Xiao Zhen sat alone in the room, with a computer on the table, and he was typing the keyboard quickly and slowly in front of the computer.

Xiao Zhen, who cut this cutting, is writing his experience after this research, and after that, he will sort out this experience and write a paper as the final assignment of this study.

Comparing He Qiu's practice in Suyu and his own measures in Langliu, Xiao Zhen thought about how to balance the rule of man and the rule of law in today's China, and whether the rule of law can replace or largely replace the rule of man and become the mainstream of social and political consciousness.

But his conclusions are pessimistic. It is difficult for the process of rule of law in China to go so fast. Not to mention whether the central government is willing to take big steps now, even if it is willing, do you dare to go? Even if you dare, it's hard to say whether you can get up or not.

Xiao Ke remembered that a former vice minister of the Ministry of Education said in an interview at the previous stage: "The biggest problem in China at present is that the government decrees are not compatible, and sometimes the things formulated by Zhongnanhai cannot get out of Zhongnanhai." For example, when it comes to solving student loans for students in difficulty, the lower authorities don't listen to it at all, and they don't even implement such policies, so what else do they say? ”

What the former vice minister said was only one aspect of the work of enemy breeding, and there are many manifestations of the failure of the central government's decrees. For example, the state has issued many regulations on strengthening production safety, and has even adopted accountability and organizational measures, and has also closed down many private mines in an attempt to ban "bloody dents." "But it can't stop the illegal production of enterprises that put economic interests first, nor can it stop the safety accidents caused by illegal production, including state-owned enterprises.

And Xiao Zhen knows that in a few years, the central government will now be very able to pull the real estate gradually become a big trouble, so he has been emphasizing the need to control the excessive growth of housing prices and stabilize the economic development situation. However, the local government still goes its own way, acts recklessly, desperately speculates on housing prices, and cares about people's livelihood. In some cities, housing prices have risen bizarrely by 2,000, 3,000, or 4,000 per day, and the kings of the land have appeared frequently, which is breathtaking. In order to achieve this goal, he even did not hesitate to collude with the underworld. The brutal demolition and relocation led to one bloody case after another.

In addition, there is no such thing as building buildings and halls, traveling abroad with public funds, buying official cars at standard standards, eating and drinking at public funds, etc.

Now people are quite surprised to hear that "government decrees do not go out of Zhongnanhai", but when they arrived, not only did the phrase "government decrees not go out of Zhongnanhai" become familiar to people, but correspondingly, people were also accustomed to the political reality that "grievances do not leave counties, districts, and townships."

Many people have nowhere to redress their grievances, justice is invisible, "open their chests and lungs" makes people stunned, "Tang ** rights protection" is one after another, and "Sun Xuanzhi proves his innocence" is not an isolated case. "Tang Sun Zhang. Fairness and justice must come at the cost of sacrificing lives and mutilating bodies. A grievance can be passed down through the ages, and "Tang Sun Zhang." The tragedy of the incident and the departure from human morality have disappeared into dust in a blink of an eye, and they have quickly stepped out of the public eye, why? The reason is very simple, Shi'e injustice was rare and strange in that era, and this is the only list, so it is thrilling and passed down from generation to generation; "Tang Sun Zhang" is not strange in this era, one after another, judging "strange" fatigue, judging "strange" fatigue, many, the effect of the "Tang" incident is inevitably just a surprise and then the waves are clear. There is no worst, only worse. In the subconscious of the public. I have long been accustomed to thinking that the next, the next, and the next one are waiting for their attention!

At that time, this ding, society, in terms of its material content, is indeed a human society, a country carrying hundreds of millions of people. However, in terms of the spiritual and moral aspects of its institutions, in some places it has degenerated into a jungle society, and it is difficult to see norms based on spiritual and moral rules, and a public coercive force that the people can safely rely on and impartially guarantee the realization of these norms, and this force we call the government. Although this government exists, local governments, large and small, that the people directly face not only fail to guarantee the safety of the public's lives and property, but have become the biggest violators of the public's life and property. In the context of interest groups that use the support of the government to blatantly plunder and rob citizens' wealth, can the public expect such a government to stand up for justice and provide protection?

