In this place of speech, Li Kuo found the feeling of giving a speech at Yenching University again. Pen "Fun" Pavilion www.biquge.info

I have to say that he is not a saint, and even now, he still likes this feeling of being in the limelight, not to mention, there are still such a bunch of foreigners, anyway, almost all of the people present are white and black, and this sense of accomplishment is stronger......

As a result, now Li Kuo has made better preparations.

The philosophical lecture he is preparing today is also an intention he made after observing the philosophical structure of the two worlds.

After all, if Li Kuo wants to make a splash here, he must not take the ordinary road, he must come up with some dry goods, and this is the best dry goods......

Li Kuo had observed the difference between the two planes a long time ago, and then he also felt that there was a big difference between the philosophy in this time and space and the other space.

World philosophy, after all, is still the one that originated in Europe, and has undergone continuous development and improvement, as well as many speculative processes.

From these perspectives, in fact, many philosophies in China just lack such things, the sage classics, usually in a word, both sides of the argument, when they debate each other, can find their own arguments from their classics, and in general China is more about ethics.

Of course, this is mainly because Western civilization occupies the dominant position in the world, so from the perspective of their definition of philosophy, there are also these current problems, if Chinese civilization occupies the dominant position in the world, then the Western set of philosophy may be defeated under these Chinese philosophies with many blank spaces.

And since Li Kuo is giving a lecture at New York University today, it is certainly impossible to talk about Chinese philosophy here.

Philosophy is basically impossible to move forward, both in the East and the West.

After the pre-Qin period in China, almost all the philosophies of later generations were repaired and adjusted to the philosophy of Confucius, and after Socrates and Plato in Europe, almost all the philosophies of later generations were repaired to Plato's philosophy.

And there is another great achievement in the West, that is, Kant's philosophy, and almost all modern philosophies after Kant's philosophy are repairs to Kant's philosophy.

And in the present time and space, there is no Kantian philosophy!

There are three major critiques in Kant's philosophy.

Criticism of pure reason, criticism of practical reason, and criticism of judgment.

What Li Kuo is doing now is this purely rational critique, and it is also the one that has had the most profound impact on the Western world.

The question to be answered by the "Critique of Pure Reason" is: What can we know? Kant's answer is that we can only know what the natural sciences make us know, and that philosophy is of little more use than to help us clarify the conditions necessary to make knowledge possible, and that the metaphysical problems since Plato have been unsolvable......

This question has been left over from the time of Plato's philosophy, and it has also become a problem for philosophers.

Because what is the outside world like, how can human beings think that they can know the world, and is the knowledge that human beings come into contact with real?

These problems constituted quite a horrific loophole, and until the time of Hume's skepticism, it nearly collapsed the edifice of human knowledge.

Because this edifice of human knowledge is based on reality, and basically the previous knowledge was premised on experience, but the constant emergence of skepticism destroys this edifice of knowledge from the root - how do you prove that these experiences are correct? How do you prove that the lessons you have learned can sum up everything in the world? Experience is good, but is it true that the world is all based on these experiences?

By the time of Hume's skepticism, all this suspicion reached its peak!

Hume's skepticism includes, but is not limited to:

On what basis do you conclude that there really is a causal connection in this world? Do you really think that one thing is caused by another? How do you prove that these two things are really cause and effect of each other? And most of the knowledge of human beings is actually based on the fact that one thing can cause another, so this doubt has begun to destroy this knowledge system from the bones.

But that's not all......

Then, there is the suspicion of induction, how can you see that several things seem to be similar, and you can generalize them and even draw conclusions? It doesn't make sense. For example, if you think that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west, and rises in the east and sets in the west every day, then should the sun rise in the east and set in the west to be summed up as an iron law, a truth? This is patently absurd.

As a result, after the emergence of Hume, the human knowledge system was strongly questioned, after all, these things, although they may sound like nothing, but the problem is that this is limiting the ceiling of human thinking.

After all, such a problem will be exposed one day - you may be able to summarize the theories under the current cognitive ability, but because these theories are not true, they cannot deduce higher knowledge, and the stability of higher knowledge cannot be determined, and then there is no possibility of knowledge developing.

So the problem is actually getting bigger and bigger.

Kant's Critique of Pure Reason then solved this problem, proposing a completely new theoretical system that incorporated everything into his own system.

In fact, many things in this time and space have a kind of development in common with another time and space.

There was also a transition from scholasticism to modern philosophy, but here, even if science flourished, it did not solve the problem of skepticism.

To this day, everyone will still have this opinion:

"Only perception really exists, experience is composed of perception, and everything outside perception is unknowable...... many people still think that experience cannot sum up knowledge, but in the hundreds of years of human development, fortunately, God blessed, there is no super big loophole that experience cannot solve.

And Li Kuo will begin his lecture on Kant's philosophy today......

The draft of the speech he now has at hand is "Critique of Pure Reason".

In front of everyone, Li Kuo first made a Western humorous opening remarks, after this opening remark, Li Kuo coughed dryly, and said into the microphone in front of everyone: "Hello everyone, I believe this will be an important speech, because I want to alleviate the epistemological problems of human beings in this speech." ”

"Poof!" Many people almost squirted, and the scene could no longer be quiet.

What the hell is this Nima?

Everyone was speechless and didn't know what was going on.

I don't know why, why did Li Kuo fire the cannon as soon as he came, or did he fire such a big cannon?