artillery

I won't fight with you, just take out the information and let's see it. (Reprinted, non-original)

According to the "History of the Song Dynasty" and other historical records, from the third year of Kaibao to the fifth year of Xianping (970~1002), the military department ordered Shi Feng Jisheng, the captain of the Shenwei Water Army Tang Fu, and the Jizhou regiment training envoy Shi Pu and others to successively present rockets, fire □, fire tribulus and other incendiary firearms to the imperial court. The General Essentials of the Martial Arts records the manufacture and use of these firearms, and lists three gunpowder formulas, which were the first in the world to be named after gunpowder and used in the military. These firearms were often used in the wars of the Northern Song Dynasty. For example, in the first year of Jingkang (1126), the Song army, under the command of Prime Minister Li Gang, used rockets, thunderbolts, and other cold weapons to combine □ to repel the Jin army's attack on Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng, Henan Province). Later, the Jin army also learned the technology of making and using firearms, and captured Bianjing. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the manufacture of firearms has begun to take shape, with a wide range of siege works in Bianjing, more than 5,000 craftsmen, and 10 works under its jurisdiction, including gunpowder and firearms specializing in the manufacture of firearms. In February of the seventh year of Yuanfeng (1084), the firearms of the Xuzhou and Hezhou garrisons were transferred from Bianjing at one time, including 100,000 Shenjian bow rockets, 20,000 gunpowder bows and arrows, 2,000 gunpowder □ arrows, and 2,000 firebombs.

During the Southern Song Dynasty, the performance of gunpowder had improved significantly, and both the Jin and Southern Song dynasties used iron-clad explosive firearms called "iron fire □". This □ was first used by the Jin people in the early 13th century. In the 14th year of Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty (1221), when the Jin army attacked Qizhou (now Qichun, Hubei), it used iron □ made of pig iron with a shell thickness of 2 inches. Shaoding five years (1232), the Mongolian army attacked Jin Nanjing (now Kaifeng), the soldiers dug the city under the cover of the large-scale activity bunker "cowhide hole", the gold army defended the city with iron cable suspension explosion more powerful iron fire □ "earth-shaking thunder", to the excavation of the city explosion, its sound is like thunder, smell hundreds of miles away, produce strong burning and scattered flying iron shell fragments, destroy the Mongolian army's iron armor and cowhide hole. In the second year of Jingyan (1277), the Yuan army attacked Jingjiang (now Guilin, Guangxi), and the Song generals who defended the city led 250 of their subordinates to light a large iron fire □ martyrdom collectively when the city was starved of food. These historical records show that iron fire □ has a great lethal effect, the performance of gunpowder has been greatly improved, and firearms have developed from arson equipment to weapons that directly kill and destroy, which is an important sign of the leap of firearms.

The emergence and evolution of muskets indicates another aspect of progress in firearms. The earliest musket recorded in the historical records is the long bamboo pole musket used in the second year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1132) when the rules were observed, and the bamboo was used as a barrel, filled with gunpowder, ignited in battle, sprayed flames, and burned the enemy's siege equipment "Tianqiao". This was the earliest tubular jet firearm, which allowed the ignited gunpowder to be directed and concentrated to eject flames. This technique has since been developed. In the fifth year of Shaoding in the Southern Song Dynasty (1232), when the Mongol army attacked Nanjing, the Jin army defending the city used a flying musket to tie a paper powder cartridge to the handle of the spear, which could not only breathe fire and hurt people in close combat, but also fight and stab. Although it is a "flying fire", it is also mixed with iron and magnetic powder in the gunpowder, and it can also play a certain killing role when it is sprayed at the same time as the flame. In the first year of Kaiqing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1259), the earliest tubular shooting firearm was further created, the assault gun, which used giant bamboo as the barrel and the inner security (projectile) to be fired with gunpowder. This is the first successful attempt by human beings to launch a projectile with chemical energy after more than a century of long-term exploration, and it is also an important step in the history □of early firearms development, which solves a major technical problem for the further invention of metal tubular shooting firearms.