Xiao Ding has always believed in his heart that the biggest crisis in China at present is not the Asian financial crisis, nor is it the crisis of encirclement by external forces caused by the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, but the crisis of political decay in some places, the crisis of anarchy, and the crisis of the government's "harshness of government over the tiger." This is the "magical land." The secret of why it is "magical". "Harsh government is fiercer than a tiger. An important reason why Confucius is so popular today is that Confucius appeared as a critic in this era, and the biggest feature of Confucius's political theory is benevolence and recuperation. He demanded that the rulers and the government exercise benevolent governance and establish a good political order like in the Zhou era. The unbearable reality leads us to re-face one of the fundamental questions of political philosophy: why do rulers rule, and why do the ruled obey? The answer is: "protection and obedience". The reason why the ruler can rule is because the ruler provides protection to the ruled; The reason why the ruled are willing to obey is that they can get the protection they want from the ruler, in the words of the common people, to live and work in peace. In this sense, if we link to Confucius's assertion, it is that "protection" provides "benevolent government." Obey. Giving rise to "reciprocation" and thus generating political order. This is the basic contract for the construction of a set of political order, both in China and abroad. Although this contract is not explicit, it is clearly present in the objective historical exhibition. In the "Sureties." In the contract, the defaulter is often the ruler's so-called "official coercion and civil rebellion". The ruler can no longer provide protection, he is harsh on taxes and miscellaneous taxes, and he is harsh on the government, so that the ruled cannot live and work in peace and contentment, and the ruled have no obligation to obey, so they riot, revolt, rebel, and revolutionize.

"If such a ** is not to serve the people, but to sell dog meat with a sheep's head, then the people must organize themselves and resolutely defeat the fake ** with an armed revolution! Overthrow its criminal rule in China! And completely, cleanly, and completely eliminate all the bureaucratic comprador and traitor forces attached to this treacherous clique! "Excerpt from the second volume of "Mao Xuan" published by Dalian Dazhong Bookstore in the burning year, page ** The words are still in my ears, but the bad performance of some of our party and government cadres has already reminded people of this sentence, what kind of dangerous situation is this? It is the authority of the central government and the rights of the people that have collapsed at the same time!

What is the reason for the collapse of central authority and popular rights? This brings us to the question of the authority of a government and the effectiveness of its politics. Does the government have authority? How effective is politics? Authority is a necessary condition for a government to exercise political rule. Without authority, there is no governance with sufficient authority. There is no good governance. …

"The government decree does not go out of Zhongnanhai" shows that the government does not have enough authority. The next question is that authority is always relative to the object of some kind of authority, that is, to whom it is authoritative. Whether it is the authority of the common people, or the authority of the bureaucracy. "Decrees do not leave Zhongnanhai" clearly does not mean that the central government lacks authority over ordinary people. On the contrary, according to a survey by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the general public has the highest level of trust and identification with the central government. Then, "government decrees do not go out of Zhongnanhai" of course refers to the problem of the central government's insufficient authority over the bureaucratic system, and its direct manifestation is that government decrees are not smooth, politically corrupt, and politically ineffective. "Decrees do not go out of Zhongnanhai" is one aspect of the government's lack of sufficient authority and political ineffectiveness, and on the other hand, some local governments have no authority over the people under their rule.

The first cause of political corruption and political failure is departmentalism and localism. Specifically, the group of people is the special interest groups that have established special relationships with various government departments and the local interest groups that have close ties with local governments. The direct consequence of the failure of the decree is that the laws and policies formulated by the central authorities cannot be effectively implemented, and its indirect consequence, or the most important consequence, is that the interests of the general public are harmed and their interests are not realized. Therefore, on the one hand, people have a high degree of identification with the central government, and on the other hand, they have a low degree of identification with specific government departments and local governments, and regard it as a stronghold for corrupt officials. In some places, governments and officials have even become enemies of the people.

It is an embarrassing fact that while departmentalism and localism are blocking the smooth flow of central government decrees and harming the interests of the people, the central government is also providing legitimacy support to various government departments and local governments, which are directly or indirectly set up by the central government. Once there is a conflict of interest between departmental and local interest groups and the people, it becomes a difficult matter which side the central government is on.

