The political policies pursued by Tuoba Tao were conducive to social stability to a certain extent and promoted the process of Xianbei feudalization, but after all, Tuoba Tao was a feudal emperor and did not get rid of the boundaries of nationalities, let alone stop the oppression and exploitation of the people of all ethnic groups.

Lu Shuihu is the other part of the Xiongnu, named after living in Lushui, since the Eastern Han Dynasty, it has been concentrated in Huangzhong, and then gradually distributed in Qin, Long, Xingcheng and other places. After the Wei Dynasty pacified Guanzhong, a military town was set up here to strengthen the control of Lu Shuihu.

The Great Wei government relocated the Lushui Hu people and increased their taxes, and in the sixth year of the Taiping Zhenjun, an armed uprising led by Lu Shuihu Gai Wu broke out in the Guanzhong area.

After the uprising broke out, Yuan Su, the deputy general of Wei Chang'an Town, led his army to suppress it and was defeated. As a result, the people of all ethnic groups in Guanzhong responded, and the rebel army expanded to more than 100,000 people, divided into three routes, one led by Bai Guangping to the southwest to capture Xinping and Anding, and all the way to the southeast to capture Linjin, threatening Chang'an from the east, and Gai Wu led an army to capture Li Runbao, and went straight to Weibei, preparing to attack Chang'an.

Tuoba Tao hurriedly dispatched the cavalry of Gaoping Town to Chang'an, and ordered the general Changsun Ba to mobilize troops from the three prefectures of He, Qin and Yong to guard Weibei.

At the same time, under the leadership of Xue Yongzong, Hedong Shu, who lived between Hejiang and Fen, attacked Wei's pastures in Hedong in November of the sixth year of Taiping Zhenjun, seized horses, and organized a cavalry of more than 3,000 people to launch an uprising in Fenqu.

Gai Wu sent people to get in touch with Xue Yongzong, and Xue Yongzong accepted Gai Wu's appointment as the assassin of Qinzhou, successively captured Wenxi and Hongnong, approached Tongguan, and the team also grew to more than 50,000 people.

The two rebel armies were balanced and corresponding, forming a horn momentum, and the prestige was great, starting from Xingcheng in the north, Weibei in the south, Jincheng in the west, and Hedong in the east, with central Shaanxi as the center, including the eastern part of Gansu, the southeast of Ningxia, the southwestern part of Shanxi, and the northwest of Henan, the vast area was under the control and influence of the rebel army.

Gai Wu sent an envoy Zhao Juan to Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty, hoping that the Liu Song regime could send troops to the river and Shaanxi to form a situation of attacking the north and south of the Northern Wei Dynasty.

In the case of the crumbling rule of Guanzhong, Tuoba Tao personally led the army to conquer, he adopted the strategy of dividing the troops to contain and break each one, and the palace Shangshu Yiba will have 30,000 horsemen to fight against Gai Wu, and Xiping Gong Kouti will have 10,000 horsemen to fight Bai Guangping, and he will lead the main force to attack Xue Yongzong.

In the first month of the seventh year of Taiping Zhenjun, the large army of Linfenqu used the local heroes to build a barrier to cut off the connection between Xue Yongzong and Gai Wu, and then launched a surprise attack on the rebel army without guard, suppressing the rebel army. In February, Tuoba Tao led his army across the Yellow River to Luoshui Bridge. After hearing the news, Gai Wu retreated north, was surrounded by the Wei army in Xingcheng, suffered serious losses, and wrote to Emperor Wen of Song again, hoping that the Liu Song regime could send troops to rescue, but failed to do so, in August, Gai Wu was killed by traitors, and the rebel army was suppressed.

In the process of suppressing the Gaiwu uprising, Tuoba Tao brutally killed the people of all ethnic groups who responded to the uprising along the way, trying to stifle the resistance struggle with a high-pressure national policy, exposing the true nature of his ruler.

Eliminating the hidden dangers inside, Tuoba Tao began to concentrate on the outside.

Rouran was it at the beginning of the establishment of the Wei Dynasty

Archenemy. At the age of twelve, Tuoba Tao went to Hetao to resist the invasion of Rouran, and put the military affairs of the border fortress in order.

In the first year of Shiguang, shortly after Tuoba Tao ascended the throne, Rouran Khan Mu Khan Susheng Gai Datan led 60,000 cavalry to invade Yunzhong, Tuoba Tao led a light cavalry to attack, and was surrounded by the Rouran army for 50 heavy, Tuoba Tao was resolute and majestic, unmoved, which stabilized the military heart. Later, the Northern Wei army shot Rouran's general Yu Zhijin, and Rouran retreated.

