Qin and Han dynasties. The progress of medicine has directly led to the development of channeling techniques. At that time, the structure and function of various organs of the human body had a general understanding, and in the medical masterpiece "Yellow Emperor's Neijing" in the Western Han Dynasty, there were "all tendons, all belong to the joint", "those with chest and abdomen, Guo Ye of hiding abdomen". This refers to the structure of the human body.

The indications of guided therapy are summarized in the "Neijing" as "impotence, syncope, cold, heat" and "accumulation", and the clinical cooperation is carried out with "according to Qiao" (massage); It is also mentioned that the treatment of tendon diseases is combined with scalding medicine and guidance. Zhang Zhongjing, a famous doctor in the Eastern Han Dynasty, emphasized in the "Golden Kui Yaolu" that "guidance, spitting, acupuncture, and plastering" should be used to treat the "stagnation" of the limbs. In the "Zhongzang Sutra", which retains some of Hua Tuo's inscriptions, it is also pointed out: "Guidance can drive away the evil from the joints"; "It is advisable to guide but not to guide, so that evil will invade the joints and make it difficult to consolidate." In the Han Dynasty, physicians gradually deepened their understanding of guided therapy, and the scope of their use of guided therapy also expanded.

Guided health preservation

There is also new progress in the application of guidance in health preservation. In the Laozi school and Fangshi, there are many people who actively use guidance as a means of health preservation. For example, in the early Han Dynasty, Zhang Liang "is willing to abandon the affairs of the world, and wants to travel from the red pine nuts, but to learn to open the valley, guide the Tao (guide), and light the body" ("Historical Records, Liuhou Family"); Li Shaojun, Dongfang Shuo and others used "Qi Conduction and Cultivation" ("On Balance and Dao Void"); The Later Han people were cautious and "admired the art of Song and Qiao guidance" ("The Book of the Later Han Dynasty and the Biography of Yimin"). The style of "guidance" flourished in the Eastern Han Dynasty in the Western Han Dynasty, and many of the monks mentioned in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty were health practitioners who were proficient in guidance. These people undoubtedly contributed to the development of guidance, but the purpose of their "guidance" is to hope for "immortality" to become immortals. Therefore, the popular guidance qi at that time was also mixed with some mysterious and mysterious things.

However, Huan Tan, a famous atheist and materialist thinker in the Eastern Han Dynasty, believed in his "New Treatise on Form and God" that human lifespan is limited, and immortality does not exist, and advocated not to exaggerate the role of health preservation and pursue longevity excessively. Caring for the body may bring the fallen teeth back to life, the gray hair will turn black, and the skin will be shiny, but the human body will also die when it fails. Huan Tan's view of "health preservation is effective, but limited" was in line with objective laws and dialectical, and had a great impact on the society at that time. Wang Chong, another great materialist thinker who followed, was also an atheist and ruthlessly criticized the various mysticisms that had been circulating in society since the Western Han Dynasty.

In 1973, the silk painting "Guide Map" unearthed from the No. 3 Han Tomb in Mawangdui, Changsha, Hunan Province, is an extremely valuable material for understanding the development of guidance in the Han Dynasty. There are 44 painted figures of various characters in the "Guide Map" as various guides. Each image is an independent introductory technique, with a simple text on the side of the image indicating the title. This "Guiding Map" fully reflects the diversity of guiding techniques at that time. From the perspective of the function of guidance, it is used to cure diseases. There are also those for fitness. From the perspective of the form of body movement, there are both standing guidance, walking and sitting guidance; There are both freehand guidance and the use of utensils, and there are both guidance with breathing movements. There are also guides that are purely physical, and there are also a lot of guides that imitate animal postures. Some of the basic movements in today's gymnastics can probably be seen in the "Guide Map"; It can also be said that this is the earliest and most complete pattern of ancient gymnastics ever discovered.