The second reason for political corruption is the laziness and shogunate administration of some departments and localities.

The third reason for political corruption is the profit-seeking and sinicization of the green forest in the use of public power. I opened this mountain, I planted this tree, if you want to fight this, leave it to buy road wealth.

The fourth reason for political corruption is that some public powers have reached the point of "legal triads," and there is no room for benign interaction between the government and the people by grabbing, usurping, and using force. As soon as there was an incident, the police were dispatched to suppress the people and manage people's lives. In some places, the government has failed or lost any function other than repression. Persuasion, guidance, education, negotiation, negotiation, compromise, mediation, etc., are all regarded as mothers-in-law, and officials who advocate the use of these methods are considered to lack competence and courage. Even an official like He Qiu, Xiao Zhen thinks that he actually wants to do something practical for the people, and he also thinks that there is no need to explain everything to the people, and feels that this explanation is too wasteful of time.

However, it is these excessive psychology that make the people's rights collapse, and the central government's decrees are gradually unable to get out of Zhongnanhai.

Xiao Zhen knows that the current housing reform has only been carried out for a short time, and most people would not have thought that the housing prices would be so high in the future, and many people now feel that the housing reform is still acceptable. After all, the government gave a small house of more than ten square meters to live in a family of three or even more people is too disagreeable, as long as you work hard to make money after the housing reform, you will eventually have a set of your own "two bedrooms and one living room"

However, Xiao Ke, who knew the future situation, could not help but start planning ahead of time.

In the future, high housing prices and land finance are problematic in Xiao Ke's view. After the sharp rise in housing prices in previous lives, there is a common view that the reason why local governments resisted the central government's decree to regulate housing prices and raised housing prices so high was mainly due to the tax-sharing system. After the implementation of the tax-sharing system, the central government took the majority of the tax sources, and the local tax sources decreased. According to common sense, the reduction of tax sources should lead to a reduction in the public functions undertaken by local governments. However, the public functions undertaken by local governments have not decreased, but have gradually increased, and local finances are overwhelmed, so borrowing land to make money, raising housing prices, and auctioning land at high prices have become a very important means to make up for the lack of fiscal expenditure.

If we look at things on a case-by-case basis, there is a certain truth in the theory that the tax-sharing system leads to land finance, and this truth is also very confusing. If the "three public consumption" is taken into account, this truth may be difficult to stand. For example, since the beginning of the injury, the expenditure of public funds for China's financial and administrative undertakings has increased every year. More than 100 million yuan, four years later, the expenditure of this fund has been close to absorbing Zhou Yiyuan. Traditionally, this part of the expenditure is called the "three public consumption", that is, public funds for eating, drinking, hospitality, bus expenses, and going abroad at public expense. It is about the same as the end of the fiscal expenditure for the whole year. A faculty member of the National School of Administration said in a CCTV interview program that in a country like the United States, the proportion of administrative expenditure in total fiscal expenditure is about 2 yuan, and the average of the country is about 2 yuan. According to a professor at Yale University, the US government spends only 1 percent of its financial expenditures on public goods such as social security, medical care, and public health, education, and culture, while administrative expenditures only account for the habitual expenditure, while China's government expenditures are only used for social security, medical and public health, culture, education, and scientific research.

It can be seen that local governments spend more money on the "three public consumption". There is a very strange logic here, the control of the "three public consumption" and the regulation of housing prices are both central government decrees, and neither decree has been effectively implemented. The result of resisting the central government's decree and the consumption of the three public has become another reason for resisting the central government's decree to regulate housing prices.

Therefore, in Xiao Zhen's view, the future housing prices are too high and difficult to restrict, largely because of the decline of the central political authority.

If we look at local government debt, it is even more obvious. China's local government debt problem has a long history. Although the current "Budget Law" and other relevant laws strictly prohibit local fiscal deficits and local governments from borrowing, in fact, most local governments at all levels have expanded their deficits to varying degrees, borrowed to live or operated in debt, and most of these debts are hidden. Xiao Zhen is well aware that after the old year, the accumulation of inflated local government debt has become one of the biggest risk factors in China's macroeconomy.

