1. The concept of witchcraft

Witchcraft is a method of using supernatural mystical powers to influence or control certain people or things. In ancient times, the female name of the caster was the witch, and the name of the man was the witch. Witchcraft is a certain ritual performance, using and indulging some kind of superhuman power to influence human life or events in the natural world to serve a certain purpose. Ritual performances of witchcraft often take the form of symbolic songs and dances, and use certain objects and incantations that are believed to be endowed with witchcraft magic. "Séances" and "spells" constitute the main content of witchcraft.

2. The origin of witchcraft

Witchcraft in the Shundi tribe, legend has it that when Emperor Shun was in order to produce salt for the common people and meet the lives of the people. Shun let one of his sons go to Wuxian to become a chieftain, and Xian is good at boiling brine for salt, so he got his name. The people of Wu Xianguo have the right hand * green snake, the left hand * red dragon, located in the great wilderness, it is called the ten witches with Wu Ji, Wu Pan, Wu Peng, Wu Gu, Wu Zhen, Wu Li, Wu Di, Wu Xie, and Wu Luo. Wuxian country is in the south of Anyi city, there is a salt pond legend, the salt water is inherited, the water comes out of the southeast thin mountain, the northwest flows, through the north of Wuxian Mountain. Wuxian Mountain is in the south of Anyi County.

The history of Luyan in Yuncheng, Shanxi Province has existed in ancient times. The name of "Lu" in Yuncheng was first called "Lu", that is, the "Lu" that produces salt, and later because of the same sound, it was usurped as "Lu". "Lu" is now Yuncheng, and the land is in the west of Gu'anyi.

Legend has it that Shun's son became the chief of the kingdom of Wuxian. Led the country of Wuxian to produce salt. Because the local Wuxian people have mastered the technology of making salt from brine clay, they steam and cook the brine clay to precipitate the salt and become crystals, and outsiders think that they are "changing the art". In addition, in the process of salt making, the Wuxian people held various sacrificial activities, hoping that the south wind would bring them a good climate, so as to facilitate salt precipitation. Their sacrifices are performed in various ways, and they are accompanied by various words of vows and prayers. Finally, the process begins until the white crystalline salt is produced.

This whole process, in other tribes, is seen as a kind of magic, so people call this kind of magic that turns soil into salt. This is where the term "witchcraft" comes from.

Nowadays, people know that "witchcraft" is to "change magic", in fact, witchcraft first refers to the salt making technology of the Wuxian people. This salt-making technique is called "witchcraft", in fact, it is "the art of witch salt-making". This is how today's wizards get their name.

3. Classification of witchcraft

From the perspective of the nature of witchcraft, witchcraft can be divided into black witchcraft and white witchcraft. Black witchcraft refers to witchcraft used when blaming someone else; White witchcraft is the witchcraft used when praying for good fortune, so it is also called auspicious witchcraft.

From the perspective of the means of performing witchcraft, witchcraft can be divided into two categories, one is imitation witchcraft, and the other is contact witchcraft.

Imitation of witchcraft: A method of witchcraft that uses similar things as a substitute for good fortune or disaster. If you hate someone, you will take the form of a human and write the date of birth of that person, or burn them with fire, throw them into water, or slash them with a needle or a bayonet, so that they will die. By nature, this is black witchcraft. Another example is that children often fall into the well, in order to avoid disasters, often make a puppet instead of children into the well, this behavior is called disaster breaking. In ancient production customs, rice flowers began, and men and women met in the field to promote rice earing. If a person has sores, he can draw them on plant leaves or yellow paper to remove the disease, which is also called imitation witchcraft. In Baiyun Temple, tie dolls, folk "stealing melons" and other prayer customs.

Contact Witchcraft: It is a method of witchcraft that uses a part of a thing or an item associated with a time to seek good fortune. This kind of witchcraft can serve its purpose as long as it comes into contact with a part of someone's human body or a person's utensils. If a person is sick, he puts a coin or something more valuable in the sick person's pain and throws it on the road for others to pick up, so that the sick person is transferred to the person who picked it up. Put the bowl, Jiang Yuan's traces of the ancestors of Zhou are all in contact with witchcraft. In the past, the dark arts used to collect the hair, beard, nails, and beloved objects of the discordant in case they were harming the other person. A child's name should not be told to anyone else, otherwise he will be subject to others.

