Born on 22 June 1947 in Accra, Gold Coast, British Province. The pen "Fun" Pavilion www.biquge.info Catholicism. His father, James Ramsay John, a Scottish man, was born in 1907 in Douglas Castle, southwest Scotland, and worked for the Ghana Fisheries Service in his early years. His mother, Victoria Agbotu, was born in 1910 in a small town near Keita in the Walter region of Ghana, and worked as a chef at Fort Christianbo, the former residence of the British Governor-General and the official residence of the President of Ghana after independence.

Rawlings studied at the prestigious Acchimota College in Accra from 1961 to 1965. He was drafted into the Army on 25 August 1967 and entered the Secondi-Takoradi Air Force Flight Training School in September of the same year. In March 1968, he studied at the Tesheh Military Academy in Ghana and was awarded the Order of the Fast Bird. After graduating in January 1969, he was awarded the rank of Lieutenant in the Air Force and served as a fighter pilot in the 4th Squadron of the Ghana Air Force, where he was hailed as an ace pilot. He was promoted to Air Force Captain in April 1978. Hobbies include horseback riding, shooting, racing, playing ball, swimming and aerobatics.

On May 15, 1979, Rollins led more than 100 air force personnel in a military coup d'état, seized the air base, and attacked the Burmese battalion, where the headquarters of the armed forces headquarters was nearby. Rawlings attempted to seize power by seizing the command center of the Ghanaian armed forces in one fell swoop, thereby taking control of the country's military forces. Rumors of leaks and weak coup forces were hampered by stubborn resistance at the headquarters of the armed forces. Mechanized troops loyal to the government sent tanks and armored vehicles to protect the presidential palace, the army headquarters, radio stations and other key departments, preventing the rebels from occupying it. Under the fierce counterattack of government forces, the coup forces were defeated and finally retreated to the air base. When the coup was about to fail completely, Rawlings flew a light fighter-bomber alone and circled over Accra, preparing to bomb the official residences of the Ministry of Defence, the Gendarmerie Command and the junta leaders in an attempt to save the fate of the failed coup. Citizens of Accra gathered in the streets or stood on the rooftops of buildings to watch with interest the superb technique of Captain Rollins' plane to evade anti-aircraft gun fire. A brutal and bloody military coup turned into a spectacular flying trick show that gave the citizens of Accra a psychological goodwill for Rollins' brave performance, which Rawlings himself had not anticipated, but had a considerable impact on his future. At about 10 a.m. on the same day, the coup forces guarding the air base surrendered. At 1 p.m., Radio Accra broadcast a special statement from the Armed Forces Command announcing that the Government had quelled a "rebellion". At the critical juncture of the failed coup, Rollins personally took full responsibility and was arrested and imprisoned.

Because Captain Rollins became a nationally known "hero" overnight, the junta leaders did not dare to secretly execute him, and he was brought to a military court for punishment on charges of plotting a mutiny and violently overthrowing the junta, and his trial was announced on June 4, 1979. To the surprise of the junta leaders, on the evening of 3 June, a group of Rawlins' sympathizers, armed with a pamphlet (i.e., "History Will Acquit Me"), of Cuban revolutionary leader Fidel Castro's 1953 defense before the Mencada trial, gathered in front of the army headquarters in the city of Accra to protest against the Supreme Military Council's attempt to execute Rawlings and demand his unconditional and immediate release. On the morning of June 4, when Rollins, who was escorted by soldiers, walked into the courtroom with his head held high, the soldiers and civilians crowded inside and outside the courtroom were already applauding and saluting him. As Rollins made a speech in defense of his righteous patriotic actions, he was constantly interrupted by applause. At the trial, Rollins denounced the corruption of the government. A military tribunal sentenced Rawlings to death on charges of conspiracy to overthrow the junta and attempted "Ethiopian-style cleansing" in Ghana. The verdict sparked an outcry from the crowd inside and outside the courtroom. During Rawlings' incarceration, prison guards did not allow pro-Supreme Military Council personnel to enter the confinement chamber where Rawlings was being held in order to prevent him from being assassinated.

Rollins' defense quickly spread across the country. Most Ghanaians pay tribute to Rollins' patriotic "noble motives." There was also a shock in the armed forces, especially when junior officers and soldiers sympathized with Rollins. Leaflets demanding the release of Rollins were even posted on the walls of every barracks in the capital region. The head of the junta, General Akufo, also received a number of warning letters, some of which said: "If you dare to touch Captain Rollins, we will take immediate action." Therefore, the Supreme Military Council did not dare to rashly execute Rollins.