According to the history of the previous life, the total debt of local governments in ten years will be about 8 trillion yuan; Considering that the infrastructure projects that started in the Jinkou year will enter the peak period of construction in Lijiu, the demand for funds will gradually rise, so it is not surprising that the scale of local government loans in the old year will be expanded by another 3 trillion 4 trillion yuan. According to this projection, the scale of local government loans may be reached by the end of the year. Trillions and trillions.

Xiao Ding also knew that after the murderous year, for the second... Handi reduced the impact of the financial crisis. The central government will take measures to expand the economy of the world. Surprisingly, why do government departments and local governments, which often implement central government decrees at a discount, respect the authority of the central government so much this time, and implement central policies without discounting, or even on a local basis? Most of these issues are analyzed from the perspective of economic and financial risks, or from the perspective of the reform of the central and local tax distribution system. From a political point of view, it can be seen that this is a way of ignoring the central authority in the way of respecting the central authority. Among the large amounts of government investment, many of them are actually ineffective and repetitive. According to the unspoken rules of the industry, a project that only needs to cost 100 million yuan will be quoted at the final price, and some can even reach more than four times. As for where the money ends up, it's a well-known secret in the engineering world. The ultimate source of government investment funds is nothing more than the people's taxes, and the increase in the people's tax burden objectively causes the people's property rights to be squeezed.

One more thing: the Beijing Office. The existence of the Beijing Office and its multiplication and growth have become an industry in the capital. From the point of view of authoritative analysis, it is a contradictory phenomenon. On the one hand, it shows the authority of the central government, which shows that the central government has huge political and economic resources, and on the other hand, it shows the decay of the central authority. The existence and growth of the Beijing Office means that the authority of the central government can be "traded". Target. What is called "trading." "is a generalized" transaction. "It's not just a power-for-money deal. Through the PR of the Beijing Office. The central government's policies, projects, and investments are constantly being exported to the local governments. Some local violations may be tolerated or the central government's accountability may be mitigated by public relations activities. Where public relations is not effective, the interests are relatively damaged. Objectively, this is a disguised loss of central authority.

Xiao Ke's typing is getting faster and faster, just. His brow furrowed tighter.

Is there a traditional way to solve double collapse?

The central authorities are well aware of the fact that government decrees are not smooth and political corruption and the harm they are harmful, and have taken a series of measures. For example, the level of government has been reduced, and the realization of direct management of counties by provinces has been considered, so that the central government can manage local governments more directly; The Central Party School directly organizes training classes for county party secretaries, so that these county party committees can symbolically receive the central government's policy intentions as "protégés of the Son of Heaven" and reduce the loss of policy communication; The central government dispatched inspection teams to the local governments to supervise local officials; The Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the Supreme People's Procuratorate have opened a hotline to accept reports and complaints from the public." The intention of these measures is very obvious, that is, to overcome the situation in which the central government's decrees are blocked, so that the central government's decrees and authority can be inserted to the end.

Are these policies a return to politics or a political innovation? In fact, these policies, with the exception of online whistleblowing hotlines, are no significant improvement over the policies of local control that have been adopted by the monolithic political landscape for thousands of years. It can be said that since Qin Shi Huang established a unified and unified Chinese empire, it has been faced with the problem of how to effectively manage the huge territory and the officials and people living on it with a centralized central government. Take the secretary of the Central Pei Scrap County Party Committee as an example, in the feudal era, the appointment of a county official was also approved by the emperor. In other words, as long as the centralized system of great unification continues to exist, the cyclical decay of politics and the periodic law of dynasties will remain in effect despite various measures to strengthen the authority of the central government and prevent political corruption.

Under a unified and centralized political system, why does the law of political decay and failure and dynastic cycles repeatedly take effect and are tried and tested? If we analyze the reasons, we can see the fact that the decline of most dynasties began with the decay and decay of the official group, and all began with the inability of the central government to control its entire bureaucratic system. In other words, it started with the government and officials at all levels harassing the people, harassing the people, harming the people, and the central government was powerless and unable to control it. Going a little deeper, it began with the gradual sharpening of the contradictions and antagonisms between the entire bureaucratic system, the group of officials, and the broad masses of the people, and the central government's inability to effectively adjust and ease the tense relations between the government and the people.