In the second year of Shiguang, Tuoba Tao reorganized his troops and horses, raided Rouran, and broke the main force of Rouran's army, which opened the prelude to the Wei Dynasty's strategic counteroffensive against Rouran.

In the second year of Shenyu, Tuoba Tao divided his troops into two routes, taking through Black Mountain and Da'e Mountain, and attacked Rouran on a large scale.

Tuoba Tao personally led the light cavalry to a long-distance attack, and won a surprising victory, and soon reached Lishui, where he captured a large number of enemy troops. The results of this battle were very brilliant, and it was called the Battle of the Northern Wei Dynasty.

In the twenty-five years from the first year of Guangshi to the tenth year of Taiping Zhenjun, Tuoba Tao led his army to attack Rouran thirteen times, defeated Goguryeo and other affiliated tribes of Rouran, expanded the land for more than 1,000 miles, and later set up six towns to resist the invasion of Rouran. Finally, Rouran "frightened into the north, dare not return to the south", "the frontier is on the alert".

Since then, Rouran has been in a slump, which is another major victory of the Central Plains Dynasty over the northern nomads after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty severely damaged the Xiongnu.

Another major victory for Tuoba Tao was the southern attack on Liu Song.

In the third year of Shenlu, the Great Song Emperor Liu Yilong went on a northern expedition, and the Wei Dynasty soldiers Wang Huilong, Han Yanzhi, An Jie and others led the army to resist stubbornly and counterattack the Song army, the Song army was unable to resist, and the Northern Wei Dynasty successively conquered Kim Yong, Luoyang, Tiger Prison, Huatai and other places. This was the second great war of the Southern Wei Dynasty.

In the eleventh year of Taiping Zhenjun, after the rule of Yuan Jia, the Southern Song Dynasty prospered, which made Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty Liu Yilong fantasize about "sealing the wolf Juxu".

So in the autumn and July of the 27th year of Yuanjia, Emperor Wen of Song Liu Yilong issued an edict on the Northern Expedition.

Liu Song made good progress in the early stage, captured Jeju, and marched into the army to besiege Huatai. However, in October, Tuoba Tao of the Northern Wei Dynasty prepared a counterattack, first sent a fierce general Lu Zhen to break into the siege to pacify the defenders of the slippery platform, and then defeated Wang Xuanmo's troops in one fell swoop.

Tuoba Tao marched into Dongpyeong and forced the Liu Song army to abandon Jeju. Tuoba Tao ordered the generals to ignore the strong city behind, divide the troops into five routes, boldly drive straight to the south, interspersed in depth: Tuoba Ren sent troops from Luoyang to Shouchun, Changsun Zhen went straight to Matou, Tuoba Jian went straight to Zhongli, Tuoba Tao went straight to Xiapi, Tuoba Tao personally led the middle route army out of Dongping and attacked Zou Mountain.

After the surrender of Cui Xili, the Taishou of Lujun, Tuoba Tao sent an envoy to sacrifice Confucius in the ether prison.

Tuoba Tan annihilated the three battalions of Hu Chongzhi and others, and defeated Zang Zhi's army overnight.

Tuoba Ren conquered the hanging gourd defended by Zhao Huai, broke through Liu Kangzu's department, and captured Hu Shengzhi, Wang Luohan and others.

By December, Tuoba Tao arrived in Guabu, Tuoba Ren arrived in Jiangxi, and Tuoba arrived in Guangling.

These Northern Wei expeditionary forces came to the bank of the Yangtze River almost on the same day.

Except for some fortified cities, almost all the cities that the Northern Wei army passed through were collapsed by Liu Song.

The people who surrendered to the Northern Wei Dynasty were even more innumerable

Wei's strength forced Liu Yilong to sue for peace with Northern Wei.

Although Tuoba Tao's expeditionary forces all marched to the north bank of the Yangtze River, the Wei army did not have the conditions to cross the river and destroy the Southern Dynasties, and the northerners were not accustomed to the southern climate, and the sergeants and soldiers of the army were often infected.

The Northern Wei Dynasty heard that Xuyi had accumulated millet and wanted to think that it was the capital to return to the north, but under the resistance of the auxiliary generals Zang Zhen and Xuyi Taishou Shen Pu and others, the siege was not overcome, and the losses were heavy. The Northern Wei army returned to Wei after plundering a large number of residents and burning houses.