Since February 1966, when the Ghanaian military elite staged a coup d'état to overthrow the Nkrumah regime and establish a military junta, the country has not only failed to govern the country well, but has become worse and worse, resulting in extreme political chaos, social unrest, and growing dissatisfaction with the military junta. This makes Ghana, the first independent country in black Africa, one of the most unstable countries in Africa. The reason for this is that quite a number of people in power and high-ranking officials, especially the ruling clique of the military junta, have disregarded the interests of the state and the people, wantonly embezzled and accepted bribes, and enriched themselves by enriching themselves, thus turning Ghana's political arena into a miasma. As a result of economic mismanagement, rampant smuggling, rampant speculation, and rampant hoarding, the economy of this formerly wealthier country in Black Africa has deteriorated. As Finance and Economy Minister Kweshi Bauchway put it, Ghana's economy is "facing total collapse". The total domestic and foreign debts in 1978-1979 were as high as 9.462 billion cedis, which was 3.74 times the government's fiscal revenue in that year. Most Ghanaians have come to miss Nkrumah, the father of the nation, and his "socialist" practices. In fact, the Supreme Military Council, headed by General Akufo, has acknowledged the failure of the military regime and has taken the decision to hold national elections on 18 June, preparing for the transfer of power to an elected civilian government after the elections.

After Ghana's independence, a group of young officers was trained. Most of these young officers have strong national feelings and patriotic spirit, and they are dissatisfied with the corruption and degeneration of society and are actively exploring the road to the complete liberation of the nation. Because they have the barrel of a gun, they have become an important force in Ghana's political life. Rawlings had long had the idea of purging the armed forces and politics of scum and corrupt elements, and he formed an "uprising committee" with a group of like-minded young officers to plan a coup d'état. The core members of the "insurrectionary committee" numbered about a few dozen, mostly junior officers and soldiers. Rollins, who risked his life to carry out a military coup, was a reflection of the ideology of the radical young soldiers in the Ghanaian armed forces. Although the military coup led by Rollins ended in failure, it was popular and threatened to resurge.

On June 4, 1979, a group of young soldiers who supported Rawlings staged a military coup d'état, rescued Rawlings from prison, and embraced him as leader. Due to the distraction of the government army, most of the senior officers feared death, hid in their homes or their whereabouts were unknown, and most of the troops took a wait-and-see attitude, while the pro-junta forces defected, causing a dramatic reversal of the situation, and the coup d'état, which had been weak, gradually gained the upper hand. After repeated and fierce fighting, the coup soldiers captured the army headquarters, the police headquarters, the headquarters of the 1st Infantry Brigade and the General Headquarters of the Armed Forces, the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces, General Hamidu, was forced to surrender and ordered the resistance forces loyal to the junta to lay down their arms in support of Captain Rawlings, and on the afternoon of June 5, the coup forces arrested all the members of the Supreme Military Council except for Chairman Akufo. On the 7th, Akufo, who was hiding in the Secretariat of the Catholic Church, went to the air base to surrender. At this point, Rawlins's second military coup finally overthrew the military junta headed by General Akufo, and a new page was turned in the course of Ghana's history.

After the successful coup, the Revolutionary Council of the Armed Forces, consisting of 11 soldiers, was formed, chaired by 32-year-old Air Force Captain Rollins, the youngest head of state in Ghana. The second man was Captain Boaquiye Jain, and the other members were Major Mensa Opoku, Major Mensa Bedma, Second Class Warrant Officer Auburn, Private Owusu Allah, Private 1st Class Gaziko, Corporal Owusu Boateng, Sergeant Alex Ajiei, Private 1st Class Peter Tasiri Azombo, and Lieutenant Colonel Hesi Apallo. It is clear that the supreme state power is in the hands of captains and soldiers. The officers of the colonel-level who participated in the Revolutionary Committee were all on the side of the coup d'état in the contest between the coup d'état and the anti-coup d'état, and played a certain role in the final victory of the coup. The Revolutionary Council ordered all generals in the armed forces to retire and appointed Colonel Dan Pura as Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces, Colonel Bruce Quinu as Commander of the Army, Colonel Jabaa as Commander of the Air Force, Lieutenant Commander of the Navy as Lieutenant Commander of the Navy and Lieutenant Colonel Saidu Ayoma as Commander of the Border Guards. Rawlings was a brilliant politician who insisted that the posts of senior commanders of the armed forces must be given to military professionals and senior officers with some authority in the armed forces.

