Chapter 625: Betrayal of the Soviet Union (2)
Lin Yu said with a smile, "Very simple answer, I will reorganize and rectify these enterprises as soon as possible, and then eliminate backward technology and production capacity, and continue to introduce new technologies from Europe, which is the first point." "Second, I will encourage European companies to invest in Russia, and I and my family will invest heavily in investing here to help Russia recover."
"Third, internationally, I can raise the price of oil, gas and gold, help Russia export, and ease the government's fiscal crisis."
"Fourth, I will ask major European banks to approve a large number of loans to help the Russian government invest in large investments, build infrastructure, develop scientific research, education, health and other undertakings."
"Fifth, there is enough food and winter supplies in Europe now, and I can ask European governments to support Russia through the crisis free of charge."
"Sixth, encourage the strengthening of political, economic and military cooperation between Russia and the European Union, and re-establish Russia's status as an international great power."
"In the end, the current ruble is actually undervalued, but this will also be beneficial to the export of Russian products, as long as the quality can be guaranteed, I can guarantee the sales of Russian products in the world." "Of course, I will have some other measures, but for the time being, I just want Your Excellency to understand that I am really for the good of Russia, of course, there are also our interests in this, but isn't a win-win situation exactly what we all want to see?"
Yeltsin thought carefully about the words of the cup, there is no doubt that these conditions are beneficial to Russia, and in favor of Russia, it means that it is beneficial to himself, after all, as a fanatical politician, he still does not want to be accused of betraying the country, but he also knows that as a politician, he can actually abandon at any time and he is willing to help himself, I'm afraid it is not so simple, so, Yeltsin asked, "Tell me about your conditions." ”
Lin Yu looked at him appreciatively, at least he was not stupid, "My conditions are very simple, I want to control Russia, including everything in Russia, politics, economy, military and even culture." ”
"How is this possible, do you think I am the kind of person who is willing to completely sell his conscience for his own benefit?" Yeltsin was furious and slapped his desk hard.
"You are loyal, just because the bargaining chips for your betrayal are not enough for you to oppose, just because most of the interests are in my hands, and you will naturally oppose if you have nothing to gain" Lin Yu didn't care, and sneered disdainfully, "Of course, maybe there is your country in your heart, but it is definitely not the majority, otherwise you will not let the former Soviet Union fall to this point." ”
Yeltsin's face flushed, but he couldn't say a word of objection for a long time, and it took a long time for him to hold back a sentence: "Say, your purpose, the bargaining chip for my betrayal." ”
For Lin Yu, it doesn't matter whether Yeltsin is a great man or a sinner, what Lin Yu cares more about is whether Yeltsin can create benefits for himself.
The pawn said that Yeltsin was a dictator, and some people said that Yeltsin was a great man.
The collapse of the Soviet Union shook the whole world, and Russia, which was at the center of the vortex, was turned upside down. Yeltsin smashed an old Soviet Union and reversed the course of the history of a great power.
The Yeltsin era was an era of movement. The "shelling of the White House" incident that shocked the world broke out, a protracted Chechen war was fought, and almost every year there was a government crisis, and the executive power and the legislative power engaged in a long-term fierce contest, and the country's economy fell into crisis for many years.
The harsh reality did not allow the "Yeltsin era" to have a dazzling aura. However, the "Yeltsin era" is, after all, a history that has influenced the world, recording the changes of a great power. For Russia and the whole world, the successes and failures, experiences and lessons of the Yeltsin era are all a "wealth" of historical value.
The brief resignation speech made a historical self-evaluation. Yeltsin said: "The most important thing of my life has been accomplished, Russia will never go back to the past, and Russia will only move forward in the future." I should not get in the way of this historical process. "It is undeniable that Yeltsin was the most influential politician in Russia at the end of the knife century and the number one person who rewrote Russian history.
The "most important thing" he refers to is, of course, the replacement of the old and new systems. The change in the political system was considered Yeltsin's "historical contribution"
Under his leadership, the Soviet system of one-party rule was broken, the political system with the multi-party system as the core was established, and a multi-party parliamentary election system, a presidential election system and a presidential election system were formed by the people, and a local chief executive election system. Yeltsin single-handedly created a national constitution that strengthened the power of the president, turning Russia into a "super-presidential state". Yeltsin was deeply proud of his "political achievements", and the West also praised it. Yeltsin was an advocate of Western ideology and values.