After the advent of firearms such as iron □ and muskets, they quickly showed their power on the battlefield, and both the Song army, the Jin army, and the Mongol army all vied with each other to add to the system. The scale of the firearms workshop in Lin'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang), has far exceeded the firearms workshop in Bianjing, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty; The military town of Jiangling Mansion (now Jiangling, Hubei) built one or two thousand iron fire □ a month; Within two years and three months, Jiankang Mansion (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) manufactured and repaired 64,000 pieces of 3~10 kilogram iron fire □, fire bows and arrows, fire crossbow arrows, thunderbolt □, and fire trumpeters. After the Mongol army captured the cities of Song and Jin, it paid special attention to recruiting craftsmen and making rockets, □, muskets and other firearms for them. At this time, although firearms did not occupy a major position in the army's equipment, they had shown an important role in some battles. Firearms have become an indispensable piece of equipment for the military.

The invention and development of the fire gun lasted about 2 centuries from the Yuan Dynasty to the early Ming Dynasty. The first generation of Chinese metal tubular shooting firearms invented in the Yuan Dynasty was already a weapon that used gunpowder to fire stone bullets, lead bullets, and iron bullets to kill and injure the enemy at a long distance. The invention of firearms began a new stage in the development of firearms. By the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, in addition to the two categories of hand-held guns and large bowls that can be regarded as guns and guns, large-caliber copper cannons and iron cannons began to be developed, raising the artillery manufacturing technology to a new level. During this period, the mass production of firearms and the formation of armament armies, especially the formation of specialized firearms units, began to change the mode of warfare. Although cold weapons still account for the majority of the weapons equipped by the army, the tremendous role of firearms has made them one of the important factors in determining victory or defeat on the battlefield.

The earliest year when the Yuan Dynasty made firecrackers began, there is still a lack of documentation. However, in the late Southern Song Dynasty, due to the great improvement of the performance of gunpowder, it was able to use gunpowder as an energy source to launch projectiles with large bamboo tubes, and mastered the copper and iron pipe casting technology, so that the Yuan Dynasty had the technical foundation for manufacturing metal tubular shooting firearms. In the 16th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1279), craftsmen from all over the country were concentrated in Dadu (present-day Beijing) to develop new weapons by using the original metallurgical, gunpowder and weapons manufacturing foundations of the Southern Song Dynasty. In the past 20 years, the military weapons supervision department was changed to the military equipment supervision department, and he was in charge of weapons manufacturing in a unified manner. The earliest surviving Yuan Dynasty firearm with inscription in China is a product of the third year of Zhishun (1332) displayed in the Chinese History Museum. The gun is made of bronze cast pipe, which can withstand large chamber pressure, and can be loaded with more gunpowder and heavier projectiles, thus greatly improving the power of firearms. The firearm has a long service life and can be repeatedly loaded and fired, so it soon became an important equipment of the army after its invention. According to the literature, by the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the firearm had been widely used by the Yuan army and the peasant rebel army. "Yuan Shi Da Li Ma Zhi Li Biography" has a record of the Yuan army using batches of firearms to fight in the twenty-fourth year of Zhizheng (1364).

During the war at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, artillery was used in a large number of wars, according to the "History of the Ming Dynasty", the Yuan Dynasty was the twentieth year

In the seventh year (1367), Zhang Shicheng was besieged by the Ming army in Pingjiang City (now Suzhou, Jiangsu), and the general Xu Da "led forty-eight guards."

The soldiers besieged the city, and each guard placed five Xiangyang gun mounts, more than 50 seven-tip gun mounts, and more than 50 large and small general barrels, four

Eighteen camps were lined up around the city, Zhang Shicheng wanted to escape and could not fly, and the sound of milling guns was endless day and night......". Look at it this way

The battle scene at that time was so spectacular, and the number of guns and artillery had reached a considerable number. gold

The emergence of firearms has created a precedent for ancient weapons, which have a long service life, high firing power and a wide range of applications

It has become an important weapon in later dynasties and is widely used all over the world.

In the Ming Dynasty, due to the high development of the feudal social economy, weapons also developed greatly. Its main cold soldiers

There are long-handled knives, guns, short-handled long knives, waist knives and various miscellaneous weapons such as palladium, horse forks, wolf knives and so on. Apart from

In addition to inheriting the traditional varieties of weapons, the development of firearms reached its peak in the Ming Dynasty.

