Chapter 0169 - Development of Nuclear Weapons

With a capable person in charge of government work, you can have a good government management team, and he will be in charge of all relevant work, and he only needs to seize the army, of course, with the current economic situation of each country, it is impossible to afford a highly modern army.

Therefore, under the current conditions, it is entirely necessary for Zhao Weidong himself to be responsible for the survival and development of the armed forces, and at the same time, for the sake of the economic development of various countries, it is estimated that for a long time, military expenditures will mainly be invested by Zhao Weidong's consortium.

How to further enhance the strength of the troops is a huge difficult problem facing Zhao Weidong; as far as conventional military strength is concerned, because the troops have adopted the most advanced training methods for training, the combat effectiveness of the troops is still guaranteed.

However, modern warfare is completely different from the wars of the past, and the strength of the armed forces and the strength of the country are mainly determined by the strength or weakness of the strategic deterrent forces.

This is mainly measured by the number of nuclear weapons, aircraft carriers, strategic nuclear submarines, and strategic missiles, and the top priority at present is to develop these industries, which no country will transfer, and the countries that possess them are highly secret.

Zhao Weidong brought in Ji Lingjun and deployed this work, and soon Ji Lingjun came to the office, and as soon as he arrived at the office, Ji Lingjun immediately asked:

"Brother, is there anything urgent about calling me here in such a hurry?"

"Sister Lingjun, there are some urgent matters that I want to discuss with you." Zhao Weidong said.

"What's the matter, you can tell it." Ji Lingjun smiled slightly.

"That's right, I think we have to develop conventional military forces, there is no problem, that is, to spend a little more money, but our strategic deterrence force is basically equal to zero." Zhao Weidong said in a heavy tone.

"Brother, if you have a strong military, doesn't it have a strategic deterrent effect?" Ji Lingjun asked puzzled.

"You may not have noticed the tremendous deterrent effect of the two atomic bombs when Japan surrendered." Zhao Weidong reminded.

"You are right, the deterrent effect of the atomic bomb is very large, do you plan to develop the atomic bomb?" Suzu-kun asked in surprise.

"Yes, without nuclear weapons, aircraft carriers, strategic nuclear submarines, and strategic missiles, you will never be able to straighten your waist, you will always be bullied, and if you are weak, you will be beaten, this is an eternal truth." Zhao Weidong said very seriously.

"Brother, you are right, if you are weak, you will be beaten, but it is not easy to develop an atomic bomb, and the relevant talents are easy to recruit, but the technology in this area is the top secret of all countries, and it will be a long time if you start researching it from scratch." Suzu-kun said worriedly.

Zhao Weidong secretly rejoiced that the information of later generations was very developed, and a large number of nuclear weapons, aircraft carriers, strategic nuclear submarines, and strategic missile knowledge were searched on Baidu, and the very key parameters were all at a glance.

Of course, the latest technology and core technology are strictly confidential and cannot be seen, but the technology of decades ago is still very public, and the direction of research, although there is no detailed technical information about many of the latest technologies, there are many expert analysis, and there are still technical points.

From this point of view, Zhao Weidong knows that he has an advantage over any other country, which can greatly shorten the development time, avoid detours, and greatly reduce the cost of development.

Zhao Weidong gave a detailed introduction to the relevant knowledge in this regard to Ji Lingjun, and asked her to carefully record that the atomic bomb is a weapon of mass destruction that uses the photothermal radiation, shock waves, and induced radioactivity of nuclear reactions to cause lethal and destructive effects, as well as to cause large-scale radioactive contamination and prevent the other side's military action in order to achieve strategic objectives.

It mainly includes fission weapons (first-generation nuclear weapons, commonly known as atomic bombs) and fusion weapons (also known as hydrogen bombs, which are divided into two-stage and three-stage types).

Others also put light elements with induced radiation inside the weapon to increase the intensity of radiation and expand pollution, or to enhance neutron radiation to kill and injure people, such as neutron bombs.

Nuclear weapons are a general term for weapons that use the energy released by nuclear fission or fusion reactions that can sustain themselves to produce explosive effects and have destructive effects of mass destruction. Among them, fission weapons made mainly using the fission chain reaction principle of heavy atomic nuclei such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239 are commonly known as atomic bombs.

Thermonuclear weapons or fusion weapons, commonly known as hydrogen bombs, are made mainly using the thermonuclear reaction principle of light atomic nuclei such as heavy hydrogen (deuterium) or super heavy hydrogen (tritium).

