Montesquieu divided the political system in the world into three forms, namely: republican government, monarchy, and government. and summarize and analyze the characteristics of these three types of government. Montesquieu's description of the form of government is still very relevant today, and most of the characteristics and roots of China's monarchs over the past 2,000 years are consistent with the description in the book. Today, we can still draw many interesting enlightenments when we use the principles of political science described in the book to study China's constitutional monarchy in combination with China's modern history. According to Montesquieu's theory, a country's political form, laws, morals, and beliefs all have their historical heritage, and should not change drastically unless they are destroyed by foreign races. As a country with thousands of years of tradition of monarchy, and with a vast territory and many ethnic groups, no matter which conditions are viewed, at the beginning of the modern political reform, the choice of constitutional monarchy should be more logical, what is the reason why the government and the opposition of the republic are abandoned? In contrast, Japan, which was carrying out a modernization reform movement at about the same time as China, had a single ethnic group and a small territory, and the Shogun, who ruled the country for a long time before the Meiji Restoration, seems to have had little influence on the country. But why did Japan achieve great success by firmly implementing a constitutional monarchy? ”

Deng Xianxian raised such a question in the article "Constitutional Democracy and Republican Democracy", in fact, this is also a question that the political elites at that time are reflecting on, although they have experienced the constitutional farce of the Manchu imperial cabinet, but even today's vice president Wu Chenxuan has repeatedly admitted that when he went abroad to inspect the constitutional democratic system, he still felt the advanced nature of this system, and learned a lot of useful experience from the political practice of some constitutional monarchies in Europe and the United States. On the whole, although the Manchus did not have the sincerity to push for constitutional reforms that would almost certainly lead to the demise of a minority regime like theirs, it was not that the constitutional monarchy itself was at odds with China. This has also been confirmed by many people with overseas experience, such as France, the United States, and other republican democracies, whose political rights system is completely based on two-party or multi-party checks and balances, so it is always in a state of dynamic equilibrium, although democracy has been maintained, the efficiency of political power has declined. If the developed countries in Europe and the United States, which have been developed for more than 100 years, can still rely on experience to mediate, then I think many emerging republics will fall into a turbulent political atmosphere, and the struggle for state power runs through the whole of political life, and every political family has to face endless challenges, where is there still the heart to plan for the long-term interests of the country. Even a genius politician can have a far-sighted vision of the country and the nation, but in the turbulent political situation, he is more than willing and not enough.

Deng Xianxian's article goes on to compare the differences between China and Japan. "First of all, let's review the historical background at that time, since the great unification of China in Qin, many people think that China has been under the monarch since then, but this is not the case. In fact, during the Qin and Han dynasties, China's state system still had obvious traces of aristocratic government. At that time, the emperor was the supreme leader of the country, and the actual power was in the government. On behalf of the government is the prime minister, who is also in the prime minister's office. The emperor is the head of state and symbolizes the unity of the country; Of course, the Emperor had the final say on matters of imperial importance. However, even so, the prime minister could impose considerable checks and balances on the monarch. Even in the Tang Dynasty, the emperor's edict could not take effect without the prime minister's countersignature. This situation is already quite similar to the monarchy discussed by Montesquieu in terms of the operation of power. For example, if there is a mistake in national policy, the monarch can be irresponsible, because the monarch, as the head of state, is a symbol of the stability of the country, and if replaced, the cost is extremely high. However, since the prime minister holds executive power, the prime minister can step down to show responsibility. In the Ming Dynasty, "the Son of Heaven and the scholars shared the world" was not a lie, but the situation of the monarchy's dominance has become more and more obvious. Therefore, when the constitutional monarchy was really considered at the end of the Qing Dynasty, the first thing to do was to separate the administrative power from the emperor, which in the eyes of those around the imperial power was tantamount to seeking a usurpation of the throne. They do not understand that in the new era, it is precisely the relinquishment of some power that will protect them and benefit the country. The monarch must try to be above the political power of the various factions in order to exert his influence in politics, otherwise he will get caught up in disputes over specific administrative decisions. Unfortunately, it was difficult for the Manchu royal family, as a foreigner, to adapt quickly to this change. Japan is much more fortunate in this regard. Prior to the Meiji Restoration, Japan was ruled by the shogunate** for nearly 260 years, with no real power over the emperor and almost obscurity. However, it was impossible for the shogunate to lead Japan to modernization. As a result, the Restorationists chose the Emperor as the center for regrouping forces and carrying out national reforms. Although on the surface, Japan had to wage a brutal civil war in order to carry out the Restoration, and it seems that the price paid was greater than that of China. However, once the emperor system was established, the next reforms were more than those of China. The emperor's tremendous appeal led to a tremendous transformation of a conservative nation like Japan in a very short period of time. ”

