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The mean, the moral standard of Confucianism, the focus of the mean is on the word "moderation" and "meanness", which is located in the middle, not far from both sides, and not extreme. Treat people impartially, reconcile and compromise. Adapting to the conditions of time, things, events, and conditions, Confucianism is complete, and his theoretical roots originate from human nature. From "The Analects of Yongye": "The golden mean is virtue, and it is the most important." He Yan explained: "Yong, often, neutralization can be the way to do often." "Yan Zhi of the Northern Qi Dynasty pushes "Yan's Family Motto and Godson": "The wisdom is not taught, and the foolishness is useless to teach; The mediocre people don't know if they don't teach. Qing Yuyue's "Tea Fragrance Room Renewal: Three Steps": "There are three levels of speakers, virtuous, foolish, and modest.

"The Mean" was originally one of the "Little Dai Li Ji". The author is the heir of Confucius, and was later revised and sorted out by scholars of the Qin Dynasty. "The Mean" was mentioned to a prominent position by the scholars of the Song Dynasty, and there were no less than 100 exploration chapters in the Song Dynasty, and Zhu Xi of the Southern Song Dynasty wrote "The Mean Chapters and Sentences", and called "The Mean" and "University", "Analects" and "Mencius" as the four books. Zisi

Zi Chengzi said: What is not biased is in the middle, and what is not easy is mediocre. The middle is the right way in the world. The mediocre is the theorem of the world. It is Confucius who teaches the mind. Zi Si is afraid that it will be bad for a long time, so the pen is in the book. to teach Mencius. The beginning of the book is reasonable, and the mean is everything. The end is compounded into one principle. Let it go, then it will be a mile**. Volume, then retreat to the secret. Its flavor is endless, and it is all practical learning. Chinese Painting

Ancient Chinese philosophical viewpoint, from Confucian culture "The Mean".

The first layer of meaning: it is not easy to be biased and mediocre. It refers to not deviating from life and not changing one's goals and opinions. That's a consistent recipe for success. Confucius said: "The golden mean is virtue, and it is the best!" The people have been around for a long time. ”

The second meaning: refers to neutrality and peace. People need to maintain neutrality and peace, if you lose neutrality, peace must be too much joy, anger, sorrow, and happiness, only happiness is the cure of anger, and the cure of joy is not too polite, and the way to keep etiquette lies in respect. Therefore, the people of Crescent Mountain said: As long as you maintain a heart of respect or awe, righteousness and peace will last forever, and people's health will be guaranteed.

The third meaning: the meaning of the middle refers to the good, and the same use, that is, the meaning of the middle use. It means that people should have a skill and be a useful talent; It also means that people should stick to their posts and seek their positions in their positions.

Quoted from the Crescent Mountain People's "Chinese Heart Law"

The theoretical basis of the golden mean is the unity of nature and man. Usually people talk about the unity of heaven and man, mainly from a philosophical point of view, most of them from Mencius

"Those who do their best know their nature; Knowing its nature, you will know the heavens" ("Dedication"), and ignoring the unity of heaven and man in the golden mean, but also ignoring the true meaning of the unity of heaven and man. The true meaning of the unity of heaven and man is to be one with the supreme

Sincerity and goodness, to achieve "to neutralize, the status of heaven, all things to cultivate", "only the world is sincere, in order to be able to do its best." If you can do your best, you can do your best; If you can fulfill the nature of people, you can fulfill the nature of things; If you can exhaust the nature of things, you can praise heaven and earth

of chemical education; You can praise the cultivation of heaven and earth, and you can participate in the realm of heaven and earth. "Ginseng with heaven and earth" is the unity of heaven and man. This is the true meaning of the unity of nature and man in "The Mean". Therefore, "The Mean" begins with "the predicate of the mandate of heaven, and the recklessness."

It is the Tao, and the Tao is the teaching", and finally, "the load of heaven is silent and odorless." 'Extremely'. This is the highest state that a saint wants to achieve, and this is the true meaning of the unity of heaven and man. The unity of heaven and man is a kind and beautiful day, and the person who is united is a kind and beautiful person like a good and beautiful day, and the unity of heaven and man is the ideal state that people consciously cultivate to benefit human beings and nature like a beautiful and kind sky.

The predicate of the mandate of heaven (1), the predicate of the spontaneous nature (2), and the predicate of the path of cultivation are teaching.

Those who are in the Tao do not need to leave the Tao, but they can leave the Tao. Therefore, a gentleman is cautious of what he does not see, and fearful of what he does not hear. Nothing is hidden, nothing is subtle (3). Therefore, the gentleman is cautious.

Joy, anger, sorrow, and joy are not in the middle (4); And all in the middle section (5), which is called the sum. Those who are in the middle are also the great capital of the world; Those who are harmonious are also the way of the world. To (6) neutralization, the status of heaven, and the cultivation of all things. (Chapter 1)

[Notes]

(1) Destiny: Talent. Zhu Xi explained: "Heaven incarnates all things with the five elements of yin and yang, qi takes shape, and reason is also endowed, and it is like commanding. Therefore, the destiny (talent) here actually refers to the natural endowment of man

There is no mystery. (2) Spontaneous: follow nature, rate, follow, follow, (3) Mo: here it means "nothing more ......". See (xian): to appear, to be obvious. Hu: So, there is a sense of comparison here. (4) Medium

(zhong): Yes. (5) Section: Temperance law. (6) To, reach.

【Translation】

Man's natural endowment is called "sex", acting according to nature is called "Tao", and cultivating according to the principles of "Tao" is called "teaching".

The Tao cannot be left for a moment, and if it can be left, it is not the Tao. Therefore a virtuous person is cautious where no one sees, and he is wary where no one hears. The more secluded the place

The more obvious the square, the more subtle the more significant. Therefore, a virtuous person is also cautious when he is alone. When joy, anger, sorrow and happiness are not expressed, it is called "medium"; When it is manifested, it conforms to the knots, and it is called "and."

”。“ "Medium" is the nature that everyone has; "Harmony" is the principle that everyone follows, and when the realm of "neutralization" is reached, heaven and earth will be in their place, and all things will grow and multiply.

【Reading Comprehension】

This is the first chapter of "The Mean", which introduces the topic from the fact that the Tao cannot be separated for a moment, emphasizing the issue of "prudence and independence" that has also been expounded in the "University", and requires people to strengthen their consciousness, sincerely act according to their natural nature, and cultivate themselves according to the principles of the Tao.

After solving the above ideological problems, this chapter puts forward the category of "neutrality" (i.e., moderation) head-on, and enters the theme of the whole article.

As one of the important categories of Confucianism, there have always been various understandings of "moderation". This chapter starts from the perspective of emotion, and gives a positive basic explanation of "middle" and "harmony". According to the meaning of this chapter, when a person has not yet shown emotions of joy, anger and sorrow, his heart is calm and indifferent, so it is called "medium", but joy, anger and sorrow are inevitable for everyone, and they must be expressed. It is manifested in accordance with common sense and has moderation, which is called "harmony". The harmony between the two is "neutralization". When everyone reaches the realm of "neutralization", everyone is calm, social order is in order, and the world will be peaceful.

This chapter is of a general nature, and the following ten chapters (2-11) are organized around the content of this chapter.

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