China successfully exploded its first atomic bomb on October 16, 1964, and according to declassified information, China spent a total of 2.8 billion yuan on the explosion of this atomic bomb. On June 17, 1967, the first hydrogen bomb test was successfully conducted, breaking the superpower's nuclear monopoly and nuclear blackmail policy.

Zhao Weidong especially explained the structural principle of the atomic bomb and the power of energy.

The energy released when fossil fuels such as coal and oil are burned comes from the chemical reaction of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The energy released during the explosion of chemical explosives such as TNT comes from the decomposition reaction of the chemical compound. In these chemical reactions, the nuclei of atoms such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen do not change, but the combined state of the individual atoms changes.

Unlike chemical reactions, nuclear fission or fusion reactions involve the transformation of the nuclei of the atoms involved in the reaction into other nuclei, and the atoms change. It is customary to refer to such weapons as atomic weapons. But in essence, it is the reaction and transformation of the atomic nucleus, so it is more accurate to call it a nuclear weapon.

The energy released when a nuclear weapon explodes is much greater than that of a conventional weapon containing only chemical explosives. For example, the energy released by the full fission of 1 kilogram of uranium is about 8×10^13 joules, which is about 20 million times greater than the energy of 4.19×106 joules released by the explosion of 1 kilogram of TNT explosives.

The total energy released by the explosion of a nuclear weapon, i.e. the magnitude of its power, is often expressed in terms of the amount of TNT explosives emitted with the same amount of energy, known as TNT equivalent. The TNT yield of various nuclear weapons equipped by the United States, the Soviet Union and other countries is only 1,000 tons, or even lower; Large up to 10 million tons, or even higher.

The explosion of a nuclear weapon not only releases a huge amount of energy, but also the nuclear reaction process is very fast, which can be completed in a microsecond time.

As a result, extremely high temperatures are formed in a small area around the explosion of a nuclear weapon, and the surrounding air is heated and compressed to rapidly expand, generating a high-pressure shock wave.

Nuclear explosions on the ground and in the air can also form fireballs in the surrounding air, emitting strong light radiation.

Nuclear reactions also produce various rays and fragments of radioactive material; The intensely pulsed rays radiated outwards interact with the surrounding material, causing the growth and disappearance of electric current, which in turn generates an electromagnetic pulse.

These characteristics, which are different from the explosion of chemical explosives, make nuclear weapons have unique lethal and destructive effects such as strong shock waves, optical radiation, early nuclear radiation, radioactive contamination and nuclear electromagnetic pulse.

The advent of nuclear weapons has had a significant impact on the strategy and tactics of modern warfare.

The atomic bomb is mainly a weapon that uses the huge energy released by nuclear fission to play a lethal role, and it is based on the same nuclear fission chain reaction as a nuclear reactor.

It stands to reason that since the reactor can achieve a chain reaction, as long as its neutron multiplication coefficient k is greater than 1, if it is not controlled, the scale of the chain reaction will become larger and larger, and an explosion will eventually occur.

In other words, the reactor can also become an "atomic bomb", and in fact, if the breeder coefficient k is greater than 1 and left unchecked, the reactor will indeed explode, and the so-called reactor supercritical accident belongs to such a situation.

The reactor weighs hundreds, thousands of tons and cannot be used as a weapon. And in this case, the utilization rate of fissile material is very low, and the power of the explosion is not great. To build an atomic bomb, it is necessary to first reduce the critical mass and at the same time increase the power of the explosion.

This requires that the atomic bomb must use a fast neutron fission system, that the charge must be a high concentration of fissile material, and that the charge well exceeds the critical mass so that the proliferation coefficient k is much greater than 1.

The charges of atomic bombs can be obtained in large quantities and can be used as atomic bomb charges only for uranium-235, plutonium-239 and uranium-233.

Uranium-235 is the main charge of the atomic bomb, and it is not easy to obtain a high concentration of uranium-235 because the natural uranium-235 content is very small, about 140 uranium atoms contain only 1 uranium-235 atom, while the remaining 139 are uranium-238 atoms.

In particular, uranium-235 and uranium-238 are isotopes of the same element, their chemical properties are almost indistinguishable, and the relative mass difference between them is also small.

It is not possible to separate them with ordinary chemical methods, and it is useless to employ methods for separating isotopes of light elements.

Zhao Weidong knew that the key to successfully building an atomic bomb was the uranium enrichment method.

He knew that in order to obtain a high concentration of uranium-235, scientists had used a variety of methods to overcome this difficulty in the early days, and finally the "gas diffusion method" was finally successful.