In the Liangshan Yi tribe, the slave owner found that the slave had escaped, in addition to sending people to find it, but also asked the wizard to perform witchcraft, by summoning the rags left by the slave and grinding it in the stone mill, because the cloth was not easy to grind down, it was thought that the slave must also go around in the mountains and could not find a way to escape; In order to escape from the tiger's mouth, the slave also fights with witchcraft, and generally when escaping, he carries a small stone mill on his back and puts it on his head, so that the cloth milled by the slave owner will fall off quickly, and he can escape successfully.

Black Witchcraft: Usually based on curses and witchcraft. Seek the power of darkness or evil to punish the caster's enemies, but generally at the same cost. For example, when an ordinary person uses a curse, they generally use their own blood as a medium to summon evil spirits/evil spirits, and if the curse is successful, the caster must use their own life force (spiritual power) as the source of the curse's power. Otherwise, the curse will not work, and even the evil spirits will turn against the caster.

It is mostly used to avenge people or take revenge on others, and can also be used as a curse to cure diseases, punish evil spirits, and fight against black witchcraft. There are also two kinds of wizards, one is passed down from generation to generation and taught by old wizards; The other is the so-called sorcerer taught by the gods in dreams, called the Dream Witch. The witch doll is a means of revenge in black witchcraft. The concept as opposed to black witchcraft is white witchcraft.

With the rise of human civilization, especially the formation of cities, man and nature are gradually separated, a new spirit also emerges, natural selection, the survival of the fittest, in the city more intense than any place, human beings begin to develop his ambition and aggressiveness, only to ride on the head of others, can he come out, in this case, witchcraft has become a terrible tool for personal struggle, has become the black witchcraft that people fear, witchcraft has been spurned by most people.

Dark sorcery, the darkest of all black magic, is undoubtedly Necromancy! And it's one of the ugliest and most disgusting magical rituals. The word Necromancy comes from the Greek word for death and supernatural divine power. And necromancy itself refers to a method of communicating with the world of death in ancient times. Necromancy can be traced back to ancient Persian, Greek, Roman, and medieval wizards. Necromancy can be divided into two branches: one that summons and dominates ghosts (necromancy), which is more common; One faction is in possession of the Resurrection of the Dead* (Dead Corpse Faction), and both factions are inextricably linked to the forbidden Dark Arts. The Necrons usually use altars and charms to do so, while the Necrons use guò exhumations and tomb robberies to obtain the terrifying black magic they need. Necromancers are usually surrounded by horrific deaths, dressed in clothes stolen from the dead, contemplating the meaning of death...

It is impossible to understand the mysteries of necromancy without a certain degree of attainment in the knowledge of the soul and death, and the consequences are very dangerous if it is done rashly. Since, under normal circumstances, dead people do not return to the human world (either in the form of entities or ghosts), if this happens, it must be for a very specific reason. If a living person wants to connect with another world and dominate the soul without heeding the pleas of the dead, be careful to learn about the dark arts, lest you become a victim of the wraith!

Initially, those who communicated with the necromancy were motivated by profit. Because it is believed that after death can be omniscient and omniscient, necromancers summon dead people to a large extent by those who want to know the location of the treasure, and these summoning ceremonies are usually performed 12 months after the person's death, because it is believed that during the 12 months after the death of a person, the soul has been wandering around the cemetery and cannot see what the living want. But corpses that are too old are usually not chosen, because in the case of the Necrophy, corpses that are too rotten cannot answer the question clearly. Later, necromancers summoned necromancers and corpses to attack others, mostly in ancient Egypt and Greece.

For these purposes, it is common to suppress the resentment of the necromancy, which requires special magical help, which is usually only possible for very experienced wizards. In the ancient books of wizards in England, there is a record of necromancers drawing charms on the chests of dead corpses to cast spells. Sometimes, necromancers need to summon powerful demon gods to protect themselves or drive dead bodies and ghosts into obedience. In ancient Greek incantations, necromancers were recorded as calling Kore, Persephone, Ereshkigal, Adonis, Hermes, and Thoth to protect themselves and control the necromancy. In Roman plays, the depiction of necromantic rituals also included burning and blood. In other ceremonies, necromancers eat dog meat symbolizing Hecate (the patron saint of shamans); Also eat unsalted and unfermented brown bread, unfermented grape juice, which symbolize rot and death.