In order to stabilize the political situation, revive the economy and establish a clean regime, the Revolutionary Committee of the Armed Forces, headed by Rawlings, took three important measures: 1) to fulfill its promise to return government to the people in the short term; 3. Strengthen market management to revive the economy. The people of Ghana have suffered greatly from a long period of unrest, especially military rule, and are eager to restore civilian government. As a result, differences of opinion arose within the Revolutionary Council and the armed forces on the question of whether or not to "return government to the people". The majority advocated that the military should continue to be in power, but the minority faction headed by Rawlings insisted on handing over power, declaring that the purpose of the "revolution" must first take into account the interests of the entire nation, and that it was by no means a "revolution" for the sake of becoming an official. Because of Rawlings' prestige and influence, the Revolutionary Committee finally made the decision to "return government to the people" as soon as possible. General elections were scheduled to be held on June 18, 1979, half a month after the coup, and the People's National Party led by Sheila Liman won the general election, in which Liman was elected president. On 24 September, the Revolutionary Council handed over power to a civilian government headed by President Liman. Rollins demanded that Liman should first carry out a purges of purity within the People's National Party and form a clean and efficient government.

After the Revolutionary Council came to power, Rawlings stressed the need for a "war" against social injustice for the sake of Ghana's health, sweeping away the malignant tumors in Ghanaian politics and the toxins that disrupted the economy, the main source of which was the corruption of the generals. As a result, the Revolutionary Committee made the decision to carry out the "Great Purge". The campaign is aimed at corrupt generals and senior officers within the armed forces. As everyone knows, Utuka, the former commander of the border guard, was given the title of "smuggling commander" and used his power to investigate and prohibit smuggling to engage in smuggling activities on a large scale. Ghanaian public opinion claims that the head of state has become an exchange, the Burmese battalion (the General Headquarters of the Armed Forces) has been turned into a trading company, the armed forces are the Ministry of Commerce, and the police force is a smuggling brigade. A considerable part of the government's revenues went into the pockets of generals and officers, many of whom had private deposits in foreign banks.

Rawlings openly stated that "in order to clean up this country, blood needs to be shed." The Revolutionary Committee ordered the dignitaries of the successive military governments to declare their assets truthfully; Announced the freezing of bank deposits and other property of 81 high-ranking military officers and 11 large businessmen with collusion with the military; Officials who undermine the country's economy, embezzle state property and extort money from the people are interrogated. Soon after, the three former heads of the junta, Lieutenant General Akvas Amankawa Afrifa (2 April 1969 – 7 August 1970), Colonel-General Ignatius Koutu Achampong (13 January 1972 – 5 July 1978), Lieutenant General Frederick William Kwasi Akufo (5 July 1978 – 4 June 1979) and Colonel Roger Feeley, former Minister of Foreign Affairs, Major General Robert Kotey, former Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces, Eight military dignitaries, including former Navy Commander Rear Admiral Joy Amedunan, former Air Force Commander Air Rear Admiral George Iwa Boakiye, and former Border Guard Commander Rear Admiral Eduard Kwaku Utuka, were sentenced to death by the People's Court on charges of corruption and were summarily executed at the Tesheh military range in Ghana.

The Revolutionary Council's approach to the "bloodshed treatment" was supported by the majority of Ghanaians. Ghanaian trade unions, student unions and other social groups issued statements expressing support for the Rawlings junta's purge of the military ranks. However, this caused panic among the upper echelons of Ghanaian society, senior and senior officials and military officers, and clandestine activities within the armed forces to instigate a coup d'état. At the same time, the leaders of a number of African countries and Western countries called on the new leaders of Ghana to stop the "shooting of former heads of government and senior officials." Under pressure from home and abroad, Rawlings announced in a June 30 broadcast to the nation that his government would not execute former junta criminals and would send those who had gone on trial to serve in farm labor or re-education centers.

In order to rectify the economic order, increase the revenue of the state treasury and curb prices, the military government of Rawlings adopted severe repressive measures against the national bourgeoisie of Ghana, such as the immediate payment of arrears of taxes by industry and commerce, the confiscation of hoarded grain and daily necessities, the forced lowering of prices, the public flogging or parade of merchants who sold goods beyond the limit price, and the severe punishment of business owners who colluded with officials in private business. But while cracking down on hoarding and speculation, it also hurt small businessmen who were small and profitable. As a result of the rectification, industrial and commercial enterprises went to the tax bureau one after another to pay their tax arrears, prices in the market began to fall, and the living standards of the residents improved.