At the beginning of Russia's independence, Yeltsin took the lead in westernizing Russia, and the intensifying westerly wind drowned out the socialist ideology. However, with the failure of Russia's sweeping Westernization reforms, more people have become disillusioned with capitalism. As a result, the state loses its unified mind, society loses its unified will, and people become insensitive to the country's political future. Yeltsin changed tactics at one point and tried to establish the "Russian state idea", but without success. Yeltsin led the country to a profound change in the economic system. However, the results of economic reforms were contrary to his original intentions.
The "shock therapy" style of jī reform and the free appropriation of state property created a group of "new Russians...... who "made it difficult for the country to make money", and the vast majority of society became poor. In the 90s, Russia's GDP fell by 50 percent, and its domestic and foreign debts increased to $225 billion, with the "shadow economy" accounting for 40 percent of GDP. The unprecedented economic crisis triggered an ongoing political crisis, and the opposition mobilized the population to demand Yeltsin's resignation. In response, Yeltsin, in his resignation speech, asked the Russian people to forgive him for the "disappointments" he had made during his tenure
However, he has no regrets about the reform of Russia's economic system, and has recorded the formation of the framework of the market economy system as a "historical achievement." He has repeatedly told his countrymen that Russia will not return to the era of planned economy. Putin recently wrote an article in which he objectively assessed the reality in Russia. He noted that "Russia is in one of its most difficult historical periods in hundreds of years" and that "Russia is exhausted by political and socio-economic upheavals, upheavals, and reforms." The endurance of the nation, Yeltsin was a world-class figure.
In the face of US pressure on the international stage, he sternly said "no" to win widespread respect.
He has vigorously advocated multipolarization in the world, opposed US monopoly on global hegemony, and made positive contributions to safeguarding Russia's status as a great power and its national interests and realizing the balance of power in the world strategic pattern.
Both survivability and building capacity are on the verge of depletion. Putin does not completely deny the past, arguing that, despite all the difficulties and mistakes, "we are beginning to walk on the main road that all mankind is taking"
Although Lin Yu's words made him very uncomfortable, he couldn't deny it, indeed, if he could get more benefits, then it didn't matter if he betrayed, anyway, it was already like this now, even if he didn't agree, he might not stay in this position for long, rather than getting nothing at that time, it was better to take a good look at what he could get now.
Lin Yu was very satisfied with his words, this guy finally got the hang of it As for the chips he wanted, he just thought about it for a while, and then said, "What I specifically want you to do, it's very simple, there are chemical military design bureaus, such as Sukhoi, Mikoyan, in addition, I think if Russia can have a central bank similar to the Federal Reserve, maybe it will be very beneficial to the development of the economy." When he said this, he paid attention to Yeltsin's expression, and when he saw that he stopped talking, he couldn't help but smile in his heart, and continued: "Of course, I hope that Mr. Yeltsin's contribution to this country will be fully 10% shared, I wonder what Mr. Yeltsin thinks?" A subtle jī movement flashed in Yeltsin's eyes, but this jī movement flashed, and he only heard him suppress the ups and downs of the xiōng and say, "Thank you, Mr. Lin Yu, I think this chip is enough." The corners of Lin Yu's mouth lengthened a slight arc, and his tone was heavy yòuhuò, and he said to Yeltsin, "That's good, in addition, I can assure you that as long as your family's future does not harm the interests of our family, then your position in Russia will definitely not be replaced by anyone!" "Thank you, Mr. Lin Yu, I can also guarantee your future interests in Russia," Yeltsin said movingly, at this time, there was no need to hide his movement, because he knew that as long as that person said so, then his family would have absolutely no problems in Russia in the future, as for betrayal, he thought that their family was not at the same level as that mysterious family at all, and there was no chance of winning against them.