In continental Europe, the requirements for necromancy rituals are even stricter. The location of the ritual is usually carefully designated in some deserted crossroads, basements, ruins, inaccessible forests, or withered bushes. Once the time of the ritual was decided, concentric circles and indescribable symbols symbolizing power were painted in the venue and given sacred names.

The circles are magically cursed, and the necromancer's assistant stands in the center of the circle and protects it with magic. In the end, the necromancer has the power in his hands and summons the spirits of the underworld. If successful, the necromancer emerges from the circle, and the necromancer is confronted with unbearable screams and terrifying and incomprehensible grumbling... Sometimes, powerful necromancers roar in the circle in the form of monsters, threatening to tear the necromancer to shreds! When the necromancer finally succumbs to the wizard's feet, it usually transforms into a naked ghost and then answers the wizard's questions and requests.

When the séance is over, the dead usually disappear into the poisonous mist of brimstone, and the dead are burned by the sorcerer with quicklime. Until then, the necromancer must remain in the Sacred Circle, and if he has to leave, he must perform some other rituals. The necromancer also removes all flowers and plants from the site before and after the ceremony, burns them, and buries their ashes deep in the ground. The whole ritual is fraught with terrifying dangers, and the slightest mistake can lead to the death of the necromancer, or even permanent trauma to the soul... In the 17th century, the famous Egyptian necromancer and prophet Chiancungi was crushed by resentful spirits because he left the Holy Circle in a hurry...

The Church has a necromancer, a very special tribe of the dark arts. The necromancer uses a very peculiar form of dark magic. Legend has it that at midnight, the necromancer would recite the Dark Psalm in the cemetery, "The Resurrection of the Dead Nears Me" and disperse into the churchyard. When called, they will cry, "Egosumtepetoetuiderequeo", and when they disperse, they will command, "Return to the kingdom appointed by God."

Here are the greatest church necromancers of all time: John. A description by Dr. John Dee and his assistant, Edward Kelley, shows that while the assistant illuminates the ritual of death with a torch, the doctor stands in the cemetery, holding a power and reading a spell at the same time. In the firelight, a newly summoned spirit of death could be clearly seen trembling in the white cloth... The other two wizards were chanting incantations to protect themselves in the Sacred Circle, and faintly heard the names of some angels: "Raphael, Rael, Miraton, Tarmiel, Rex..."

Another of the most famous necromancers of all time is Endor. In the Bible, he summoned the dead prophet Samuel for King Saul and prophesied about King Saul's demise.

Also in 1st century Greece, there were the famous necromancers Apollonius and Tyana.

In 16th-century England, there was the aforementioned John . Deyi and his rice bucket assistant Edwood. Kylere.

In France in the 17th century, there was the great Elifas. Eliphas Levi. He tried to summon the great Apollonius, but was intimidated by the spirit of Apollonius!

To the necromancer, the numbers 9 and 13 are of great significance. 9 represents the nine realms in ancient beliefs where the soul passes from birth to death. 13 represents Jesus' Last Supper and His resurrection.

In voodoo, the corpse is resurrected by Ebalon. Baron Samedi (the ragged zombie god) appears. In Haiti, the necromancer is ritualized in the incarnation of Papa Nebo (the father of death), in which white wax is dripped on the feet and lips of the corpse, the necromancer wears a monk's robe, wears a silver hat, and the charm of Papa Naib hangs on the cross. When the sorcerer's robe and hat vibrate, it proves that Baron has been awakened. Samedi, the ceremony was also successful.