More importantly, the Revolutionary Council of the Armed Forces has set an example by sweeping away the corrupt practices of the military junta leadership of the past. The members of the committee do not live in luxurious and comfortable official residences, they do not participate in private economic activities, they concentrate on the offices of the Ministry of Defense and refuse all special treatment. It shows the style of the leading group of the military government to be honest and honest.

The "revolutionary style" of Rawlings and other members of the Revolutionary Council set a good example for Ghana's goal of establishing a clean government. This is conducive to the healthy development of Ghana's politics and the improvement of Ghana's economy.

Nkrumah, who had been criticized by successive military governments, regained a fair evaluation, and Nkrumah's ideas of African nationalism and the practice of "African socialism" were again respected, and in some form, as the "guiding ideology" of the revolutionary committee to govern the country. But the Revolutionary Committee did not fanatically and unconditionally copy it.

The Revolutionary Committee insisted on the promise of "returning government to the people" and handed over power to the newly elected government of the People's National Party (PPP) led by Sheila Liman after only three months in power, establishing the first truly democratically elected civilian government since the military coup d'état of 1966. This has led to a change in the image of the majority of Ghanaians towards the armed forces controlled by the Young Zhuang military and has led to communication between the armed forces and the people, especially between the armed forces and youth organizations dominated by university students.

In September 1979, the head of Ghana's military junta, Captain Rawlings, persuaded the radical Young Zhuang military clique to fulfill its promise of "returning government to the people" after three months in power, handing over the military junta to the elected victorious People's National Party and its chairman, President Liman, ushering in the era of the Third Republic of Ghana. President Sheila Lehman, however, sees the clique of young warriors who have taken the initiative to hand over power as a potential opposition, and their leader Rollins as the biggest danger. As a result, the Liman government resorted to the tactics of attacking the former ruling group. First, key members of the Revolutionary Council of the former Armed Forces were sent abroad to disengage them from Ghanaian politics. On 27 November 1979, Rawlings was relieved of his military duties by Lehmann and ordered to retire from the armed forces, and was appointed to the Council of State, which had no authority but no powers. The Liman government also maliciously slandered Rawlings and his military junta by investigating the whereabouts of the tax revenues handled by the former Revolutionary Committee, negating all the achievements of the Revolutionary Committee in carrying out the coup d'état and in purging corruption in the political circles and the armed forces and reviving the economy during the period of his administration, and even went so far as to launch a personal attack on Rawlings in June 1979 when the military coup seized the prison and rescued him, and even instilled his family members in dismissing Rawlins's mother, who had worked in the presidential residence for decades. The Liman government's series of politically framed actions have been despised by many honest Ghanaians.

Irritable at the perfidy and misdeeds of the Liman government, Rawlings rejoined the political struggle, repeatedly refusing to study abroad the government's arrangements, frequenting student and youth gatherings and giving speeches exposing the deception and corruption of the Liman government. The situation of Rollins' persecution is sympathetic to the majority of Ghanaians.

In addition, after President Liman came to power, Ghana's economic situation has not improved, but has deteriorated day by day, with a decline in industrial and agricultural production, a vicious inflation of deinflation, a shortage of daily necessities in the market, and an increase in unemployment. President Liman's public pledge to continue the junta's "sweep" when he took power has vanished since he took office. The phenomena of high-ranking government officials vying for power and profit, and corruption have not only not been curbed, but have intensified. A series of corrupt practices by the elected civilian government have led to strong resentment among junior officers and soldiers in the armed forces. The Young Zhuang military clique had repeatedly plotted a new coup d'état to re-establish the junta, but without success, and they pinned their hopes on Captain Rollins to return to the mountains to organize a new coup. After his dismissal from the military, Rollins secretly went to Libya for military training, and immediately after his return to Ghana, he led the coup plotter.

On December 30, 1981, Chinese New Year's Eve, the Ministry of Defense held a grand farewell party, attended by the president, vice president, defense minister, chief of staff of the armed forces, police inspector, and most ministers and senior military officers.