The uranium-235 atom is about 1.3% lighter than the uranium-238 atom, and if the two atoms are left in a gaseous state, the uranium-235 atom will move slightly faster than the uranium-238 atom, and the two atoms can be separated slightly.

The gas diffusion method is based on the small mass difference between uranium-235 atoms and uranium-238 atoms, which first requires the conversion of uranium into a gaseous compound, of which uranium hexafluoride is the only suitable gaseous compound.

This compound is solid at room temperature and pressure, but it is easily volatile and sublimates into a gas at 56.4 °C.

The uranium hexafluoride molecule of uranium-235 differs from the uranium hexafluoride molecule of uranium-238 by less than one percent of the mass, but the difference has proven to be sufficient to separate them.

The uranium hexafluoride gas is forced through a porous diaphragm under pressure. Molecules containing uranium-235 pass through the porous separator slightly faster, so the amount of oil-235 increases slightly for each porous separator, but the increase is very small.

To obtain almost pure uranium-235, uranium hexafluoride gas needs to be passed through a porous separator thousands of times.

Zhao Weidong knows that the gas diffusion method has a high investment and a lot of power consumption, but this method is still the only way to achieve industrial applications.

Another important charge of the atomic bomb is plutonium-239, which is produced by a reactor, inside which uranium-238 absorbs a neutron and does not undergo fission and becomes uranium-239, which decays into neptunium-239 and neptunium-239 into plutonium-239.

Since plutonium and uranium are different elements, although only a small part of uranium is converted into plutonium, the separation between plutonium and uranium is much easier than that between uranium isotopes, so it is relatively easy to chemically extract pure plutonium.

Uranium-233 is also a charge of the atomic bomb, which is produced by neutron bombardment of thorium-232 in the reactor to generate thorium-233, and then decays twice β in succession.

As you can see from above, the latter two charges were produced by reactors. They are produced on the neutrons emitted during the fission of uranium-235, that is, they are formed at the cost of uranium-235, and they are inseparable from uranium-235 in the slightest.

In this sense, uranium-235 can be called a "nuclear fire", because without uranium-235 there would be no reactors, no atomic bombs, and no large-scale use of atomic energy.

With nuclear charges, as long as their volume or mass exceeds a certain critical value, the atomic bomb can be exploded, but there is also the problem of the initiation of the atomic bomb, that is, how to do it: when it is not needed to explode, it will not explode; When it needs to explode, it explodes instantly.

With a capable person in charge of government work, you can have a good government management team, and he will be in charge of all relevant work, and he only needs to seize the army, of course, with the current economic situation of each country, it is impossible to afford a highly modern army.

Therefore, under the current conditions, it is entirely necessary for Zhao Weidong himself to be responsible for the survival and development of the armed forces, and at the same time, for the sake of the economic development of various countries, it is estimated that for a long time, military expenditures will mainly be invested by Zhao Weidong's consortium.

How to further enhance the strength of the troops is a huge difficult problem facing Zhao Weidong; as far as conventional military strength is concerned, because the troops have adopted the most advanced training methods for training, the combat effectiveness of the troops is still guaranteed.

However, modern warfare is completely different from the wars of the past, and the strength of the armed forces and the strength of the country are mainly determined by the strength or weakness of the strategic deterrent forces.

This is mainly measured by the number of nuclear weapons, aircraft carriers, strategic nuclear submarines, and strategic missiles, and the top priority at present is to develop these industries, which no country will transfer, and the countries that possess them are highly secret.

Zhao Weidong brought in Ji Lingjun and deployed this work, and soon Ji Lingjun came to the office, and as soon as he arrived at the office, Ji Lingjun immediately asked:

"Brother, is there anything urgent about calling me here in such a hurry?"

"Sister Lingjun, there are some urgent matters that I want to discuss with you." Zhao Weidong said.

"What's the matter, you can tell it." Ji Lingjun smiled slightly.

"That's right, I think we have to develop conventional military forces, there is no problem, that is, to spend a little more money, but our strategic deterrence force is basically equal to zero." Zhao Weidong said in a heavy tone.

"Brother, if you have a strong military, doesn't it have a strategic deterrent effect?" Ji Lingjun asked puzzled.

"You may not have noticed the tremendous deterrent effect of the two atomic bombs when Japan surrendered." Zhao Weidong reminded.

"You are right, the deterrent effect of the atomic bomb is very large, do you plan to develop the atomic bomb?" Suzu-kun asked in surprise.

"Yes, without nuclear weapons, aircraft carriers, strategic nuclear submarines, and strategic missiles, you will never be able to straighten your waist, you will always be bullied, and if you are weak, you will be beaten, this is an eternal truth." Zhao Weidong said very seriously.

