(Continued from Chapter 49)

Prior to the Sui Dynasty, the state institutions and governance models of all dynasties were modeled after the "Zhou Guan" (i.e., "Zhou Li") system of the Western Zhou Dynasty.

And the Western Zhou Dynasty has been more than 1,500 years away from the Sui Dynasty! Obviously, the outdated and backward "Zhou Guan" system is far from being suitable for the emerging countries more than a thousand years later!

Therefore, Emperor Wen of Sui, Yang Jian, and his ministers, who were outstanding in political wisdom and statecraft, drew on the experience of their predecessors and combined with the actual situation to establish a central political institution with the three provinces of Shangshu, Menxia, and Neishi and the six ministries of Shangshu Province as the core. The functions of these institutions are both collaborative and complementary; But the powers are separated, and they are balanced by each other!

The political system of the Great Sui Empire was: three provinces and six ministries.

The form of government organization is: five provinces, two Taiwans, eleven temples and twelve guards.

Although there are some changes and differences in the number of institutions, official titles and personnel, the functions of the Tang Dynasty are the same.

It is briefly described below.

Interior History –

Formerly known as Zhongshu Province, the Sui Dynasty was renamed the Inner History Province because of the avoidance of Yang Jian's father Yang "Zhong", the chief was called the Inner History Order, and the deputy governor was the Inner History Servant.

The Tang Dynasty changed back to Zhongshu Province, the chief was called Zhongshu Ling, and the deputy governor was Zhongshu Shilang.

The main responsibility of the Ministry of Inner History was to draft the emperor's edicts or state decrees.

In addition to the chief and deputy chiefs, the main officials in the province are the Zhongshu Sheren, whose duties are to draft edicts and decrees. In addition, there are officials who are in charge of the propaganda and performance, the living house who records the daily life (mainly the emperor), the main secretary, the main secretary, the history of the order, the history of the order, the history of the book, the book of the book, the translation, the post station, the transmission system, the pavilion chief, the palm solid, the palm letter, the head of the case, and so on.

Menxia Province –

The chief said that the deputy governor was the Huangmen Shilang (Emperor Sui Ming changed it to the Huangmen Shilang).

In the Tang Dynasty, the chief was called the servant, and the deputy chief was the servant.

In addition to the chief and deputy heads, the main officials in the province are responsible for refuting and correcting the matter. In addition, there are records and general orders, as well as officials in charge of the emperor's guards, clothing, food, and worship.

The main duties of the province were to review and refute the imperial edicts or state decrees drafted by the province of internal history (Zhongshu province), as well as the manuscripts prepared by the province of Shangshu. Even if the emperor's edict is not approved, it can be sealed and refuted, and then transferred back to the Inner History Province (Zhongshu Province) to redraft, which is called "sealing and refutation". Only when it is passed and stamped with the seal of the Inner History (Zhongshu Province) and the two provinces under the door, the emperor's edict or state decree is the official "red-headed document"! Otherwise, either invalid none; If it is forcibly implemented, it is also "ink amnesty": it lacks the law of mana.

Zhongshu and Menxia provinces are located in the palace, collectively referred to as Beiya, because they are close to the emperor and have the responsibility of admonishing, so some officials are set up, such as the left and right counselors, the left and right to fill the que, and the left and right officials (the left belongs to the Menxia Province and the right belongs to the Zhongshu Province), in order to admonish the emperor's mistakes.

Shangshu Province –

Shangshu Province is the executive body, the highest administrative organ of the state that specifically handles the administrative affairs of the whole country, which is equivalent to the current State Council. Its chief is called Shang Shuling, and the deputy chief is the left and right servants. In the Tang Dynasty, because Tang Taizong Li Shimin was still the "King of Qin", he held the post of Shang Shuling, so this post was vacant later, and the actual head was the left and right servants. Under the servant shooting, there are left and right Cheng, left and right Shilang, and the staff outside Lang, who assist the servant shooting commander of the six departments. Among them, the left servant is in charge of the Ministry of Officials, the Ministry of Rites, and the Ministry of War; The right servant is in charge of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the Criminal Department, and the Ministry of Industry.

Shangshu Province has six specific administrative departments (Ministry of Officials, Ministry of Rites, Ministry of War, Ministry of Crime, Ministry of Civil Affairs, Ministry of Industry), and the head of these six departments is called "Eight Seats" together with the left and right servants.

Shangshu Province is located outside the palace, so it is called Nanya.

The responsibilities and powers of these three provinces are: the internal history province (Zhongshu province) decision-making, the door province audit, and the Shangshu province implementation.

In addition to these three "provinces", there are two "provinces": the secretary province and the internal service province.

Secretary of the Ministry –

He is responsible for the collation, collection, and revision of books and classics, as well as the compilation of state decrees and great records, and is in charge of the astronomical calendar.

The chief is the secretary and supervisor, and the deputy is the secretary. The subordinate officials are the secretary Lang, the school secretary, the orthography, the record and the author Cao and the Taishi Cao. The author Cao is in charge of the compilation and revision of the history of the country, and there are writers Lang, Zuolang, Xiaoshulang, orthography and others; Tai Shi Cao is in charge of the astronomical calendar, and there are Tai Shi Ling, Tai Shi Cheng, Si Li, Jian Hou and others.