The reason why necromancy is spurned by people, in addition to its improper purpose, is that in rituals, dead corpses are often used as raw materials for spells. And necromancy believes that dead bodies that die or die in violence are the best medicine! Because they think that such dead people have more unused spiritual power. In the witchcraft of the ancient Norsemen, the strongest necromancer could resurrect even those who had just died on the gallows! The 16th-century Inquisitor Paulus. Paolus Grillandus wrote, "Necromancers use charred fragments of corpses, especially those who have been hanged and humiliated... With small pieces of nails or teeth... Hair, ears or eyes... muscles, bones, or fresh meat...", and some necromancers have the practice of eating corpses, especially unbaptized babies. So at that time there were a lot of graves that were stolen. And the most famous case in history is the Irish female necromancer-Alice. Alice Kyteler has been prosecuted for stealing and using the hair and skulls of dead bodies, saying that the moss that grows on the heads of dead bodies is very precious to necromancers...

In the 16th and 17th centuries, a large number of necromancers were inevitably targeted. The church shouts that they are servants of the devil, and the biblical description of Indar proves that the necromancer is a symbol of ruin. Necromancers, on the other hand, have been arguing about the distinction between the undead and the devil. After centuries of struggle, necromancers evolved into the psychics they are today, thus escaping religious persecution. Not only that, but psychics are further worshipped and accepted by the media. One of the more famous psychics in modern times is Joseph. Joseph Glanvill, Francis. Feng. Dr. Francisvan Helmont, Henry. Dr. HenryMore, Robtt. Robert Boyle, et al.

White Witchcraft: Usually based on praising and praying to the gods. Seeking the power of light or goodness to help others does not cost much. For example, if you use special materials to pray for the blessing of others, you only need to inform the gods of the purpose and offer a tribute. At the end of the prayer, thank the gods to complete the blessing.

White witchcraft is a kind of witchcraft, that is, ordinary people pray for sunshine, pray for rain, exorcise ghosts, destroy evil spirits, remove insects, find objects, summon spirits, and even make infertile women give birth to children, so that men and women without feelings love each other. It's relative to black magic.

White witchcraft is subjectively intended to anticipate future situations in a mysterious environment, or to take effective ways to cure diseases and give people health. Divination was the most common form of witchcraft used for healing during the Shang and Zhou dynasties. In addition to this, there are:

1. Forbidden spells. Before performing some witchcraft, it is necessary to use language, such as the art of curing malaria with jujubes, which is the opposite of respecting ghosts and gods, but using language to imitate witchcraft activities, and the prohibition of witchcraft may have a certain effect on encouraging the courage and confidence of the sick in a specific cultural environment.

2. Sacrifice. It is expected to be protected by the emperor, ancestors and gods, and has a certain spiritual effect, "Historical Records" contains: "The first king was sick when he was young, and the Duke of Zhou was self-rubbing his flea (claw), sinking the river, in order to bless the gods...... Cheng Wang's illness is miasma. ”

3. Congratulations. It is a witchcraft that uses language as the main means and is supplemented by some rituals to get rid of the evil spirits, and the "Su Wen Theory of Transferring Essence and Transforming Qi" says: "Yu Wen Gu's healer, only he moves essence and changes qi, and he can only wish for it." It can be seen that the witchcraft of wishing to cure diseases has existed since ancient times, and both practitioners and patients have figured out the cause of illness and eliminated the disease, which has a certain component of psychological treatment.

4. Yu step. Legend has it that Dayu himself often presides over sacrifices and divination activities. "Forbidden Scriptures" is forbidden to swell in the law said: "Five days of the day is to do the law Yu footwork, hold the breath and hold firmly, if the disease, think of this hand as a hot iron, righteous thought of the predecessors of the disease like snow, the hand disease (place) that is dispersed." If the patient's head is swollen, it should not be cured immediately, and it should be left for tomorrow. "Regarding the use of Yu steps, there are still three, seven, and nine steps, and the method of matching with the breath is recorded. The method of Yubu was gradually formed, but it was inseparable from the inheritance of Xia, Shang and the same period.

5. Elimination, dance and peach. These are all behavioral witchcraft, and the "Witch of Zhouli" "plucks out the provocative bath when the palm is old." This kind of bathing and body cleansing, in the concept of witchcraft, is believed to be able to eliminate disasters and diseases, especially the use of spring peach blossom water to wash the uncleanness of women's bodies, called cleansing the body and washing dirt, and its purpose is to drive away ghosts and seek education.