"Brother, you are right, if you are weak, you will be beaten, but it is not easy to develop an atomic bomb, and the relevant talents are easy to recruit, but the technology in this area is the top secret of all countries, and it will be a long time if you start researching it from scratch." Suzu-kun said worriedly.

Zhao Weidong secretly rejoiced that the information of later generations was very developed, and a large number of nuclear weapons, aircraft carriers, strategic nuclear submarines, and strategic missile knowledge were searched on Baidu, and the very key parameters were all at a glance.

Of course, the latest technology and core technology are strictly confidential and cannot be seen, but the technology of decades ago is still very public, and the direction of research, although there is no detailed technical information about many of the latest technologies, there are many expert analysis, and there are still technical points.

From this point of view, Zhao Weidong knows that he has an advantage over any other country, which can greatly shorten the development time, avoid detours, and greatly reduce the cost of development.

Zhao Weidong gave a detailed introduction to the relevant knowledge in this regard to Ji Lingjun, and asked her to carefully record that the atomic bomb is a weapon of mass destruction that uses the photothermal radiation, shock waves, and induced radioactivity of nuclear reactions to cause lethal and destructive effects, as well as to cause large-scale radioactive contamination and prevent the other side's military action in order to achieve strategic objectives.

It mainly includes fission weapons (first-generation nuclear weapons, commonly known as atomic bombs) and fusion weapons (also known as hydrogen bombs, which are divided into two-stage and three-stage types).

Others also put light elements with induced radiation inside the weapon to increase the intensity of radiation and expand pollution, or to enhance neutron radiation to kill and injure people, such as neutron bombs.

Nuclear weapons are a general term for weapons that use the energy released by nuclear fission or fusion reactions that can sustain themselves to produce explosive effects and have destructive effects of mass destruction. Among them, fission weapons made mainly using the fission chain reaction principle of heavy atomic nuclei such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239 are commonly known as atomic bombs.

Thermonuclear weapons or fusion weapons, commonly known as hydrogen bombs, are made mainly using the thermonuclear reaction principle of light atomic nuclei such as heavy hydrogen (deuterium) or super heavy hydrogen (tritium).

China successfully exploded its first atomic bomb on October 16, 1964, and according to declassified information, China spent a total of 2.8 billion yuan on the explosion of this atomic bomb. On June 17, 1967, the first hydrogen bomb test was successfully conducted, breaking the superpower's nuclear monopoly and nuclear blackmail policy.

Zhao Weidong especially explained the structural principle of the atomic bomb and the power of energy.

The energy released when fossil fuels such as coal and oil are burned comes from the chemical reaction of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The energy released during the explosion of chemical explosives such as TNT comes from the decomposition reaction of the chemical compound. In these chemical reactions, the nuclei of atoms such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen do not change, but the combined state of the individual atoms changes.

Unlike chemical reactions, nuclear fission or fusion reactions involve the transformation of the nuclei of the atoms involved in the reaction into other nuclei, and the atoms change. It is customary to refer to such weapons as atomic weapons. But in essence, it is the reaction and transformation of the atomic nucleus, so it is more accurate to call it a nuclear weapon.

The energy released when a nuclear weapon explodes is much greater than that of a conventional weapon containing only chemical explosives. For example, the energy released by the full fission of 1 kilogram of uranium is about 8×10^13 joules, which is about 20 million times greater than the energy of 4.19×106 joules released by the explosion of 1 kilogram of TNT explosives.

The total energy released by the explosion of a nuclear weapon, i.e. the magnitude of its power, is often expressed in terms of the amount of TNT explosives emitted with the same amount of energy, known as TNT equivalent. The TNT yield of various nuclear weapons equipped by the United States, the Soviet Union and other countries is only 1,000 tons, or even lower; Large up to 10 million tons, or even higher.

The explosion of a nuclear weapon not only releases a huge amount of energy, but also the nuclear reaction process is very fast, which can be completed in a microsecond time.

As a result, extremely high temperatures are formed in a small area around the explosion of a nuclear weapon, and the surrounding air is heated and compressed to rapidly expand, generating a high-pressure shock wave.

Nuclear explosions on the ground and in the air can also form fireballs in the surrounding air, emitting strong light radiation.

Nuclear reactions also produce various rays and fragments of radioactive material; The intensely pulsed rays radiated outwards interact with the surrounding material, causing the growth and disappearance of electric current, which in turn generates an electromagnetic pulse.

These characteristics, which are different from the explosion of chemical explosives, make nuclear weapons have unique lethal and destructive effects such as strong shock waves, optical radiation, early nuclear radiation, radioactive contamination and nuclear electromagnetic pulse.