One of the fatal flaws of the political system of great centralization is that there is only one central government in such a large country, so many government departments and local governments, and so many officials. Of course, Xiao Ke does not mean that there should be many central governments, but that this is a one-to-many dilemma. To use a simple analogy, it is very easy for a teacher to control a class with a few students, but is it possible for a teacher to effectively control a class with a bad name or even a student? Perhaps, in a relatively short period of time, due to the teacher's knowledge and personality, he can achieve effective control over the classroom.

As time goes by, it gradually becomes inadequate. If nothing else, it would be a miracle to be able to call the name of this persuasion student. As for whether these many students pay attention to the lectures, whether they complete their homework conscientiously, whether they cause trouble outside, fight and fight, can the teacher manage it? Do you want a teacher to try to persuade this homework every day? In such a situation, if you want to talk about the authority of the teacher and the smooth flow of government decrees, isn't that a chicken talking about a duck?

Therefore, under the centralized and unified political system, the central government cannot control its huge government system and official group, which is an inevitable thing; It is inevitable that these governments and officials will definitely infringe on the interests of the common people; In the end, it is clear what path the common people can choose.

This is a political system issue, and it is a political dilemma that cannot be resolved by the traditional political system.

But, in another political system, it is a technical problem of political domination, there is a solution, it can be solved technically, and there is an existing solution.

** The dialogue with Mr. Huang Yanpei on the law of historical cycles has given an answer to this historical question, and believes that democracy can solve this problem. However, the political practice of ** failed, leading to unrest in the country. This led to a decade of "Cultural Revolution".

If you want to break free from the centralized system, "one-to-many." The technical dilemma can only open up a "many-to-many" path, that is, let the people supervise the government. The reason why the great democratic experiment failed was that he did not find a political system in which the people supervised the government, and what he found was the "revolutionary way" of the people smashing the government. ** smashed the "bureaucratic class" as he wished. The privileged class in his mind, he also smashed the political order of the entire country at the same time. His tragedy lies in his failure to find a balance between the pursuit of equality and the fight against privilege on the one hand, and the maintenance of order and production. That balance is democracy, human rights and the rule of law. ** While pursuing democracy, which is mainly the democracy of the lower classes, human rights are suppressed. Flouting the rule of law, claiming that "monks with umbrellas and lawlessness" finally broke into a catastrophe.

To be precise, the political power of "many-to-many" was found, but the proper way of how to do so "many-to-many" was not found.

Is it possible to "civil rights to remedy authoritarianism, and authoritarianism to support civil rights"? This is a big circle to show that if the government wants to establish its own authority, and if the central government wants to establish its authority over local governments, it should not attach too much importance to those traditional political methods, although they have a certain effect. To fundamentally solve the difficult problem of "one-to-many", to break through the technical bottleneck of the ruling technology of the centralized and unified political system, and to realize the transformation from "one-to-many" to "many-to-many", "it is necessary to fully respect the democratic rights of the people, let the people fully enjoy the freedoms and rights stipulated by the Constitution and laws, fully open their speech, and enable the people to conveniently supervise the government in accordance with the law."

The authority of the central government should be sought from the rights of the people, not from the self-circular argument of the central authority.

At present, a force in China that is an obstacle to both the authority of the central government and the rights of the people is a special interest group. Xiao does not advocate the so-called idealized elimination of special interest groups, not because he himself is a member of the interest group, but because interest groups exist objectively under any political system. It is better to eliminate politics than to eliminate them. The problem now is that the special interest groups are getting bigger and bigger than the "bureaucratic class" that we were concerned with back then, and they are a combination of power and capital. The enlargement of special interest groups not only hinders the central government from making decisions that are in the interests of the greatest number of the public, but also hinders the smooth implementation of the central government's decrees, and also squeezes the people's interest demands and interest space without any scruples.

