The wheat of the Xiao family's eight acres of land, five strong crop experts, the first day is not the end of the day to cut the wheat, the wheat cutting is not hard for these farmers who are used to farm work, the hard work is to beat the wheat and move the wheat to the home, the habit of Sangyu Village is that after the wheat is cut, directly in the field to pick it home, the broken wheat stalk is evenly sprinkled on the field as fertilizer. Pen × fun × Pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 ｉｎｆｏ

If it weren't for the simple threshing machine that has been popularized in rural areas in the Great Song Dynasty more than ten years ago, relying solely on the previous primitive threshing method, Xiao Nan's eight acres of land, even cutting and beating for three days is impossible to complete, although the mass production of crops in the field during this period can not be compared with the previous life, it can be compared with the previous dynasty but the yield has increased a lot, before the Song Dynasty, the average mu of wheat, rice, the combined yield of the two seasons is about seven or eight hundred catties, and now according to Xiao Nan's understanding, the average yield per mu of their Sangyu Village is about 600 catties to 700 catties.

That is to say, as long as your crops are well taken care of, not subject to pests and pests, the harvest of a season will not be less than 600 catties per acre, Xiao Nan's eight acres of land, the wheat is growing very well, the total output this year is about 5600 catties, so much wheat, if there is no threshing machine, no matter how hard the five laborers work, it is impossible to beat it out in two days and then pick it home.

Since the advent of this threshing machine, it has quickly been praised and loved by all farmers in the country, this thing was first launched 20 years ago, and it really entered the hands of the people 15 years ago, the price of a threshing machine is different according to the size, the price is between 20 and 25 taels of silver, such a price is not cheap for the people in ancient times, according to common sense, there should not be too many people to buy.

But since the official advent of this thing, Dafan has tried its function of farming personnel, but no one refused to get it, at that time, in the whole Song Dynasty, as long as the village engaged in farming is not so poor that it can't eat all year round, there will be no shortage of threshing machines, and the population of the whole village is less than 100, at least one shared machine.

There are at least two threshing machines in the village with a population of more than 300 people, and Sangyu Village has a population of more than 400, and the village is relatively wealthy, there are a total of four threshing machines in the village.

When the people in the village need to use it, they need to apply in advance, and they are reasonably arranged according to their respective application times, and then return it after they are used up, when Xiao Nan's family cuts the wheat, there are no two families in the village to start cutting, and there is no need to queue up to apply for a threshing machine at this time, Xiao Nan was slightly taken aback when he saw the threshing machine that was carried to the field.

This threshing machine is wooden, the structural principle is similar to the modern threshing machine, because it can not be driven by gasoline or electricity, only by pure manual operation, the size is much larger than the current threshing machine, when used, by a person to continuously put the cut wheat or rice into the cylinder mouth, there are two wooden drive handles on the left and right sides of the machine, each handle needs to be held by a laborer, shake hard, when the four drive handles rotate at the same time, several wooden axle wheels of the threshing machine will rotate up.

As soon as the machine rotates, the millet will be taken off to the fixed bucket below with the rotating axle wheel, and the straw and wheat stalk will automatically be discharged in the other direction.

The millet made with this thing is very clean, and the grass clippings and ears are discharged together with the straw or wheat stalk in the process of producing the grain, and it is indeed a major evolution in the history of agriculture in an era when energy has not yet been developed and applied, and in Xiao Nan's memory, there is no such thing in the history of the Song Dynasty.

At that time, the peasants, according to the different customs and habits of the north and the south, some places were to cut down the rice and wheat, bundle up the grass together, pick it home, and then find a flat and clean field, spread it out, and grind it slowly with a stone mill on a cow, according to the size of the site, some can grind out seven or eight loads at a time, and some have more than ten loads of grain.

The disadvantage is that there are still a bunch of things to deal with after taking off, for example, first to put away the straw or wheat stalk that has been taken off the grain, and then to use the net grain windmill to fan out the grass ash and debris on the ground, in addition to the complex and time-consuming process, there is also a problem that the grain is beaten out in this way, there will be a lot of small soil particles and small sand particles that are not clean from the net grain windmill fan.

