Drink too much, send the wrong one, please forgive me, correct it tomorrow, update normally this month, at least two chapters a day.

The bow is one of the oldest projectile weapons. It consists of an elastic bow arm and a flexible bowstring that can be used to shoot arrows or projectiles from the bowstring at distant targets when the force built up during the stretching process is released in an instant.

"Bow" is a pictograph, the ancients used a bow, loosen the string in peacetime, and tension the string in wartime, so the "bow" in the oracle bone inscription corresponds to two glyphs.

"Bow" is a pictograph, so where is the bowstring? In fact, the horizontal stroke of the word "bow" is the bowstring. Because the bowstring should be loosened when it is stored, if the bowstring is always taut, the bowstring will fatigue and lose its elasticity. The word "bow" starts with a horizontal stroke, and the last few strokes are the back of the bow. The word "bow" refers to the bow in non-combat situations.

Note that no matter which zigzag of the "bow" is, there is a bend in the middle, why is that?

The origin of the bow is very early, and archaeological discoveries have found that there are stone arrowheads at the site of the Zhiyu culture in Shuo County, Shanxi Province 30,000 years ago, which indicates that the ancestors had used the bow at that time. Early bows were made of bamboo or wood, which were prone to decay and difficult to preserve. Although there are no physical objects, it is conceivable that the original bow is no different from the toys of today's children. Bend a piece of bamboo or a branch over it, tie it tightly with a piece of rope, and pull the ends to form a bow. This kind of bow is roughly a semicircle, or to be more precise, a circular arc.

The modern word for "bow" is a pictogram. In the Shang Dynasty oracle bone inscription, there was already the word "bow". Why is the word "bow" more twisted and twisty, rather than a circular arc? Compared with the latter, the former has an extra bend in the middle, which is very exquisite, and it can be said that it is a great advance in ancient bow-making technology, and it is a landmark progress.

Why bend in the middle of the bow? From the knowledge of modern mechanics, it is conceivable that a straight bamboo piece is made up of many thin pieces of bamboo glued together layer by layer. When the bamboo is bent into an arc, the outer layer of bamboo is subjected to tension, and the inner layer of bamboo is subjected to pressure. If the strength of the bow is greater, the more the bamboo will be bent, and when the force reaches unbearable, cracks or even breaks will occur. In order to allow the bamboo to bear a large bending force and the outer layer not to crack, the ancients thought of bending the bamboo in the opposite direction in advance, so that the outer layer was subjected to some pressure and the inner layer was subjected to some tension. When the bow is used, the outer layer is pulled and the inner layer is compressed, so that some of the forces can be counteracted from the inside, and the force on the bow increases, so that the appearance of the "bow" is formed. First, bend in the opposite direction, in modern engineering terminology, "prestress".

Bending first creates prestress, which was first applied to bow making in ancient times. The early records are unknown, but the famous scholar Shen Kuo of the Song Dynasty made a relevant account in the "Mengxi Bi Tan", which summarized it very incisively, saying: "(The bow) rubs its material to make Yang." "Kneading" means "bending", and "lingyang" means "bending in the opposite direction". The bow made in this way has great strength. The bow of the Warring States period seen in the excavation is bent inward in the middle, indicating that the bow-making craftsmen at that time already understood the application of prestress.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, bow-making technology reached a very high level. Written in the early Warring States period, the "Examination of the Gongji" records in detail the materials used in bow-making and the requirements for the production process. The six materials used to "take six materials for the bow" are: dried (zerch, mulberry, orange, papaya, wattle, bamboo, etc.), horn (horn), tendon, glue (deer, horse, ox, rat, fish, rhino), silk and lacquer. Clear selection criteria are specified for each material. The production process of the bow is really very particular, do the bow dry in winter, soak the corners in the spring, treat the tendons in the summer, and make the bow body together with silk, glue and lacquer in the autumn, and place the bow body in the bow box to determine its shape after the winter, and then install the bowstring test in the spring of the next year, and make a good bow for three years.

Since the ancient Chinese bow is no longer arc-shaped, poets rarely use the "bow" as a metaphor for the waning moon in the sky.

In Japanese, the word "bow and moon" means "string moon", and the string moon is named after "bow", which seems to mean that the bow of ancient Japan did not have that "bend". The temple on the Greek island of Aegina (c. 480 BC) has an artistic statue ———of a warrior shooting an arrow, which also indicates that the prestressed bow was not invented in ancient Greece.

