Old Tang took a sip of tea and continued: "An antique porcelain in the complete sense refers to antique porcelain that is fake and real. www.biquge.info It is composed of two steps, first imitation, and then old, both of which are indispensable. Imitation mainly includes the imitation of ornamentation, the imitation of vessel shape, the imitation of glaze, the imitation of fetal soil and the imitation of weight; Distressing refers to the "traces of time" that are used to create utensils by various technical means. Imitation of ornamentation and vessel shape. ”

"In terms of imitation, it is relatively easy to imitate ornamentation and imitation of vessel shapes. Many shopkeepers tend to spend hundreds or thousands of dollars on an excavated piece of broken porcelain in order to replicate the ornamentation on it. In addition to directly imitating the painting, they would also use a fine brush dipped in ink to outline the outline on the original, then print the outline on transparent white paper, and then paste the paper on the new porcelain to copy, which is often more in place. ”

"The highest level even uses computer 3D scanning ornamentation, which is almost exactly the same, and the same is true for the shape of the vessel. Compared with the artists of the past, the biggest difference between today's ancient porcelain imitators is that they use various museum catalogues and books, and according to the pictures and data above, they imitate the ornamentation and shape, and the high level can even be vivid. ”

"For those who use new raw materials to imitate ancient porcelain, the imitation of soil and glaze is the most difficult! Like imitating a piece of calligraphy, you can imitate the glyphs, but it's hard to imitate the style. The imitation of the fetal soil depends on the formula of the raw materials, and the fetal soil of the Southern Song Dynasty to the prospect of Dezhen porcelain has always been made of a single porcelain stone. ”

"When the upper layer of porcelain stone was depleted of energy, in the late Southern Song Dynasty, Jingdezhen porcelain workers found Macang soil in Macang Village, Yaoli Township, Fuliang, and the billet made of this soil was hard. Later, it was found in Gaoling Village that the soil with the same properties as Macang soil, named kaolin, was a major turning point in the porcelain-making process. The "binary formula" tire making method has also made Jingdezhen porcelain famous throughout the country since the Yuan Dynasty. ”

"Today, many ceramic workshops in Jingdezhen directly purchase raw materials from foreign mud factories in order to save costs, and there are also many such mud factories in Nanshan in Jingdezhen, and the porcelain made from these raw materials is easy to identify the authenticity. It is more difficult to identify the porcelain made in strict accordance with the formula of porcelain stone and kaolin, but it is impossible to be exactly the same after all, especially the porcelain fetus in the early and middle Ming Dynasty, because the Macang soil has disappeared. It disappeared in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, and it is said that this is also the reason why the Great Dragon Jar failed to be fired repeatedly in the late Ming Dynasty, and it is impossible to replicate it today. ”

Wu Tianyuan finally heard the meat play, what he was looking for was those lost technologies and mineral deposits, and Macang soil was one of them. Others can't find it, he Wu Tianyuan has a special ability, this is his biggest hole card.

"The imitation of the glaze depends on the origin and formula of the glaze, whether it is blue and white cobalt, or red copper in the glaze, etc., the origin and formula of different periods are also different."

"Taking the cobalt material of blue and white porcelain as an example, from the Su Ni Boqing of the Yuan Dynasty to the Shiziqing of the early Ming Dynasty, then to the Pingping Qing of Chenghua, the Huiqing of Jiajing Wanli, the pearl material of Tianqi Chongzhen, and finally to the blue of the middle and late Qing Dynasty, etc., all of which have different color effects depending on the origin."

"With the disappearance of many raw materials, the effect of the real products of that era can no longer be imitated today. Of course, the proportion of glaze water and the way of glazing also affect the final color effect. As for the imitation of weight, it is more difficult, after all, for most imitators, they do not have the opportunity to touch the real thing, so it is not easy to imitate at all. ”

Wu Tianyuan asked: "Except for the lack or disappearance of raw materials, what is your recipe here?" ”

"Me?" Old Tang said proudly: "As a descendant of Tang Ying, I have inherited traditional skills for several generations, in addition to real stunts, it is really difficult for me Tang Tianming!" ”

Wu Tianyuan nodded, this is what he wants, in fact, even if it is a secret recipe that Tang Tianming doesn't know, he can almost find clues as long as he asks the porcelain himself. Sometimes it's just a thin line, but the result is worlds apart.