The style of the Wu dance, quite prosperous in the Zhou Dynasty, Da Da is a kind of witchcraft activity to expel the plague ghosts before the wax moon, in order to drive away the plague ghosts, so the name is beating, or expelling the ghosts.

The peach is a peachwood handle broom made of reed flowers, and the ancients believed that it had the effect of driving away evil spirits and epidemics.

6. Divination and disease detection. There is nothing more diagnostic than the inference of pregnancy and childbirth. In the Book of Changes, it is said that "there is no disease without delusion, and there is joy without medicine." "Damage their illness, so that there is joy and no blame." It is a summary of medical practice experience.

4. The application of witchcraft

1. Asking for help: It refers to people in a certain way to deceive natural forces or ghosts and spirits to help them achieve a certain goal. For example, the Han people ask for rain, worship the dragon king, and when the worship fails, they will perform witchcraft to force the dragon king to rain. Such as carrying the dragon king through the streets, exposing the dragon king, digging up the well water and so on.

2. Conjuring: Use witchcraft to bring back lost souls. It is not limited to people themselves, but also applies to animals and plants. For example, the Kino people summon the soul of the god of grain, the Miao people summon the soul of the cow, and the Han children are sick and often think that the soul is lost outside the village, and the mother will take the child's clothes and go to the village to call the child's name and summon the soul for him. The Yi people also have the custom of summoning spirits for elders who have been away for many years or who have died in a foreign land. Presided over by shamans, they often stand on high mountains, look in the direction of the deceased's departure, call the deceased's name, and use twine to feint the soul of the deceased to return. Zhuang, Maonan and other ethnic groups also have witchcraft to summon the spirits of the dead and lovers. Usually the young man invited the witch, the wizard covered his head with a sheet, asked the god to possess the body, and soon she entered a coma, announcing that the soul had been possessed, so the witch represented the man's lover, and sang to the man, pouring out her heartfelt feelings.

3. Curse: It is to use the magic of language to achieve the purpose of harming the other party. The most common form is face-to-face curses, not being able to die well, a thousand cuts, and so on. It is more common to curse each other's names to achieve the purpose of witchcraft. The Dai people have a kind of "Fangluo" witchcraft, the purpose of which is to provoke the relationship between other people's husbands and wives and get involved themselves. The practice is to take two pieces of bamboo from the fence of the couple's cemetery, and engrave them: "You have long thorns on your chest, you can't hug each other, you can only look at each other like across the river", and then put them under the other party's bamboo building, thinking that the husband and wife will lose harmony within three days. In the Han and Manchu areas of Northeast China, there used to be a curse of steaming cats, if the lost found that someone had stolen their property and did not admit it, the lost person would write the thief's birth date and name on a piece of paper, and put it in the steamer with a cat to cook, the cat struggled and screamed in the cage, and the lost person cursed the thief to be like a cat, and could not die well.

4. Exorcism: It is an offensive witchcraft performed on ghosts. It is often used in production, house building, treatment, and funeral. This is the main job of a folk shaman. When Bi Mo of the Yi nationality in Liangshan treated the patient, he let the patient sit at the door with a bamboo dustpan on his head, and Bi Mo shouted "Catch the evil ghost, catch him quickly", and at the same time ordered the helper to hold a shovel to scatter the ashes of the fire pit on the patient's head, and use the ashes to drive the ghost away. Another kind of sorcerer of the Yi nationality, Suni, in the exorcism of ghosts, in the fire pond to put a lot of branches of tribute, he walked around the fire pond, while beating the sheepskin drum, while inviting the gods of the mountains to come, and then suddenly opened a clay pot mouth, said: "Catch the ghost and put it in the clay pot", after speaking, immediately sealed the mouth, and shouted: "Harmful ghost, I will burn you!" After saying that, Suni poured the ghost into the clay pot into the fire pit and said, "Ghost, you wait, and when the bamboo basket can hold water, you will come back." "Also: paper boats and candles burning in the sky, shooting the bride with arrows at weddings, walking braziers, etc., many of the exorcism witches of the Han nationality have been inherited by Taoism. Talismans, swords, seals, and mirrors are the main tools used by Taoist priests to exorcise ghosts. Exorcism is also applied to the murderous. The Li people are the most fearful of the murderous dead, and the funeral must carry out complicated rituals: the soul of the murderer must be walked on a winding road, so that the soul of the murderer cannot return, and the body must be crushed with a boulder, or the corpse is nailed with a wooden stake, so that the soul of the murderer can never return to his homeland, otherwise it will disturb the family.