"Second, whether the monarch, as the core of the constitutional monarchy, can win the strong support of all domestic forces is crucial. The Emperor of Japan has a huge advantage in this regard, and although the Wanshi Ichi line is talking to himself, the Emperor has always been the supreme spiritual leader of Japan. As the head of state supported by the whole country, the emperor has great influence but no historical baggage. And the Chinese-style feudalism is burdened with heavy shackles. More importantly, in China at that time, the authority of the emperor had been greatly reduced under the impact of constant internal and external troubles. Speaking of which, we also have to mention the fatal blow of the Nala clan to the constitutional monarchy, as the supreme ruler of the Qing court who personally strangled the reform of the law, although after the Gengzi State Change, it seems to have been sober, and must have promoted the pace of constitutional monarchy at the end of the Qing Dynasty. However, at the most critical moment, a few days before his death in the 34th year of Guangxu, she poisoned the Guangxu Emperor and re-established Xuantong, who was only three years old at the time. It can be said that her behavior completely buried the last hope for the success of the late Qing Dynasty's constitution. After Guangxu's death, in the turbulent times, can the people of the whole country support a three-year-old child to be a monarch who must have high prestige and have the final ruling power on political disputes? In Japan, on the other hand, the political elite of the Meiji period reached a high degree of unanimity on the preservation of the emperor system. Whether it is Hirobumi Ito, Takamori Saigo, or even ordinary samurai and the common people, this political bottom line is highly defended. ”

Although the Chinese republic was established on the basis of the overthrow of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, it was chosen when China no longer had an authoritative leader recognized by the world. In such a situation, any attempt by any force to explore a constitutional monarchy would mean a restoration of the overthrow of the Manchus, even if the emperor was Han Chinese. But after fifteen years of bumpy republican road. Both the members of Congress and the rural farmers in the fields have found that they have lost their unified guidance, or spiritual idols. In the republican democratic vegetable market, the people see a struggle like a shrew scolding the streets, not a struggle that no one can judge, and anyone who intends to establish authority will be thrown into the quagmire of struggle by others, and in the end everyone is like wild boars in the mud, each rolling in the mud, and there is no difference. A politician may be able to consider the fundamental interests of the country and the nation, but politicians are good at pulling them into the quagmire of political disputes. If we could choose someone who could be recognized by the overwhelming majority of citizens to sit in that position of spiritual leader, would we still worry that the future of our country and nation would be manipulated by a bunch of politicians? Deng Xianxian's words in the article have almost made his position clear.

Soon the study of the country's political system became a hot topic in the major media, even surpassing the just-concluded Sino-Japanese War, the first bilateral war in modern times in which China was the actual victor. Through the popularization of science in newspapers and radio stations, the vast majority of ordinary people can understand the origin of constitutional monarchy.

"The constitutional monarchy has its origins in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England. This political system skillfully combines the feudal monarch and the aristocracy that controlled the upper house with the bourgeois democratic government. The parliamentary system in England is based on feudal legal documents such as the "Magna Carta of Liberty" and the "Oxford Statute" in the Middle Ages. The basic principles of "supremacy of law" and "limited royal power" established by them formed the political basis of British constitutional government. Because in the Glorious Revolution in England in 1688, the king was invited by Parliament, and the source of the king's power was no longer God but Parliament. The bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy took advantage of the favorable form of the time to maximize their political and economic power, using the parliament they controlled, and passing a series of laws to limit the power of the king. In October 1689, the Bill of Rights was passed by Parliament. The Act stipulates that the King shall not have the power to repeal laws, shall not infringe upon the right of Parliament to collect taxes, shall not organize a standing army without the consent of Parliament, shall not interfere with the freedom of expression of Parliament, shall not arrest his subjects without following the procedures of law, and shall convene a Parliament at regular intervals. The significance of these decrees was to limit the power of the crown and expand the power of the parliament. As a result, the actual power was transferred to the parliament, and the principle of the supremacy of parliament over the royal power and the independence of the judiciary from the royal power was established, thus laying the legal foundation for a constitutional monarchy. The constitutional monarchy of modern Britain is characterized by the integration of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy on the basis of preserving the ancient constitutional tradition and establishing bourgeois rule. This kind of constitutional monarchy is actually more similar to a dualistic constitutional monarchy, although in later years, the British monarchy's participation in political life has been declining, and thus tends to be a "virtual monarchy republic". ”

The purpose behind this nationwide discussion on the constitutional monarchy instigated by the Xinhua Party has been undoubtedly revealed, that is, to enable Wu Chenxuan, the actual ruler of this country, and Wu Daguan, to ascend to the position of the Ninth Five-Year Plan as soon as possible, without letting those people of insight worry about the restoration of the feudal monarchy. Zhang Nanjiang's choice of this node was very ingenious, coinciding with Wu Chenxuan's great victory in the Sino-Japanese War led by Wu Chenxuan against public opinion, and the national sentiment and personality cult reached a tipping point. In addition, President Li Yuanlong, who was like Maitreya Buddha, was placed on the offering table before, and in the past eight years, he has basically openly governed the country, and has achieved quite good results, and the goal of making the country rich and the people strong has basically been achieved, and the glorious image of Wu Zongzuo's family of honorable husbands and wives, intelligent children, humility and proximity to the people, and filial piety of fathers and sons is also deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, so the resistance of the whole country to his accession to the throne has also been reduced to an acceptable level. At a time when countries around the world are still amazed by the various manifestations of the Sino-Japanese war, a storm of political system reform has been set off in China.