So far, Tuoba Tao has realized his desire to "drink the Yangtze River", while Liu Yilong has only ended up in the "rush to the north".

While Tuoba Tao continued to win victories in foreign wars, he also began to reform the bureaucratic system.

In the first month of the first year of Shiguang, the right people were set up. In March of the first year of Shenlu, more than 10 people were set up to shoot left and right, left and right, and Zhu Cao Shangshu, each living in another temple. In July of the first year of the reign of Shenli, the edict ordered the generals of each town to open their houses according to the rank of the rank of the emperor to set up assistants.

In March of the first year of Yanhe, the generation Yin was changed to Wannian Yin, and the county order was changed to the Wannian county order. It was later reverted to its original name. In the first month of the fifth year of Taiping Zhenjun, Shizhong, Zhongshujian, Yidu Wang Mushou, Situ, Dongjun Gong Cui Hao, Shizhong, Guangping Gong Zhang Li Fuzheng, set up four generalists. He also selected Cao Liang officials to work in the East Palace to handle affairs. In July of the first year of Zhengping, because there were too many Cao officials, their staff was reduced.

When Tuoba Tao continued to fight abroad, he also carried out political marriages with foreign countries according to the situation.

After Tuoba Tao ascended the throne, he was good at judging the situation. While employing the means of war, he also strove to ease the contradictions with the hostile regime and establish friendly relations through envoys, tributes, and marriages according to the situation.

During the 30 years of Tuoba Tao's reign, the Northern Wei Dynasty and Rouran, Liu Song, Hu Xia, Northern Yan and Northern Liang exchanged envoys and paid tribute to each other. There are also examples of mutual marriages.

In the first year of Shenlu, Tuoba Tao welcomed the captured Xia Emperor Helianchang to the capital Pingcheng, not only offering a rich offering, but also making him a king, and marrying his sister Princess Shiping to Helianchang.

Prior to this, Tuoba Tao had taken three of his younger sisters as concubines and made one of his sisters queen.

In the second year of Yanhe, Tuoba Tao sent envoys to canonize the Northern Liang monarch Fuqu Muqian as the king, and married his sister Princess Wuwei to Fuqu Muqian, and accepted Princess Xingping, the sister of Fuqu Muqian, as Zhaoyi.

In the third year of Yanhe, Tuoba Tao married the princess of the West Sea to Wu Ti, the Khan of Rouran, and accepted his sister as his wife.

In the eleventh year of Taiping Zhenjun, Tuoba Tao led the army to attack the Song Dynasty and arrived at Guabu. In the victorious situation, he took the initiative to send envoys to sue for peace and ask for marriage. He used his grandson to show the Song envoy and said: "I have come here from afar, not to be famous, but to succeed the people and help them forever." If Song can take his daughter's wife as his grandson, I will take his daughter's wife King Wuling, and from now on the horse will not return to the south. ”

expressed his desire to establish friendly relations through marriage. Of course, Emperor Taiwu's motives for using marriage, envoys, tributes and other means are not very pure.

As a foreign power, Tuoba Tao focused on developing production and rewarding agriculture.

In order to accomplish the great cause of reunification, Tuoba Tao was able to effectively use both war and peaceful means, which shows that he also attached great importance to economic, ideological, and cultural construction.

Tuoba Tao said: "The rich man is the foundation of the military state"

。 Tuoba Tao understood that material wealth was a major matter related to the victory or defeat of the war and the survival of the regime.

In light of the large number of ethnic groups and the different modes of production in the areas under his rule, Tuoba Tao persisted in implementing the policy of not changing the traditional modes of production, lifestyles, and customs of the people of all ethnic groups.

It attaches importance not only to the agricultural production of the Han people, but also to the animal husbandry and hunting habits of ethnic minorities. Through the development of agricultural and animal husbandry production, the collection of people's rents, the acceptance of tributes from various ethnic groups, and the plundering of wars and other means to increase material wealth and ensure military expenses.

In the fifth year of Taiyan, Tuoba Tao adopted Gao Yun's suggestion of "Guangtian Jigu" and ordered "to remove the ban on fields in order to empower the people".

In the fifth year of Taiping Zhenjun, Tuoba Tao adopted Gu Bi's suggestion to reduce half of Shanggu Yuan's confinement to private land.

In the last years of Taiping Zhenjun, the crown prince Tuoba Huang supervised the country, and implemented the practice of changing jobs and farming for households with and without cattle, and "cultivated land was greatly expanded".

(End of chapter)