"As for this Tian Huang fraud, there are generally several methods, one is to soak it in strong acid to make a fake, which is the same as the B goods of jade;" Since Tian Lao said it, he didn't hide his secrets, and he had done that Gu Yixuan over the years, which had the meaning of popularization.

"The second is to use the color close to Tianhuang and the texture seems to have a radish pattern of the stone, polish it into a pebble-like, and chisel with a hard tool or put it in the hard sand to roll, and then stain it with soil or coloring, and then put it in high temperature to steam, so that its color and appearance are similar to the skinless Tianhuang stone, this kind of fake Tianhuang at first glance, very similar to the real product, need to be through the appearance of the texture to distinguish, generally its so-called radish texture disorder;

There is also a kind of skin, on the stone pasted with pigment dyed stone skin, with high pressure heating with medicinal solution, and then grinding, this method is the same as hardwood false red sandalwood, its disadvantage is that the soaked stone skin is very brittle, the particles are coarse, turbid, dry knot like a scar, there is a difficult knife, when carving, can only carve the group of lines and scenes, can not be carved finely. ”

"Tian Ye is mighty!" Kong Si a big sycophant offered, he set up a stall and often bought some strange stones from all over the world, but the price is very low, normal people know that it is a handicraft, just like the old man said, obviously sell you a handicraft, you have to buy it as a baby, that is your own business! But don't mention, there are a lot of such people!

Wu Chen was so fascinated by this that he almost forgot his business, and when he saw Kong Si renewing tea for everyone, he remembered the issue he was most concerned about, and he spent a long time discussing the material of this seal stone. He saw that Tian Lao said so much in one breath, and it was not good to ask immediately, so he wanted to wait for the old man to take a sip of tea and take a breath.

Fortunately, Kong Si knew where Wu Chen was puzzled, waited for a while, and asked him first, whether this seal was Wen Tianxiang's private seal, or whether it was imitated by later generations.

Tian Lao was silent for a while, shook his head, and said: "I can only be sure that this seal stone is indeed Tian Huang, if you want to say Wen Tianxiang's private seal, I am not sure, there are many doubts in it." First of all, the pulp of this stone doesn't seem to be that old, unless it hasn't been used much since it was carved. But then again, since it is a private seal, in addition to being a private seal, it is also the owner's plaything, and it should always be kept at hand to play; Second, the stone seal should start from the Yuan Dynasty Wang Yuanzhang; Its Santian Huang only began to prevail in the Ming and Qing dynasties. ”

"Although there are a lot of doubts, but it is a bit unreasonable to say that future generations will imitate it, who got such a piece of the best Tianhuang, and will imitate Wen Tianxiang's seal with a blank eye? I can't answer these, the seal collection has been relatively unpopular, the main focus is on the seal, carving, ink, texture, shape, etc., in addition to the material, I am not very good at making the seal itself. ”

The last sentence made Wu Chen and Kong Si stunned, it seems that they really specialize in the art industry, and collectors like Tian Lao only know a little bit about it. Kong Si muttered, I said it earlier, I said so much before, but it didn't have the weight of the last sentence.

"Hehe, don't worry." Seeing their expressions, Tian Lao smiled, "Although I don't know much about it, I have an old friend surnamed Liu, that's really everyone!" It's the last time I said I'd take you to visit him. I also learned this knowledge of seals from him. It just so happens that he will return to Guangfu in the near future, and he will take you to visit it when the time comes. ”

Wu Chen and Kong Si can only be called yes, as for what surname Liu, I haven't heard of it, it is estimated that it is a professional professor or something, although these people are not well-known outside the industry, but they are authoritative in the professional field.

Although it was impossible to identify it, since they had a happy chat, Tian Lao still popularized some common sense of seals to them a little. The carved text of the Celestial Empire, the oldest oracle bone inscription of Yin, the Zhong Ding inscription of Zhou, the carved stone of Qin, etc., all the words carved on the materials such as gold, copper and jade are commonly called "golden stones".

Therefore, since ancient times, there has been a special discipline called "gold and stone science", for example, Li Qingzhao's husband Zhao Mingcheng is a famous gold and stone scholar. The seal is also a kind of "golden stone", and there is no conclusion about its origin or Shang Dynasty or Yin Dynasty.

However, according to relics and historical records, it has appeared at least in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and it has been widely used in the Warring States Period. For example, during the Warring States Period, Su Qin, the famous minister who advocated harmony, wore the seal of the Six Kingdoms. In recent years, the excavated artifacts have pushed the history of seals forward by hundreds of years. In other words, the seal was there during the Zhou Dynasty.

Most of the ancient seals that have been handed down are from the ruins of ancient cities, rivers and ancient tombs. Some of them were abandoned by the defeated in the war when they were in exile, and some were abandoned on the battlefield by those who died in the war, and all seals captured on the battlefield must be handed over, and the seals of officials who were transferred to their posts and died must also be dismantled and handed in.

There are many others, such as official positions and names, as well as auspicious language seals, Xiao shape seals, etc., which are generally funeral objects, rather than actual products. In addition, pottery and standard measuring utensils from the Warring States period, as well as gold coins of some vassal states, have been passed down with seals to stamp the name and the name of the craftsman on the record.

Before Qin, both official and private seals were called "seals", and after Qin unified the six countries, it was called the first emperor, and at the same time it was stipulated that only the emperor's seal could be called "seal", and the courtiers were only called "seals", which was the first time that seals were clearly separated.