5. Ward off evil spirits: It is the use of certain objects to prevent evil spirits from committing crimes, which is a kind of negative witchcraft. Evil spirits are generally decorated on buildings, vehicles and production tools, and some are worn on the body. The Pumi people have many lime handprints on the door and wall, and it is said that this is a posture to fight various ghosts, and the ghosts are afraid when they see them. Hanging knives, swords, saws, and horns on the lintel can also ward off evil spirits. The Oroqen people hang wild boar teeth and bear noses on the "immortal pillars; The Dong people hang a dog's head on the door to protect their home with a dog. The Miao people hang rice sieves and fishing nets on the door, believing that the rice sieve symbolizes many eyes and can see through the whereabouts of ghosts, and the fishing nets are tools for catching ghosts, and ghosts will avoid them when they see them. The totem is also a kind of evil spirit, and the Yi people mostly draw a tiger on the door. Horseshoes are often hung in the northwest of our country and in Europe. The amulets of the Han people, the sword of the door god and the town house are all evil things.

Fifth, unleash Gu witchcraft

1. What is Gu: It is a kind of witchcraft that uses poisonous insects as a haunt to harm people. It is a relatively ancient mysterious, terrifying witchcraft, which is mainly popular in various parts of southern China and some ethnic minorities. Gu, from the glyph, is to put many insects in one container. Kong Yingda's "Commentary on the Thirteen Classics" said: "Those who use poison to medicine people, and people don't know it, are called Gu poison in today's law." "Compendium of Materia Medica, Insect Part IV" is explained as a kind of poisonous insect fed by people, "take a hundred insects into Weng, after years of opening, there will be a worm to eat all the insects, this is called Gu." ”

2. The preparation and type of Gu: Most of the Gu accumulators are women, which is a woman's specialty. "Yunnan Magazine": "Yunnan people accumulate Gu... People fight for hiding, children worry about what they eat, and Gu keepers don't be a secret room, so that the woman feeds it, and when she sees a man, she will be defeated, and she will be gathered by pure yin. Zhou Qufei's "Lingwai Answer": Gu poison is "a woman's hair-shaped night sacrifice", and "Yunnan Xinyu": It is pleasing to Yi women. There are many types of Gu, usually including: Golden Silkworm Gu, Chancre Gu, Mad Gu, Swollen Gu, Loach Gu, Stone Gu, Slice Gu, Snake Gu, and so on. Among them, the Golden Silkworm Gu was the most vicious. In the old days, in some counties and townships in Fujian, the superstitious activities of raising golden silkworms were more prevalent. It is said that the golden silkworm is an invisible insect spirit, it can do things for people, the most diligent in hygiene, and the people who are very clean in the room are considered to be the people who raise the golden silkworms. The method of making the golden silkworm is to select 12 kinds of poisonous insects such as snakes and centipedes, bury them at the crossroads, and take them out and store them in the incense burner after 49 days (or another mysterious number) to become the golden silkworm. In the minds of those who believe in the golden silkworm, the golden silkworm is spiritual, which can make the breeder rich, but the owner of the rich family must also tell the golden silkworm how much it owes, otherwise the golden silkworm will ask to spend money to buy people to eat it, otherwise it will be troublesome. If the family who raises the golden silkworm does not want to raise it anymore, they can pass it on, called "marrying the golden silkworm", the method is to use the silver tael, pollen and incense ash (on behalf of the golden silkworm), put it on the road, and the greedy will naturally pick it up. The golden silkworm can cause death to the enemy, usually by abdominal swelling and bleeding from the seven orifices. Chancre Gu, also known as "laying eggs, putting chancre, and putting bees", is popular among the people in Guangdong and Guangxi. The preparation method is to catch centipedes, small snakes, worms, ants, poisonous bees, cicadas, earthworms, etc. on the Dragon Boat Festival day and add hair, dry and grind into powder, enshrine in front of the statue of the plague god, become a Gu for a long time, and can poison people in the diet. Epilepsy is popular among the Dong people, and snakes are mostly buried in the soil with postbiotic fungi to harm people into madness; Swollen Gu makes the abdomen swollen; Loach Gu is soaked in loaches with Gu powder and bamboo leaves to eat with people to poison them; As for the stone Gu and the sliced Gu are all brewed with Gu medicine, they are placed in the middle of the road to harm people, and it is said that they can enter the human body and cause evil diseases.