"Artifact Spectrum", "Wubei Zhi", "Western Law Divine Machine", "Fire Attack", "Preparation of Sea Charts", "Weapons

The "Illustration" and "Fire Dragon Artifact Formation" recorded in detail the production method, atlas and fire of the Ming army's equipment with firearms

The establishment and tactics of the armed forces.

After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty (1368), in addition to the mass production of copper firearms, iron cannons were also cast. Now in the Shanxi Provincial Museum, the three large iron cannons made in the tenth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1377) (the larger guns in the early Ming Dynasty have begun to be called cannons), their caliber, length and weight are much more than the Yuan Dynasty firearms, and the body barrel is also in a straight barrel shape, representing the high level of artillery manufacturing in the early Ming Dynasty. After Zhu Di of the Ming Dynasty took power, he further increased the quantity and variety of guns, improved the quality, and improved the structure to make it more conducive to actual combat. According to historical records, the Ming army was heavily equipped with firearms. In the thirteenth year of Hongwu (1380), it was stipulated that 10% of the total number of garrisons in various places should be equipped with firearms. In the twenty-sixth year, it was stipulated that each seagoing ship of the navy should be equipped with 4 bowl-mouth guns, 20 muskets, and 20 fire attack arrows and magic arrows. During the Yongle period, the Shenji Battalion, which specialized in firearms, was established and became the earliest new branch of firearms in China. In the Ming Dynasty, the city passes and key passes were also gradually equipped with firearms. In the twentieth year of Hongwu (1387), in Jinya, Chuxiong, Pindian and the middle of the Lancang River in Yunnan, fire guns were placed to strengthen the garrison. In the tenth year of Yongle (1412) and the twentieth year, Ming Chengzu ordered the installation of artillery mounts and fire guns at the passes of Kaiping, Xuanfu and Datong in the north of Beijing. During the Jiajing period, almost all the important places along the Great Wall were built to place the defense facilities of the Zhankou and Wankou guns. The extensive use of firearms indicates that the power of firearms has developed to a high level. However, it also has obvious defects such as time-consuming reloading, slow firing speed, and inaccurate shooting, so it can only partially replace cold weapons. In the armament of the entire army, cold weapons also occupy a major position.

Ming Army Shotgun - The barrel of the shotgun is made of wrought iron, weighs about 5-6 kilograms, has a crosshair, shines on the door, and is installed on a wooden support. The mouth of the gun grows out of the wooden support 2 inches, 7 inches after the support bends downward, through a strip, weighs 3 taels, and there is a fire rope, each time it is filled with granular black gunpowder 3 coins, and the lead weighs 3 coins. The fire door has a lid and uses a faucet-type arquebus lighter. When firing, ignite the fire rope and install it into the faucet, hold the tail of the gun tightly after opening the fire door with the right hand, and use the index finger gusset machine to the back, the faucet falls on the fire door, and the fuel is fired. "Wu Bei Zhi" said: "The back hand does not abandon the handle, and the ignition does not move, so ten shots have **, that is, the birds are in the forest, can be shot down, because it is named", and became a "sharp weapon" in the battle at that time.

The caliber of shotguns is between 9 and 13 mm, and the firing range can reach about 300 meters. The total length of the gun is 112 cm to 150 cm, and compared with all kinds of firearms before the middle of the Ming Dynasty (similar to the fire gate guns of the same period in the West), it has the characteristics of long barrel, small caliber, light weight, easy to use for infantry and cavalry. In the late Ming Dynasty, shotguns were already the main equipment of the Ming army. Each shotgunner is equipped with 2 powder canisters, one for propellant and one for primer, and carries 300 rounds of lead bullet.

Shooting tactics: Ming - as early as the twenty-first year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1388), the general Mu Ying conquered the Yunnan rebel army Silunfa, according to the characteristics of the enemy elephant soldiers to fight the front, he ordered "put the fire gun, the god machine arrow is three rows, in the array, wait for the elephant to advance, then the forward gun and arrow are fired; If you don't retreat, move forward and retreat, and follow the next line; and do not retreat, the second line retreats, and the three lines follow. ”

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