At 3 a.m. on December 31, 1981, Rollins, with the support of junior officers and soldiers of the armed forces, decisively launched a military coup d'état, successively occupying the Ministry of Defense, the airport, the army headquarters, the presidential palace, radio stations and other important institutions, and by 11 a.m. on the same day, the coup forces had taken control of the entire capital. This lightning coup ended in victory less than 8 hours before and after. In an agitated and incendiary speech to the nation on Radio Accra, Rollins announced that "a new revolution had broken out" in Ghana and that the rotten Liman government had been overthrown. He accused the Liman government of corruption and incompetence, and the greed and corruption of President Liman himself and his cabinet members and their struggle for power have thrown Ghana's political situation into chaos and brought Ghana's economy to its knees. He declared to all Ghanaians that the purpose of this new military coup was to once again clean up the corruption of Ghanaian politics and reform Ghana's already troubled economic structure. The people and the armed forces of the whole country gave him full support for the "revolution", and his impassioned speech received an enthusiastic response. The garrison in the Accra region has issued statements expressing support for the coup led by Rollins. A number of government officials and senior military officers were arrested, President Liman and other dignitaries fled into hiding, and Liman was captured on his way to a neighboring country.

On 11 January 1982, Rawlings was appointed Chairman of the Interim National Defence Committee, Head of State, Head of Government and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ghana, Minister of Defence in November of the same year, and Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces from November 1982 to August 1983. After only 27 months of existence, the Third Republic of Ghana was brought to an end by the greed, incompetence and misdeeds of the civilian government of Liman, which pushed the country into the abyss of social chaos and economic collapse, and Ghana entered the 20-year era of Rawlings' enlightened dictatorship.

After the coup, the political situation in Ghana quickly stabilized and the new government was functioning normally. Compared with Rawlings' previous two coups, this coup d'état has a striking feature in that it has broad popular support. Ghanaians, who had previously held a stance of opposing military interference in politics, have become nostalgic for the incorruptible and responsible style of the former Rollins junta leadership group because more than two years of civilian government have shown the corrupt behavior of politicians who are greedy for power, money-grabbing and corrupt pleasures. The Ghana Trade Union Congress, the Ghana National Federation of Students, and a number of community organizations have organized mass meetings and demonstrations in support of the new junta, and even the "market mothers" (businesswomen and traders) in Accra, who were hit by the Rawlings junta in 1979, have welcomed the new junta. Some of the intellectuals, who have always been vehemently opposed to military interference in politics, have also changed their stance. The situation of these people's aspirations was conducive to the realization of their "revolutionary" goals by the Young Zhuang military group headed by Rawlings.

After the successful coup d'état, Rawlings took an extremely cautious approach to organizing the new regime, and after more than ten days of deliberation and consultation, on January 11, 1982, he announced the establishment of a seven-member "Interim National Defence Council" of Ghana, whose members were all military personnel, as the highest authority of the state. On 22 January, the Interim National Defence Council appointed a Cabinet of 15 civilians. The fact that the Cabinet does not have a prime minister and replaces the ministers with secretaries of various ministries to preside over administrative affairs, and Rawlings personally serves as the head of the cabinet and the secretary of the Ministry of National Defense, and appoints political party figures, experts, and scholars as heads of various ministries, indicating that the military regime accommodates outstanding talents from all walks of life in the interests of the country rather than on party affiliation.

The Provisional National Defence Council issued a policy platform declaring that the current stage of the national democratic revolution in Ghana is the initial stage of the transition to a more rational political system. The aim of the national struggle was to change the structure of the Ghanaian colony, break up foreign monopolies, achieve genuine economic independence, and ensure that the people exercised their power. The programme identifies the main measures to address the major political, economic and social problems facing Ghana: 1. Implement "people's democracy", oppose corruption, and let the people be the masters of their own destiny; 2. Develop an "autonomous and disciplined economy", control markets and prices, crack down on smuggling and hoarding, and gradually "shift the focus of economic activities from market trade to production"; 3. Strengthen national unity, put an end to tribal strife, abolish the colonial army, and safeguard and consolidate independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity; 4. To be loyal to the position of non-alignment, to pledge active neutrality, to oppose apartheid, not to join any bloc of great powers, to maintain friendship and cooperation with all countries of the world, regardless of their ideology.

The policy of the new military regime is a continuation of the policy implemented by Rawlings after the first military coup d'état in June 1979, but the current policy is more sophisticated, comprehensive and realistic than before, and has changed the style of the "reckless revolution" of the past, so it is supported by the majority of Ghanaians and by various political forces in Ghana. Ghanaian public opinion believes that the new regime, with some revolutionary overtones, is still an African nationalist regime that (partially) succeeded Nkrumah.