Bows can be divided into two categories: "straight bow" and "curved bow". A "straight bow" is a straight piece of wood or bamboo that is wound; "Bending the bow" is to bend the curved material that already has a large degree of bending in the opposite direction and string it to make it more elastic. In addition, according to the production method, the bow can be divided into three types: "single bow", "enhanced bow", and "synthetic bow". "Single bow" refers to a bow made by simply bending a bow body material to fit the string. The "Reinforced Bow" uses rope to wrap and strengthen the bow body to increase the elasticity of the bow. "Synthetic bow" is made of animal horns, bones or bamboo, etc., this kind of bow is elastic enough, powerful, long range, but the production is more complicated, the bow also has the size of the length of the difference, usually used large bows and adult body length equal, short bows are mostly used by cavalry. In ancient China, the nomadic peoples in the north and northwest mostly used short bows, while the ethnic minorities in the southeast mostly used long bows. It is said that at that time, the people in the Central Plains called these people who used big bows "Yi", and it is interesting to break down the word "Yi" to "big" and "bow".

Bows and arrows are the oldest projectile weapons used by humans. Its origin cannot be determined exactly, as many peoples of the world used bows and arrows in their early stages. The earliest discovery in China to date is a stone arrowhead from the Paleolithic period, which is a stone-polished arrowhead, about 28,000 years ago. This stone is made of flint, about 2.8 centimeters long, with a sharp edge and fine workmanship. It is speculated that this is not the oldest arrowhead in our country, and the use of bows and arrows by our ancestors should be pushed back to 30,000 years ago. Bows and arrows in the early days of primitive societies were simple to make and crudely shaped. The bow body is bent with bamboo strips and tied to the bowstring, that is, "the string wood is the arc". Wooden sticks or bamboo poles are then sharpened as arrows, and the so-called "wood is used as arrows" to make bows and arrows. At that time, it was a great step forward in society, as it could shoot wild animals from a long distance while avoiding the threat and harm of predators at close range. Later, people used stone chips or animal bones to grind into arrowheads, which were installed on arrowheads, which greatly improved the killing effect, and people could hunt more birds and beasts more easily. After entering the Bronze Age, not only did the arrow have a sharper and sharper copper arrowhead, but also the shape of the bow was more elastic. The bow of the Shang Dynasty was obviously concave towards the side of the archer, and when the bow was pulled and released, the bow body was bent in the opposite direction, which was more powerful than the original single bow, and could maintain strong elasticity after the string was opened, greatly extending the range.

The exact date of the use of bows and arrows in human warfare is not well understood. But by the Spring and Autumn period, bows and arrows had become an important long-range weapon in the army. Prior to this, according to the "Zhou Li? According to the records of Xia Guan and "Examination of Work", the national military industry department of the Zhou Dynasty had an institution dedicated to the production and distribution of bows and arrows. At that time, there were six types of bows: king bow, arc bow, clamp bow, Tang bow, Geng bow, and big bow. Among them, the king bow and the arc bow are specially used to defend the city or chariot battle; Tang bows and big bows were used for training and shooting; Clamp bows and hept bows are used for hunting. At the same time, there are strict regulations for the selection and production of various bows. For example, to make a good bow, you need to choose wood as the bow stem, in addition to the horns decorated on both sides of the bow, the silk thread that wraps around the bow body and the animal tendons that stick to the outside, as well as the glue and lacquer that are applied, all need to be carefully prepared and selected. Ancient bow-making techniques also paid great attention to the season of materials, the climate in which they were processed, and so on, so it often took several years of effort for craftsmen to make a good bow. During the Warring States period, the production of bows has formed a complete set of processes, and some well-preserved Warring States bows have been unearthed in a Chu tomb in Changsha. One of them is 140 cm long, 4.5 cm wide at its widest point and 5 cm thick, with horns on both sides. The bow is made of bamboo, and the middle section is made of four bamboo pieces, and the outside is glued with gelatinous flake animal tendons, and the outside of the bow is wrapped in silk and painted. Although this kind of bow is considered an ordinary bow, it is a composite bow in ancient times, with six materials of dry, horn, tendon, glue, silk and lacquer. Later, the changes in the bow were all reflected in the selection of materials and production, and the basic style did not change much.