After the Han Dynasty, the situation changed, and some princes or queen mothers also called the seal "seal", and the general's seal was called "zhang".

When Wu Zetian arrived in the Tang Dynasty, because she felt that "Xi" and "death" were close to each other (it is also said to be the same as "Xi"), she changed her name to "Bao", and since then until the Qing Dynasty, they have followed the old system and used "Xi" and "Bao" together, such as the Qing Dynasty royal seal retained by the Palace Museum, most of which are "XX treasures".

After that, according to the customs of the people of the past dynasties, the seals were called: "seal", "seal letter", "record", "zhu ji", "contract", "customs defense", "seal", "symbol", "deed", "charge", "stamp" and other titles.

The seals of the pre-Qin and Qin and Han dynasties were mostly used for sealing and issuing objects and slips, and the seals were stamped on the sealing mud to prevent private dismantling and for letter verification. And the official seal symbolizes power. After the advent of papermaking, because the slip became paper silk, the method of sealing the mud was gradually abolished, and the seal was covered with vermilion, in addition to daily application, it was mostly used for calligraphy and painting inscriptions, and then became one of the unique works of art in our country.

In ancient times, copper, silver, gold, jade, glaze, etc. were used as printing materials, and then there were teeth, horns, wood, crystal, etc., after the Yuan Dynasty, stone seals began to prevail, and today, cooking wine is more miscellaneous, and those who carved fake seals on the flyover, if it is a one-time use, even radishes are used.

Tian Lao roughly introduced some common sense of some seals to the two, it was almost noon, Kong Si and Wu Chen stayed to eat, while Kong Si was busy with his Shandong cuisine, Tian Lao took care of the seal, although he liked it very much, but he didn't ask Wu Chen if he transferred it, Wu Chen naturally didn't mention it.

After a meal, in order not to disturb Tian Lao's lunch break, the two made an appointment with him to wait for his news, visit Liu Lao together, and then took their leave.

Wu Chen thought that he had nothing to do the next day, so he simply asked Kong Si to go to Pingzhou to see the gambling stones, Kong Si didn't have the consciousness to set up a stall at all, so he readily agreed, saying when he would leave and give him a call.

……………………

The next day, Wu Chen slept until almost noon, had lunch, went to drive Longze's Gio, and took Kong Si, and I don't know how long the road opened, and came to Jade Street in Pingzhou. Pingzhou is known as the "hometown of jade bracelets", the main products are jade bracelets, ring faces, small flowers and jade carvings, large ornaments, etc., especially jade bracelets, handmade are particularly exquisite, world-famous, in addition to "Pingzhou buckle" is also famous.

After more than 30 years of development, Pingzhou has become one of the four major jade markets in China, the largest Myanmar jade jade distribution center, and the world's largest naked jade processing and wholesale base. Of course, in recent years, due to the rapid rise of Yangmei in Jieyang City, the reputation of the world's first jadeite raw material distribution center has been taken away by Yangmei, which is a very strange phenomenon.

Although this place is famous, but Wu Chen has never been here, he is not an insider, even if he wants to see jade before, Hualin Jade Street can meet his needs, in comparison, Pingzhou is much larger, especially there are many gambling stone wool shops, and the corresponding leakage may be much larger, so Wu Chen thought of coming here.

After discussing it on the way, I realized that Kong Si had never been here, he focused on reselling antiques, and he didn't know as much about jade as Wu Chen! Wu Chen secretly complained, is this considered an inhuman?

When the two arrived in Pingzhou, they learned that although Ludao is known as Jade Street, it is a small town, with many streets crisscrossing and crisscrossing, many jade cities are located everywhere, and a folk village has recently been built. The two of them wandered around like headless flies for a long time, and finally arrived at the Jade Culture Square, parked the car, and inquired about the fact that they really accidentally went to the right place, where there is a museum on the left, Cuibao Garden on the right, and the old jade street in Pingzhou radiates Pingzhou, which is the center.

The market manager they inquired about heard that they were here to gamble on stones, and kindly reminded them that there will be a public market here after a while, and now there are shops stockpiling goods here, and the Pingzhou jade wool public auction is behind the trading center opposite, you can go and see it first.

The two of them didn't know much about what the public market was, and they didn't care, so they followed the direction that the man pointed out, crossed the street, and arrived at a wool center called "Mossha".

Inside, I first enjoyed a burst of cold air, and then I looked at it, a huge wool market, the endless passages criss-crossed, there are stalls on both sides, and there are larger storefronts against the wall around, all of which are wool, and the two of them seem to enter the ocean of wool, Kong Si shouted: "I!" How many stones are there! Hollow out several mountains. ”

Wu Chen was also excited, compared to here, Hualin Jade Street is a small witch, so many gambling stones, don't worry about not being able to find a good one, pull Kong Si and go inside.

Compared with the hot weather outside, although there are people coming and going, it is much cooler, Kong Si didn't expect it to be so lively, he always thought that this place was as remote as the countryside, and only those in the industry would come here to trade, but he didn't expect that after a closer look, many people were hairy boys like them, and they came here to mix.

Chinese people are good at gambling, and there is no way to gamble in the country, no wonder many people are willing to come here to gamble, similar to buying lottery tickets, good people come here with equal opportunities, no eyesight can also rely on luck, once the gambling is won, legal overnight rich.