Since taking office, Rawlings has continuously adjusted his domestic and foreign policies, summing up and drawing lessons from his first assumption of power. In the first year or two of his administration, there were many difficulties. Due to the accumulated shortcomings left over from the previous governments of Ghana, although Rawlings has been resolute and resolute since taking office, it is by no means possible to fundamentally eradicate the accumulated evils and revive the economy overnight. Unable to revive Ghana's deteriorating economy in a short period of time due to high levels of corruption and bribery, some members of the military, government officials, intellectuals, and university students have taken a stance against the military regime. On November 23, 1982, February 27, 1983, and June 19, 1983, Rollins foiled three attempted coups to overthrow the military junta. The February coup attempt of 1983 was behind the involvement of the Reagan administration, the CIA, and the U.S. Embassy in Ghana (the Reagan administration had consistently opposed the radical African nationalist Rawlings regime, which considered Ghana to be a pro-East African "progressive state").

Rollins pursued a policy of national reconciliation at home, and in 1983 issued an amnesty, freeing former President Liman and other dignitaries of the former regime; Recruit people from all walks of life to participate in and discuss politics, and set up a consultative committee composed of chiefs, well-known figures in society, and intellectuals. put an end to tribal strife, strengthen national unity, actively pursue political reforms with the main objective of democratizing the country's political life, extensively establish people's defence committees and workers' defence committees, and reorganize them into defence-of-revolutionary committees under the leadership of local governors at all levels in accordance with the needs of the development of the situation, stipulating that their main tasks are to educate, mobilize and organize the people to develop production; At the beginning of 1989, for the first time, a free vote was held by the electorate to establish a county assembly with legislative, decision-making and executive powers. At the same time, it is necessary to rectify the internal situation, crack down on corrupt officials and lawless businessmen, and clear the way for the adjustment of economic policies.

After 1983, Rawlings reversed his original radical leftist line and adopted a conservative economic policy. With the support of the international financial institutions, a three-year economic recovery plan was launched in April 1983, gradually shifting the focus of economic activities from market-based to production-oriented. large-scale cuts in government spending, control of imports and fiscal spending; removing subsidies and price controls to reduce inflation; Formulate an investment law to include tourism as an investment target to attract foreign investment; In order to obtain international aid, the currency Seid was devalued several times. We should vigorously grasp agriculture, increase input, encourage government officials and workers of industrial and commercial enterprises to participate in production, and make every effort to restore and develop the production of grain, cocoa, mineral products, and timber, and encourage exports. Attaching importance to and supporting small industries that can make full use of the country's raw materials has reversed the trend of economic regression for more than a decade.

In 1984, Ghana's GDP growth rate soared from negative to 5.5 per cent, the fiscal deficit fell to 2.2 per cent from 4.4 per cent in 1982, and inflation fell to 30 per cent from 123 per cent. Exports of cocoa and timber, Ghana's traditional exports, are also on the rise. Thousands of displaced refugees are returning home.

In the course of reform, attention should be paid to increasing the income of the urban and rural people to ensure the smooth progress of the reform. In 1987, the medium-term development plan was implemented to carry out structural adjustment on the basis of emphasizing social benefits. Comprehensively rectify state-owned enterprises, reorganize or sell those that have been losing money for a long time into joint ventures and private enterprises, and implement the operating contract system for those state-owned enterprises that have been retained; the establishment of the National Bureau of Small Industries to provide loans and technical assistance to support small and medium-sized private enterprises; Open the foreign exchange market, introduce free foreign exchange trading, and crack down on foreign exchange black market trading; abolish the import and export licensing system and implement trade liberalization; Multilateral and bilateral loans were used to rehabilitate infrastructure such as roads, railways and ports. In 1988, the "Action Plan for Mitigating the Adverse Effects of Structural Adjustment on Society" was put forward to help peasants and semi-unemployed people solve their practical living difficulties.