Lao Tang said with a smile: "The most unique advantage of Jingdezhen's imitation of ancient porcelain is its rich underground resources, and there are countless porcelain relics of the past dynasties. In our antique market and flea market, there are a large number of porcelain specimens, which are valuable teaching materials for beginners. Someone has done an experiment, casually pick up porcelain pieces on a construction site on the stilted building that is about to disappear on the bank of the Changjiang River, and in less than two hours, you can harvest more than ten pieces of blue and white porcelain pieces from the Ming and Qing dynasties, so today Jingdezhen artists have also made full use of this advantage and tried their best to imitate ancient porcelain. ”

"For example, the old tires are newly painted, and the white tires of the middle and late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China are painted with pastels and other glaze colors on them, so that their value is doubled."

"The old glaze is new, and the imitator will use the old glaze water to decorate the new tire."

"Old pieces of new ware, with old feet, streams, bottoms, mouths, necks and other incomplete excavations, assembled in new porcelain, this kind of counterfeiting is more confusing, and it takes senior collectors to distinguish."

"The technique of doing the old is roughly divided into two stages. The first stage was from the 80s to the mid-to-late 90s of the 20th century, and the aging was dominated by imitation of the characteristics of unearthed artifacts. A common technique is to polish the new glaze with sandpaper, or to corrode the glaze with hydrofluoric acid, and then apply muddy water, which penetrates into the damaged glaze, causing the effect of unearthing. ”

"From the mid-to-late 90s of the 20th century to today, it is the second stage of aging, which is dominated by the characteristics of imitation heirlooms. Due to the proper protection of heirlooms, there will generally be no greater degree of glaze damage to the unearthed artifacts, and the glaze has the characteristics of devitrification, the glaze is warm and moist, and the bottom tire is more delicate, and the inner wall can be seen "chicken claw pattern" and so on. ”

"For the purpose of saving costs, low-grade imitations often use industrial potions on the glaze to create an effect. Processing a Yongzheng pastel bowl in the market costs 5 yuan, and you can earn 100 yuan a day, which is also a good business. ”

"High-grade antique porcelain will use traditional Chinese medicine to soak the effect of old porcelain, and there are not many masters who have mastered this old method. The recipes are kept strictly secret, and in their shop you can see all sorts of bottles, but the labels have been torn off to avoid leakage. ”

For example, in order to make pastel porcelain clams, a little alcohol will be added to the traditional Chinese medicine, and in order to eliminate the brightness of the underglaze colored porcelain, a little hydrofluoric acid will be dripped into it, etc."

Wu Tianyuan sighed and said that he was really looking for the right person! As soon as the connoisseur makes a move, he will know if there is one! Calligraphy and painting on Nangong and Ouyang old man a few people checks, take the most high-end road, recently their Yuan Dynasty calligraphy and painting has been very satisfied with a few old men, even began to imitate the Song Dynasty authentic works, the museum has a lot of treasures to copy, the level is getting higher and higher.

Lao Tang concluded: "In fact, many antique porcelain workshops in Jingdezhen are operating at a loss, especially those low-end antique workshops. Even so, they are still insisting on production, for the simple reason that the production of pure craft porcelain is more costly. ”

"Since the collapse of a large number of state-owned porcelain factories in Jingdezhen in the 90s of the 20th century, many laid-off workers have no source of livelihood, and most of them continue to engage in the ceramic industry. However, it is impossible to start large-scale production with personal funds alone, and it is impossible to make money by relying on the production of daily porcelain. ”

"Basically, only 2 out of every 10 craft porcelain shops are profitable, and for small producers, pure craft porcelain is no longer sustainable, so many people turn to more profitable antique porcelain. It's just that antique porcelain is also an industry where the input cost is proportional to the output value, and small producers can only produce low-grade antique porcelain because of lack of funds, and the price of each piece ranges from one or two hundred yuan to four or five hundred yuan, except for the cost of little left; They will cut back even more on the next production and the level of the product will be lower. This is a vicious circle, which has also directly led to the rejection of Jingdezhen ceramics by many consumers across the country. ”

After listening to Lao Tang's introduction, Wu Tianyuan had a clear understanding of Jingdezhen and even the entire Chinese porcelain manufacturing industry, which is a few words, big but not strong, many but not fine!

Like other industrial manufacturing, China is still a labor-intensive industry, there is no real innovative technology and brand added value, can only rely on cheap manpower to lay a hand for Japan, Europe and the United States high-end brands, dozens of times hundreds of times the profit is easily taken away by the family, Jingdezhen porcelain is just a small microcosm of China. (To be continued.) )