The advent of nuclear weapons has had a significant impact on the strategy and tactics of modern warfare.

The atomic bomb is mainly a weapon that uses the huge energy released by nuclear fission to play a lethal role, and it is based on the same nuclear fission chain reaction as a nuclear reactor.

It stands to reason that since the reactor can achieve a chain reaction, as long as its neutron multiplication coefficient k is greater than 1, if it is not controlled, the scale of the chain reaction will become larger and larger, and an explosion will eventually occur.

In other words, the reactor can also become an "atomic bomb", and in fact, if the breeder coefficient k is greater than 1 and left unchecked, the reactor will indeed explode, and the so-called reactor supercritical accident belongs to such a situation.

The reactor weighs hundreds, thousands of tons and cannot be used as a weapon. And in this case, the utilization rate of fissile material is very low, and the power of the explosion is not great. To build an atomic bomb, it is necessary to first reduce the critical mass and at the same time increase the power of the explosion.

This requires that the atomic bomb must use a fast neutron fission system, that the charge must be a high concentration of fissile material, and that the charge well exceeds the critical mass so that the proliferation coefficient k is much greater than 1.

The charges of atomic bombs can be obtained in large quantities and can be used as atomic bomb charges only for uranium-235, plutonium-239 and uranium-233.

Uranium-235 is the main charge of the atomic bomb, and it is not easy to obtain a high concentration of uranium-235 because the natural uranium-235 content is very small, about 140 uranium atoms contain only 1 uranium-235 atom, while the remaining 139 are uranium-238 atoms.

In particular, uranium-235 and uranium-238 are isotopes of the same element, their chemical properties are almost indistinguishable, and the relative mass difference between them is also small.

It is not possible to separate them with ordinary chemical methods, and it is useless to employ methods for separating isotopes of light elements.

Zhao Weidong knew that the key to successfully building an atomic bomb was the uranium enrichment method.

He knew that in order to obtain a high concentration of uranium-235, scientists had used a variety of methods to overcome this difficulty in the early days, and finally the "gas diffusion method" was finally successful.

The uranium-235 atom is about 1.3% lighter than the uranium-238 atom, and if the two atoms are left in a gaseous state, the uranium-235 atom will move slightly faster than the uranium-238 atom, and the two atoms can be separated slightly.

The gas diffusion method is based on the small mass difference between uranium-235 atoms and uranium-238 atoms, which first requires the conversion of uranium into a gaseous compound, of which uranium hexafluoride is the only suitable gaseous compound.

This compound is solid at room temperature and pressure, but it is easily volatile and sublimates into a gas at 56.4 °C.

The uranium hexafluoride molecule of uranium-235 differs from the uranium hexafluoride molecule of uranium-238 by less than one percent of the mass, but the difference has proven to be sufficient to separate them.

The uranium hexafluoride gas is forced through a porous diaphragm under pressure. Molecules containing uranium-235 pass through the porous separator slightly faster, so the amount of oil-235 increases slightly for each porous separator, but the increase is very small.

To obtain almost pure uranium-235, uranium hexafluoride gas needs to be passed through a porous separator thousands of times.

Zhao Weidong knows that the gas diffusion method has a high investment and a lot of power consumption, but this method is still the only way to achieve industrial applications.

Another important charge of the atomic bomb is plutonium-239, which is produced by a reactor, inside which uranium-238 absorbs a neutron and does not undergo fission and becomes uranium-239, which decays into neptunium-239 and neptunium-239 into plutonium-239.

Since plutonium and uranium are different elements, although only a small part of uranium is converted into plutonium, the separation between plutonium and uranium is much easier than that between uranium isotopes, so it is relatively easy to chemically extract pure plutonium.

Uranium-233 is also a charge of the atomic bomb, which is produced by neutron bombardment of thorium-232 in the reactor to generate thorium-233, and then decays twice β in succession.

As you can see from above, the latter two charges were produced by reactors. They are produced on the neutrons emitted during the fission of uranium-235, that is, they are formed at the cost of uranium-235, and they are inseparable from uranium-235 in the slightest.

In this sense, uranium-235 can be called a "nuclear fire", because without uranium-235 there would be no reactors, no atomic bombs, and no large-scale use of atomic energy.

With nuclear charges, as long as their volume or mass exceeds a certain critical value, the atomic bomb can be exploded, but there is also the problem of the initiation of the atomic bomb, that is, how to do it: when it is not needed to explode, it will not explode; When it needs to explode, it explodes instantly.

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