Rollins values education, culture, and health care. In 1988, the reform of the education system was introduced, the length of school was shortened, and basic education was strengthened. The Government has proposed the "Universal Compulsory Basic Education Plan" to make compulsory basic education available to every school-age child by 2005, mainly funded by government grants and foreign aid from the United States and Canada. In 1996, the first phase of compulsory education and universal basic education was introduced. 512 dormitories for faculty and staff and 81 teaching areas have been built. Since 2000, the second phase of the plan has been implemented, with 688 staff dormitories and 69 teaching areas, as well as 2,000 classrooms renovated. The enrolment rate in primary education is 81.1 per cent and in secondary education 39 per cent. [4] The current school system: 6 years of primary school, 3 years of junior high school (the above two stages are compulsory), 3 years of high school (or 3~4 years of secondary technical school), and 2~4 years of university. There are six important universities with a total of about 40,000 students, among which the University of Ghana, Kumasian Krumah University of Technology and Cape Coast University are the more famous. There are also 38 teacher training colleges and 10 local technical colleges. There are 12,225 primary schools, 6,418 junior high schools and 474 high schools in the country. In 2002, the illiteracy rate among the population over the age of 15 was 18 per cent for men and 34 per cent for women.

Rawlings' free-market measures soon allowed Ghana's economy to recover, and by the early 90s, Ghana had the highest national economic growth rate among African countries. Ghana's economy has maintained a momentum of sustained growth and political stability, and has been hailed as a "model" for economic restructuring in African countries, and in 1994, the United Nations abolished the title of Ghana's least developed country. Rawlings was also hailed by the people of Ghana as "the Moses of disaster relief."

Rawlings pursued an active foreign policy of neutrality and non-alignment. Promote diplomatic pluralism and seek to establish and develop friendly relations with all countries that respect Ghana's sovereignty, independence and interests. advocating international disarmament and safeguarding world peace; It calls for the establishment of a new international economic order. He stressed the solidarity, cooperation, good-neighborliness and friendship of African countries, and opposed the interference of major powers in African affairs. support for the struggle of the people of Southern Africa against racist regimes and for liberation; Focus on improving relations with neighbouring countries in West Africa. In February 1985, he was elected Chairman of the Liberation Commission of the Organization of African Unity.

At the end of the 80s of the 20th century, the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe and political pluralism hit the African continent, and Western countries and international financial institutions linked aid with political reform and human rights, forcing African countries to restructure and turn around. In 1991, Rawlings assessed the situation and decided to end military rule and move to a democratic constitutional government. Rawlings himself was not in favor of a multi-party system, and he advocated a non-partisan, participatory democracy based on national conditions, that is, the establishment of county assemblies through bottom-up democratic elections, followed by the establishment of nonpartisan national assemblies, and in fact this plan was already being implemented. However, under strong pressure at home and abroad, Rawlings followed the trend and abandoned his original plan and began the transition to a multi-party constitutional rule, and Ghana's transition from military regime to constitutional rule was smooth and orderly, and under the control of the government.

The referendum of Ghana on 26 April 1992 adopted a new constitution, which states that Ghana is a democratic country committed to freedom and justice and respect for fundamental human rights, freedoms and dignity; The President is the Head of State, Head of Government and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces for a term of four years, renewable for one term; The Cabinet is appointed by the President and approved by the Parliament; Parliament must pass bills and obtain the President's consent before exercising constitutional power; The judiciary is independent and has the power to interpret, enforce and enforce laws. The parliament is unicameral and is the highest organ of state power, with the power to legislate and amend the constitution. Members of Parliament are elected by the whole country for a term of four years.

In May 1992, Ghana opened the ban on political parties and implemented a multi-party system, forming three mainstream political party factions: the Rollins faction, the Danqua-Busia faction and the Nkrumah faction. On 10 June 1992, the National Democratic Congress (NDC) (Rollins party) was formed, with members mostly Rollins supporters, but also a number of former members of the Nkrumah and Dankwa-Bhosia factions. The party is a center-left party of social democracy, a member of the Socialist International, advocating political democratization and privatization of the economy, and conducting multifaceted diplomacy. Since 1992, it has alternated power with the New Patriotic Party (Denqua-Busia).

Rawlings lived in a time of intense political turmoil in Ghana. In the 22 years from Ghana's independence in 1957 to the eve of Rawlins' first coup d'état in 1979, Ghana experienced five regime changes, with 12 coups by military personnel and three seizures of state power. Frequent regime changes and ongoing political unrest have reduced Ghana, the richest country in Black Africa, to one of the poorest and most unstable. However, after two decades of Rawlings' rule, Ghana is now one of the most stable democracies in Africa, with steady economic growth and an overall improvement in people's living standards. This was the greatest achievement of Rollins' administration.