng Bei's words, she kept looking at the Buddha who pointed to the moon, and she always felt familiar.

"Very well, the great wisdom is manifested in the heart, now go to the highest heaven alone." After Manjushri finished speaking, the lion dissipated.

Cheng Bei also walked up the stairs to the sky.

With each step, a staircase dissipated.

Cheng Bei's eyes rose, and soon he saw the Buddha pointing to the moon move.

In a flash, he came to Cheng Bei.

"Indra?" Cheng Bei was taken aback.

"Little beauty, why are you here?"

"Guanyin is looking for me."

Indra smiled lightly, "No need to go, I'll send you out of this realm." ”

"What is their purpose, and what is your purpose?" Cheng Bei's eyes were vigilant.

"Their purpose is to give you a taste of the world, to make you firm in your faith, and finally to be their fighter."

"I don't understand!"

"The opportunity is too deep, I am here to persuade you to stop and stop dwelling on this."

Cheng Bei stared at the moon close at hand, her eyes were still full of anticipation.

"All the way you have come, what you have seen is the vast true meaning of Buddhism, let me help you think about the problem from a different angle."

According to Buddhism, the main condition for the arisence, change, and destruction of things is the cause, and the auxiliary conditions are the cause. Only when karma is in harmony can fruits be produced. Therefore, cause and effect may not necessarily be established, and they will be limited and destroyed by dependent or even negative causes.

Moreover, it is impossible for man to fully grasp all causes and conditions and realize the true cause and effect, so all cognition and all knowledge is empty.

In short, cause and effect are by no means as simple and clear as you imagine, especially the one-push-one logic of cause and effect in the book, which is written with a nose and eyes, is even more absurd. It is nothing more than a fog of mechanical determinism, not an inexhaustible truth of nature. ”

"The Fog of Mechanism?" Cheng Bei was puzzled.

Indra smiled inscrutablely, "When the Buddha said cause and effect, you are obsessed with cause and effect, thinking that cause and effect are absolute and inevitable.

But I forgot that the Buddha also talked about emptiness, and cause and effect are inseparable from the emptiness of "non-emptiness and non-existence, and also emptiness".

Under certain conditions, cause and effect are established, and it is its existence; Outside of certain conditions, cause and effect are invalid, and it is non-existent.

Everything is impermanent, and cause and effect are infinite, so there is cause and effect in addition to cause and effect.

Find out this cause and effect beyond cause and effect, and you will not be bound by the original rules. Jumping out of the Three Realms, not in the Five Elements, and merging into the higher-dimensional realm of cause and effect, the cause and effect of the lower-dimensional world cannot be controlled.

Of course, only if you don't understand cause and effect, can you avoid cause and effect.

If you see through it, you will not be bound by karma; Otherwise, what do you take to transcend?

The mysteries of the universe are endless, and the Buddha can only say part of the cause and effect of the four saints, six mortals, and ten dharma realms, and he can't tell more about the cause and effect himself.

The human world is like a flat boat floating on the sea of Dirac, and no matter how strong you can ride the wind and waves, you can't consume the impermanence of the undercurrent of the Brahma Sea. In the face of the catastrophe that cannot be escaped, the cause and effect that cannot be seen, even the Buddha can only accept it, and has to go with the flow of karma.

However, the wisdom of the Buddha is immeasurable, the Dharma is boundless, and calamities are always temporary. "Indra Sanskrit singing.

"What vows do you want me to have?" Cheng Bei asked.

"Love!" Indra was concise and to the point.

Cheng Bei's eyes wandered, and she was silent for a while.

"What happened to you and the Three-Phase God? What happened to Che Zilong? Cheng Bei still asked some realistic questions.

"It's not important, it's not important, my fate with you will end here, listen to my advice, you can't escape this catastrophe! Get it all soon! ”

Cheng Bei wanted to ask again.

The Buddha of Indra began to thin and dissipate, "Go back, someone is waiting for you!" ”

The moon in front of Cheng Bei's eyes turned into the door of the bathroom and opened out.

I saw Luo Xiaoyi.

Cheng Bei raised her eyebrows.

The toad mirror youth appears.

"Something big has happened in the world of big pineapples, you guys quickly solve it" After speaking, a dark black door-shaped mist appeared in front of him.

Cheng Bei looked at Luo Xiaoyi.

"Go" the latter's expression was firm. First in.

"Good!" Cheng Bei followed closely. (To be continued.) )