As a long-range weapon, the bow and arrow were widely used in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and were listed as the first of the weapons, and the son of the noble general learned archery from an early age. "Shooting" as a skill is something that the minister must be familiar with

One of the "Six Arts" is not only regarded as a ritual at the monarch's meetings and banquets, but also as a ritual in folk customs. Whichever family gives birth to a boy, a bow will be hung at the door, and it is expected that when the boy grows up, he will be brave and powerful, and he will be good at shooting. During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, there was a young general named "Yang Xiangji", who practiced archery since he was a child, and was proficient in archery skills when he was a teenager. ”

During the Han Dynasty, the making of bows and arrows was more conducive to actual combat, and many bows and arrows were made for foot warfare, water warfare, and cavalry warfare. There are tiger bows, carved bows, horn end bows, road bows, strong bows, etc. Not only is the bow strong but also decorated with copper hoops and jade horns, which are very delicate and beautiful. People regard archery as both a tactic and an art, and some people describe Lu Bu's archery as "the bow opens like the autumn moon in the sky, and the arrow goes like a meteor landing". In ancient classics, many literati poured ink to describe vivid and realistic bow and arrow battle scenes. "Romance of the Former Han Dynasty" describes that during the reign of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, Zhou Yafu faced Wu Chubing, "the front drive sent out crossbowmen, and the rear team sent out sword players, and strictly guarded". In addition: the enemy soldiers "flew together in groups, competing for the Han army"; Han Gaozu "braved the arrows to supervise the battle, without fear". Li Guang, the famous "flying general" of the Han Dynasty, once shocked the border pass with his archery stunt of 100 steps through Yang, so that the Xiongnu did not dare to attack. It is said that the name of the arrow used by Li Guang is "Big Yellow Arrow", and it is often said that "a strong bow shoots in all directions, and the arrow is like a flying locust". What is even more surprising is that once, when Li Guang was inspecting the foothills, he saw a tiger lying in the grass from afar, and hurriedly opened his bow and shot an arrow at the tiger. But the tiger lay still, and when he got closer, he saw that it was a big rock that looked like a tiger. The arrow penetrated about a few inches into the stone, and only the feathers were exposed. After this arrow, Li Guang's reputation was greater, and everyone said that Li Guang had divine power, so the arrow could penetrate stones. Although archery requires skill, arm strength is the first condition. In ancient times, the bow strength was calculated in "stone" (1 stone = 94 catties). During the Three Kingdoms, the famous Shu general Huang Zhong was still unwilling to accept old age although he was over the age of six. Once, Shu State pointed to the general, and wanted to break the famous Wei State General Zhang Deng. The military advisor Zhuge Liang thought that only Zhang Fei could resist Zhang Deng. Huang Zhong said: "Although he is old, his arms are still three stone bows, and he still has the strength of a thousand catties in his body, is he not enough to defeat Zhang Deng Pifuye?" As he spoke, he took off the big knife on the shelf, and the hard bow on the wall was dragged and folded twice, which can be described as "old and strong". The tension of the bow increases in the north and south. According to the "Book of Liang": "Yang Kan's arm strength is overwhelming, and the bow used is up to twelve stones, and he immediately uses a six-stone bow." ”

The Tang Dynasty bows were divided into four types: long bows, horn bows, slight bows, and lattice bows. The longbow was used for foot combat, the horn bow was used for cavalry combat, and the slight bow and checkered bow were hunting bows and Imperial Guard bows. After the Tang and Song dynasties until the Ming and Qing dynasties, the shape of the bow became more and more simplified, which can be roughly divided into commonly used bows and practice bows. The former focuses on the accuracy of shooting, while the latter practices the arm strength of the open bow, so the practice uses the "big bow" and "long bow". The Ming Dynasty paid special attention to the selection and production of bows, and the materials used in a bow often came from many places.

In ancient Chinese history, courtiers of all generations attached great importance to the making and use of bows. Because in ancient wars, "when two armies meet, the bow and crossbow come first". Whether it is attacking and defending towns, ambush warfare, or positional warfare, you can use bows and arrows as sharp weapons, "strike first is strong". Since the advent of firearms, bows and arrows continued to serve in the army because of their light and dexterous and high hit rate, and continued to be used until the end of the Qing Dynasty. To this day, we can still witness the heroic demeanor of archers in the sports arena.