3. The method of applying Gu is mostly to put it in food. Gu girl Shi Gu is mostly placed in meals, "Chiya": "Gu Cheng is put in the food first, and the flavor increases a hundred times", and it is mostly placed on the first piece of food. Some of the lower Gu are the worms themselves, the advantages are the feces of the worms, and some are saliva foam. Sometimes Gu can also be applied without food. Liu Nan's "Miao Huang Xiaoji": "Miao's Gu poison is terrifying, and its Gu release does not need special food, and anyone who shushes it with anger and looks at it can pass its poison to others; Those who use food, and those who use Gu are also. ”

4. Symptoms and verification methods of Gu patients: Liu Xifan "Those who are in Gu are swollen or have a swollen throat and cannot swallow or drink; or the face is green and yellow, and the day is barren; or there is a buildup in the chest, coughing; or chest and abdomen distension and numbness of the limbs; or a few days, or months." Verification method: It can be made to chew raw soybeans, no fishy smell is in the Gu, in ethnic minority areas is to contain a piece of duck protein in the mouth, insert a silver needle on it, if the duck protein and silver needle turn black, then in the Gu. Methods of prevention and reconciliation of Gu: All cobwebs and dust homes are suspected to be Gu homes, and they should not be contacted; For those who eat such as the master first knocks the cup and bowl with chopsticks, and then serves the rice, it is suspected to be Shi Gu, and you should be especially careful not to eat or break the road; Anyone who goes out to eat, carry garlic with him, it can prevent Gu, Gu is difficult to cure when he enters alcohol, and he can prevent Gu if he goes out without drinking. The method of detoxifying Gu and breaking Gu: take realgar, garlic, calamus decoction water, or pomegranate root water, which can be laxative; Youyun golden silkworm is most afraid of hedgehogs, and can be used as medicine to treat Gu. Most of the old medical books have medical Gu home remedies, and there are all kinds of them. The method of breaking the Gu: The road is broken, in the autumn, the Miao women carry cloth bags to sell prickly pears for children to eat, many Gu people, for a long time for the group to see through, when buying, first call and ask: Is there a Gu? Answer: No, it is not harmful. It is then available for purchase. In addition, it is said that Gu is afraid of saying, and it is said to be in the home of raising Gu, and its Gu is immediately captured. The purpose of releasing Gu is mostly to dissipate grievances, and sometimes it is also used as a protective measure, such as in the Zhuang people, some people are afraid that others will steal food, so they release Gu, and some thieves will be killed immediately, on the contrary, "Those who kill a lot of people will benefit the spirit and the family will benefit the family." ”

6. Taboos and taboos for witchcraft

Taboo and Witchcraft Taboo is a general term for certain restrictive concepts and practices about social behavior and belief activities. Its common noun is tabu, which is a Polynesian native language, which originally meant to refer to people, things, and places with supernatural spiritual powers that could not be touched by ordinary people. There are two reasons why these things cannot be touched by ordinary people, one is that they are considered sacred, and the other is that they are regarded as ominous or unclean. is a very common form of superstition. Taboo witchcraft is a type of negative witchcraft that requires people not to touch something or do something or else it will bring misfortune. Taboos arise in a variety of ways, some out of fear of certain natural forces, some out of love for the elderly and children, some out of the worship of ghosts and gods, and some out of superstition about good fortune and bad luck. If you can't use your fingers after the rain, otherwise your fingers will be rotten; Respect totems, holy places, ancestral tablets, and shamans; Pregnant women should avoid eating ginger and rabbit meat; Marriage taboo male and female attributes, marriage period taboo singular, can not get married during the lunar eclipse, otherwise the husband and wife will be discordant, and so on. There are also taboos on animals and plants, Mongolians see that the cat is pregnant, and they are not allowed to insert chopsticks into the chopsticks bucket, otherwise the cat will be miscarried, sell livestock, and must cut a handful of hair to stay, otherwise it will be ruined.