Led to the mainstream of medicine and the flourishing of medical qigong

Qigong is a method of self-training that optimizes the body and mind through the use of consciousness. Qigong is the official name officially determined by the government in the fifties of the twentieth century, and there are many names in ancient times, such as health preservation, guidance, tuna, shou yi, etc., no less than 30 kinds. Among them, "guidance" and "health" are the most appropriate. Guidance, which means "conducting qi and making the body soft", reflects the content of qigong exercise more comprehensively, and is the key to technology: to make the "qi" more peaceful and the "body" softer. Health preservation, on the other hand, emphasizes the purpose of exercise, which is the connotation. Guidance and health regimens for self-care have been popular for thousands of years, but it was in 610 A.D. that was officially promulgated by the central government authority as one of the medical methods. In the same year (the sixth year of Sui Daye), the imperial physician Ling Chao Yuanfang (president of the Central Hospital, equivalent to the Minister of Health of the People's Republic of China) published the book "On the Origin and Syndrome of Diseases". The book discusses the etiology, pathogenesis and symptoms of various diseases, and is the earliest and most complete monograph on TCM pathology in the history of Chinese medicine. The book is divided into five volumes, sixty-seven subjects, and two thousand and thirty-nine treatises. It is the most important medical work since Zhang Zhongjing wrote "Treatise on Typhoid Fever" and "Jin Kui Yaolu". This book is different from its predecessors in that the whole book basically does not involve prescription medicine, but only writes at the end of each treatise: "Its soup, ironing, needle, stone, there is no prescription, nourishing and preaching, and it is attached to the end." "Brushed aside. On the contrary, the book contains a total of 289 articles and 213 specific methods of "health prescriptions" or "guidance methods". It can be said that Chao Yuanfang is the culmination of thousands of years of medical qigong achievements. He is also the earliest leader of today's "medical qigong". The advent of "The Origin and Syndrome of Diseases" marks that the application of qigong in medicine has entered a mature stage. The biggest feature of this book is "Dialectical Exercises", and most of the 213 methods introduced in the book are selected according to different symptoms. There are different ways to treat the diseases of the five internal organs and six internal organs. For example, the method under the entry of "liver syndrome" is "liver disease, sorrow, sadness, anger, dizziness and eye pain, and the guidance method under the entry of "heart syndrome" is: "heart disease, if there is cold and heat, if the cold 'exhales' in; The "spleen syndrome" guidance method is: "People with spleen disease, decent upstream wind habits, pain, body itching, boredom and pain, use 'hee' to breathe." "Pulmonary syndrome" guidance method: "Lung disease, throat suffocation, abdomen full of deafness, use 'mouth four' to breathe. The use of the six characters "he", "huh", "blow", "hee", "shhh Another characteristic of Chao's writings is their brevity and conciseness. The various methods introduced by Chao are very simple and easy to implement on a daily basis. For example, in the "Wind Whirlwind", there is only one action in its health regimen: "Hold your right knee with both hands, and get rid of the wind whirlwind." "Just eight words. Treatment of "stool blockage": "The turtle travels qi, the clothes are in the quilt, covering the mouth, nose, head, and face, lying down, breathing nine ways, and exhaling through the nose." With only 14 words, the essentials of shaping and pranayama are clearly dissected. Chao's method is concise and to the point, making it easy for those who are interested in spreading medical qigong to follow and learn from it. If the operation is complex, the effect may not necessarily be good, on the contrary, the operation is concise, but it will definitely open the door of "convenience".

Although Chao Yuanfang is the master of medical qigong, he is not the initiator. Qigong has been used to care for the health of the people since ancient times. The excavation of the cultural relics of the Mawangdui Han Tomb and the comeback of the "Quotation Book" of the Zhangjiashan Han Tomb reveal its once glorious history. We can not only get a glimpse of the economic and cultural achievements before the Western Han Dynasty, but also further understand the great achievements of medical qigong in ancient times. In addition to the medical books such as "Fifty-two Prescriptions", "Pulse Method", and "Yin and Yang Pulse Death", there are three kinds of meridian literature: two kinds of "Yin and Yang Eleven Pulse Moxibustion Sutras" (A and B books) and one "Foot and Arm Eleven Pulse Moxibustion Meridians", which shows that the study of meridians has a profound relationship with the occurrence and development of medical qigong. Li Shizhen once pointed out in the "Examination of the Eight Veins of the Qi Jing": The eight veins of the Qi Jing were discovered by well-trained qigong practitioners. Because "the meridian tunnel, only the returning viewer can observe it." Ma Wangdui's "Guide Map" and bamboo slip "Health Formula" more directly reflect the research results of medical qigong in the early Han Dynasty. The "Guide Map" contains the "Encyclopedia of Exercises" for various medical qigongs. Among them, the dialectical work is 700 years earlier than the era of Chao Yuanfang. The chapter "Grain Food Qi" is another medical qigong literature written on the same silk that unearthed the "Guide Map". This article was written after the "Guide Map" and the "Yin and Yang Eleven Pulse Moxibustion Sutra" (B), indicating that there is a certain internal connection between the three kinds of literature. "Eating Qi in the Valley" is one of the effective means of medical qigong, which contains two aspects: "Bigu" and "Shiqi", that is, the purpose of treating a certain disease by not eating food for a period of time. "Historical Records" said: Zhang Liang "has a lot of sex, that is, he does not eat grain." It seems that the treatment of "Bigu" had at least a certain influence in the upper echelons of the early Han Dynasty. "Food gas" is also known as "convincing gas" and "gas collection". This article introduces the various precautions and principles of food gas in the different seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter. There are more than 200 pieces of bamboo slips and wooden slips unearthed in Mawangdui, which mainly illustrate that (1) health preservation must conform to the objective laws of nature. (2) Pay attention to daily diet and hygiene. (3) Pay attention to healthy ways of having sex. "Health Prescription" has been lost for a long time, and its reappearance has made up for the gap in traditional medical health care in China.