Since the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the bow has always been the main long-range weapon, so its production has always been highly valued. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the craftsmanship of bows has made great progress, and its quality has been greatly improved. It was used by all countries to equip their troops and was used in large quantities in the wars of the time. From "Examination of Work? It can be seen in "Bow Man" that there were already relatively scientific bow-making norms at that time. Its production, the first emphasis on the selection of materials, its basic materials have six kinds, called "six materials": "dry, angle, rib, glue, silk, lacquer". The functions of the "six materials" are respectively "those who do it, think it is far away; Those who are horned are also thought to be sick; Those who have tendons think they are deep; Those who glue also, think that they are harmonious; Those who are silk also think that they are solid; Those who paint also think that they are subject to frost and dew." The selection standards for the six materials are very strict and divided into grades, such as the bow stem, "where to take the dry way seven", of which Zhemu is the best, and the bamboo is the second. It usually takes two or three years for a good bow to be made, and the bow thus produced is a very mature composite bow with high elasticity and durability, and is often referred to as a "horn bow" in the literature. Regarding the ancient bows in the Spring and Autumn Period, there have been many uneartheds in the Chu tombs in Hunan, Hubei and other places, and they can basically confirm the records of ancient books such as "Examination of Work".

Many types of bows were developed in the Middle Ages, including short, compound, and longbow. Three to four feet long, the short bow is relatively easy to manufacture and use, and has the widest range of applications and is the most common. It has medium range, power, and accuracy, and requires sufficient experience and training to use it effectively.

Compound bows are weapons of Asian origin and are made of elongated pieces of mixed wood or bone. This laminate can make extremely powerful bows. The shorter composite bow was best used as a weapon for horse archers, especially the Mongols and other riders from Asia. The deformation of the compound bow is made by bending its ends forward (by vaporizing and pulling the laminate with force), and this backward bending of the bow creates more force and requires a high degree of physical strength and technical manipulation.

The longbow originated in Wales and later spread to England, was six feet long and was made from a single piece of wood, usually yew. The length of the bow is three feet (equal to one yard, and the yard is the unit used to calculate the cloth. Long arrows. When dealing with infantry, it is not necessary to pull the bow too tightly to pierce the leather armor they wear; When dealing with armored soldiers, the armor of the infantry or cavalry can be pierced by pulling hard. Shooting with a longbow requires a lot of training and practice; An experienced longbowman can make six high-hit shots in one minute. The longbow has a long range and great power. On the battlefields of the Middle Ages, a large number of experienced longbowmen often brought great lethality to the enemy. They can shoot at individual targets or in a dense range of shots at a specific area.

Archery competitions were held throughout the UK to encourage the use of longbows. On Sundays, all sports except archery were banned, so that a large number of experienced longbowmen could be produced and recruited. Each county in England is required by law to provide a certain number of longbowmen per year. There is usually no shortage of conscripts for this recruitment exercise, because the salary of a soldier is higher than that of other jobs -

The bow is one of the ancient weapons, the arrow can be far, the origin of this method is the most ancient, the Yellow Emperor is especially in Zhuolu, the bow and arrow are used purely to win, this is the earliest one with a bow and arrow; However, the bow and arrow at that time, all of them were made of bamboo and wood, although they could reach far, they could not be perfected, and then they deduced their reasoning, invented each other, and made precise transformations, so the bow and arrow became a sharp weapon of war, not only the ancients shot the skills, but also opened the end of the firearms of later generations. According to the first person of the bow and arrow; Examination of the work of the cloud: the ancient legend of the Yellow Emperor waved the bow, Xunzi called the bow of the bow, and the classic of mountains and seas is said to be the same as the young life, which is the beginning of the bow. According to the chronological examination, it should be the creator of the wave, and the general is probably the ancient bow man. At that time, the use of bows and arrows, Cheng 100 times more than other weapons, not only strength and far, good at sorcerers, intensive study and skillful, wear Yang Guan lice, 100 steps to shoot people, foolproof, compared to modern firearms, no more concessions, so eighteen kinds of martial arts, with the bow and crossbow to start and end in white, its attention is also appropriate.