7. Divine judgment witchcraft is also known as divine judgment, divine judgment, heavenly punishment, etc.

Divine judgment is a kind of witchcraft that prays to the gods to judge the truth and falsehood of the world and property disputes, and the divine judgment is an ancient method of judgment commonly practiced by all nations in the world under certain historical conditions. It is an important stage of development of folk customary law. In ancient legends, Gao Tao used the divine method to try cases, and the method was to use sheep, suspects touched by the horns of divine sheep, and were considered guilty. Later, the divine sheep evolved into a symbol of the upright judge, and later judges wore a pig-deer. For example, the referee of theft: Jingpo people have a "bucket snail", the lost person first put a snail in the bowl, and the suspect also caught a snail and put it in the bowl, so that the two snails fight, and finally the snail won or lost the referee stealing incident. The Achang people light a candle on each side and decide the rights and wrongs of both sides by the length of time it burns. Jingpo people also have a kind of "egg cloth", so dark that the suspects take a piece of thatch on the roof of the house, put it in a bowl, and then ask the wizard to chant the scriptures, pour an egg into the bowl, stir it slightly, and the suspected people also rushed to the scene to see whose thatch stick the egg white stuck to the thatch stick first, and who stole something. Fire Sentence: In Tibet, there is a fire scavenging judgment, in which a stone or a piece of iron is burned in a fire pit or a temporary pile of charcoal, so that the suspect can pick it up with his hands, and if his hands are not burned, he is not guilty, otherwise he is guilty. The Zhuang people also use the method of stepping on the fire (preparing for fire prevention in advance), and if the foot is not injured, it is reasonable, otherwise it is unreasonable. Blood Judgment: Under the supervision of the head wizard of the Wa tribe, both sides stretch out a hand and rub each other, until a certain time, if both sides bleed or do not bleed, the fight will stop, and if one side bleeds, it will be compensated or apologized according to the price. There are also head-beating divine judgments, stabbing divine judgments, and so on. In addition, there are oil pots (vinegar or wax in them), water pots (millet), diving, and so on.

8. Tibetan witchcraft in China

During the humanities survey and field research in Tibetan areas, sociologists found many relics that should belong to ancient witchcraft, such as: to avoid storms and hail from the sky; To prevent the attacks and infestations of wild animals and other disasters, the Tibetan people invite shamans to pluck or perform witchcraft to ensure the safety of people and animals and the harvest of crops. Sometimes it's not shamans who are invited, but lamas from Tibetan Buddhist temples, but even in the rituals performed by these lamas, there is no lack of witchcraft.

Although the witchcraft in these rituals is simple and complex, a large part of it can be said to have originated from the kind of Tibetan ancestors who figured out their own words and deeds and made nature conform to their fantasies and actions. People do what they think. In terms of its content, it also reflects mostly within the category of the relationship between man and nature, mainly in terms of productive labor. It's just that in the process of inheritance, there have been great changes.

If we look at the stage of development of Tibetan history, these witchcraft, which should belong to the category of primitive religion, should have arisen before the Zhigong Zampu in Tibet, that is, before the introduction of Zhangxiong Buddhism into Tibet, that is, the so-called "Duben" period by historians. According to Mr. Liu Liqian's explanation, this kind of "original religion" means "the local religion that naturally arises, that is, the native religion - the primitive religion". After arriving at Zhigong Zampu. Tibetan areas have gradually transitioned from a primitive society to a slave society, and at this time, the Tibetan native "Duben" has been influenced by the original religion that has begun to take on "insight" imported from Zhangxiong, and there have also been great changes. At this time, the religion had gradually been heavily used by the rulers of the Tibetan Dynasty. There is a record that "all the twenty-seven generations (Zampu) ruled the country with their own religion"——

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