The general emphasis on central authority and the simple call for democracy do not create an effective check on special interest groups. Xiao Ke only has a vague consideration for this, and thinks that the relationship between the game between interest groups and democratic politics should be considered. When it comes to interest groups, many people may think that they are vested interest groups, concubine special interest groups, and those powerful groups in society, such as powerful real estate interest groups and energy interest groups in the future. In fact, ordinary people can also become interest groups. For example, migrant workers, workers, peasants, white-collar workers, the media, people who aspire to have a second child, lawyers who advocate the abolition of Article 1 of the Criminal Law, and teachers who advocate that salaries not lower than those of civil servants can all become interest groups.

Becoming an interest group does not mean that it is enough to have the same identity and the same interests. The key is whether they are able to recognize the unanimous and universal interest, and to express and act on it. That is to say, Marx said that from the "class in itself" to the "class in itself", otherwise it will be a plate of scattered sand, unable to form collective expression and strength, and can only be mediated. The body single-handedly deals with powerful interest groups, unable to do anything, which only adds to the tragedy. In Xiao Zhen's previous life, during the two sessions of the old year, the Central Committee of the Jiusan Society advocated the establishment of a collective bargaining mechanism for workers' wages, hoping to separate workers. The struggle becomes a collective struggle, and this struggle becomes strong. This topic aroused heated discussions among the deputies and members of the two sessions. Many deputies and members, including a vice-president of the ACFTU, agreed with this approach. According to the statistics of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, in enterprises with wage negotiations, the wages of workers are better, and they are higher than those of employees in enterprises without collective bargaining. Facts have proved that this kind of struggle can only be effective if the workers are organized and strong.

If we calmly look back at history, we will see that what are the people's democratic rights that were not won through such struggles? The eight-hour working day is the result of the labor movement, the equal rights of black people in the United States are the result of the black equality movement, and the suffrage of the British working class is the result of the Chartist movement. Therefore, like the "Tang", the people who have been damaged and insulted in society should also become interest groups with independent consciousness, and fight for them, play games, and form pressure with interest groups that ignore and harm their interests.

However, as a government official who is interested in improving the situation, Xiao Zhen feels that in such a special period, one of the duties that the state and the government must fulfill is to allow people to play games in order to obtain legitimate interests from special interest groups. Specific forms of gambling can be fully integrated into the orbit of the rule of law, which is an essential part of a democratic society. It is much better to allow a game between normal and legitimate interest groups than for people to find a suitable channel for interest appeals and create a group case. Some people are worried that if the workers of the railways and civil aviation go on strike, won't the country be paralyzed? In fact, this can be solved by means of legislation. For example, it could be stipulated that employees in the public sector may not go on strike. Or they can go on strike, but they must maintain a minimum of service, and they must maintain the normal operation of railways and flights. There are existing regulations for these things in foreign countries that can be used for reference. Think about it, if Tang, Sun, and Zhang had normal channels for appeals and the support of organizational forces, would they have adopted that extreme way to defend their rights?

There should be a sense of urgency in this country, and such tragedies should not be allowed to happen again, and their consciences should not be subjected to such torture again and again.

Xiao Zhen finally stopped the constant beating, but instead picked up the pen and paper next to him and wrote two lines of words: "Civil rights remedy authoritarianism, authoritarianism supports civil rights"

The people's struggle for their rights is mainly based on the laws and policies adopted by the central government, and when the people's rights are upheld, the laws and laws of the central government on which they claim their rights can be followed; If the laws and policies of the central government are well observed, will the authority of the central authorities be automatically established? Isn't the central government's decree smooth in this process? Conversely, when the legitimate interests of the people conflict with the interests of local governments and departments, the central government should not hesitate to support the legitimate demands of the people. People will see that the central government has safeguarded the rights of the people and strengthened the authority of the central government through case-by-case conflict resolution, through the exemplary role of such case-like resolution, and through the suppression of the unreasonable interests of local governments and departments. Why not?

"Do you speak for the people or for the party?" This unfunny joke also once stung Xiao Zhen deeply, especially in this life, which made him particularly worried. However, today, after the research was written, he can finally sleep easily.

Because, in fact, there is no contradiction between the will of the central authorities and the will of the people.

This is probably the most intensive chapter in the book that expresses Xiao Zhen's political ideals, and it may be really boring. Quiet. Many words, I don't make up a farmer. Already, lest you cheat everyone out of two cents", ,, If you want to know what will happen next, please log in to the candle, more chapters, support it