There are also places that use fighting, fighting is a big wooden bucket, there are two thick beams in the center, after the threshing people carry it to the field, grab the ears of wheat or rice one by one and shake them on the beam, directly knock down the ears of wheat into the bucket, and the bucket will be covered with a layer of oiled paper cloth around the bucket to prevent the grain from spewing out.

The advantage of fighting is that the grain is relatively clean, there is no soil and no sand, and the grass clippings must be very clean with a clean windmill, and the disadvantage is that it is slow and tired.

If there is no threshing machine, according to the wind valley habits of Sangyu Village, everyone can only use fighting, using fighting to thresh, Xiao Nan invited these five people, it is impossible to help her family complete the autumn harvest in three days, Xiao Nan looked at the threshing machine that was rotating rapidly in the wheat field, and his heart had endless admiration for the senior fellow who came before him......

After talking about the autumn harvest, by the way, talking about taxes, the Song tax system continued the two tax system of the late Tang Dynasty, that is, household tax and local tax, unlike the late Tang Dynasty, these two taxes in the Song Dynasty had clear amount regulations, and they would not fluctuate the tax amount up and down according to the needs of the national treasury at any time like the late Tang Dynasty, and lower-level officials were not allowed to collect taxes arbitrarily under the pretext of the country.

The household tax of the Song system is collected according to the household registration of all households, that is to say, no matter whether you are high or low, as long as you are registered in the government, the head of the household will need to pay taxes (note, the servants in ancient times did not need to pay taxes, these people belonged to the private property of the powerful and rich, and their taxes were paid by the main family to which they belonged. ）

The household tax standard of Song Law is that each household shall not exceed 5% of the annual income of the head of the household, and the same is true of the land tax, which shall not exceed 5% of the yield per mu, and strictly requires that the registration information of all household heads must be consistent with the facts, that is, if Song residents falsely report their annual income in order to evade taxes, they will be fined heavily and may be confiscated; If the government colludes with the local tyrants to deceive and write down the peasant households who are obviously poor as rich households with solid family backgrounds, and then write the gentry and heroes as poor households, once the households are investigated, the officials will be dismissed from their posts and exiled, and all the property of the gentry and magnates will be confiscated.

Under such severe punishments, whether it is the government or the local ordinary people, basically no one is making up the right to own family property and land in the household registration, (of course, there are very few exceptions, and no matter how strict the law is, it will not be able to control those desperate crazy people, but once such a person is corrected, his life road will come to an end.) ）

Xiao Nan's father's household registration is relatively high, it is the upper household registration among the peasant households, that is, it belongs to the rich peasant standard, Xiao Dalang has 15 acres of fertile land, 100 acres of wasteland, and the annual income of the register is about 100 taels of silver, this standard has not changed for eight years, according to the income standard of Xiao Dalang's family, their family has to pay 5 taels of silver a year in household tax, or equal to the grain planted.

The land tax of Qingfu Town's fertile land is calculated according to the yield of 650 catties per mu per quarter, the tax is 3.5%, 15 acres of land, Xiao Nan's family has to pay 341 catties of grain in a season, which is equivalent to about 3.7 stones (Song Yidou is equal to 9.2 catties, and ten buckets are equal to one stone).

The 100 acres of wasteland were bought ten years ago, the first three years of the wasteland were not taxed, and in the next ten years, the tax was collected every year according to one-tenth of the fertile land, and the tax of a quarter of 100 acres of land was about 2.5 stones, twice a year, adding up to 12.4 stones of land tax for each of Xiao Nan's families.

(This chapter is relatively boring, but since it is a farming text, these taxes are not clearly written, and many subsequent paragraphs cannot be written, of course, these taxes are not the real tax standards of the Northern Song Dynasty, but according to the original system of the Northern Song Dynasty, plus the reform of a certain butterfly in the background set in this article.) ）