What he even thought about now was that as long as he and his descendants could keep the big tuǐ of this family, then their status in Russia would be above 10,000 people under one person, and because of this, he even unconsciously changed his address to Lin Yu from "you" to "you"
Soon, Yeltsin calmed down his mood, thought of the current situation in Russia, and couldn't help but ask worriedly: "Then Mr. Lin Yu, how can you explain Russia's bad economy now?" In this regard, Lin Yu seemed to have already thought about it, and replied directly, "Have you forgotten the shock therapy you are implementing?" This is a very reasonable explanation, as long as the Soviet economy can stabilize this year, then you can explain to the people that the effect of shock therapy has been manifested, which is a good theory, and the previous Bōlan has confirmed this. "Shock therapy" is a policy that Yeltsin pursued on the territory of Russia after he became president of Russia.
The former Soviet Union ceased functioning, and Gorbachev announced his resignation. Yeltsin's challenges include: building a completely new political system under a republican form of government: saving the economy from collapse, transforming the planned economy into a market economy: owning state-owned enterprises, industries, and farms, and shifting the military-industrial system to a civilian industrial system: in an environment of increased national pride and identity, many member states call for autonomy and independence: coupled with extreme inflation, etc. These problems make gradualism ineffective, and gradual or individual reforms can undermine the overall process. In addition, the government had to issue subsidies to farmers due to extreme inflation, which in turn led to a budget deficit that further distorted the goal of halting inflation and restoring the value of the ruble.
Russia, which inherited the legacy of the Soviet Union, did not have a good time, and the Soviet Union left behind a large number of half-dead enterprises, plus 1 trillion rubles of domestic debt and $120 billion of foreign debt, Yeltsin faced an extremely complex political and economic situation. In his memoirs, Yeltsin wrote: "In the period before the start of perestroika, the situation facing the country was worrying. A society that has lost its stability awaits the beginning of reforms, knowing full well that such reforms will lead to rising prices and unemployment. Before the fall of 1991, all goods were supplied in fixed quantities on the basis of tickets, and the tension was extreme. Store shelves are empty. In some cities, they hate the thick booklet like a booklet, and use it as a voucher to make purchases.
Salt, sugar, bread, and matches were all out of stock. ”
However, Yeltsin, who was impatient, believed that reform should no longer be piecemeal, and that the pace of reform should be quickened to reinvigorate the prestige of a great power, and at the same time, it could also destroy the foundations of the Soviet edifice, prevent the CPSU from rising again, and ensure that the political process was irreversible. Yeltsin once said: "I strive to speed up the formation of state institutions in Russia1 to introduce new management systems1 and rely on the law to confirm all this1 in order to avoid threats becoming reality." Yeltsin needed people who could lead economic reform, and Gaidar, a 35-year-old reformist scholar, couldn't wait to have the opportunity to realize his ambitions, so the two hit it off and developed a set of economic reform programs in an attempt to concoct a saxophone "shock therapy"
The Russian edition of Bōlan and Bolivia replicate the successful reform cases.
The specific content of "shock therapy" is summarized by Sachs as "three modernizations"1, that is, self-reliance, sī existence, and stabilization. Self-transformation refers to the self-transformation of the economy1 including price self-improvement, economic relations and foreign trade: self-improvement: sī has the means of state-owned enterprises: stabilization refers to the adoption of fiscal austerity policies1 to achieve fiscal and monetary stability.
Russia decided to put it into force on 2 January 1992. The main measures taken by "shock therapy"1 are: (1) Prices have been liberalized at one time, that is, prices have been fully liberalized: Since January 2, 1991, Russia has liberalized the prices of about 90% of consumer goods and 80% of production supplies, and the state-controlled prices have only retained a very small number of the most important commodities. Later, Russia successively released oil,
The price of commodities such as natural gas, coal, and grain. The government abolished all directives and directives, and abolished the once-implemented state ordering system. (2) Implementing Tight Fiscal and Monetary Policies: In the process of price self-reliance, Russia's tight fiscal and monetary policies include two aspects: increasing revenue and reducing expenditure. "Revenue" refers to an increase in tax rates and an increase in budget revenues. The "reduction of expenditure" is mainly achieved through such measures as vigorously reducing investment in capital construction, drastically reducing various subsidies and aids, and cutting grass fees. (3) Implement large-scale sī has, and Russian sī hashua is divided into small sī and large sī have.
Small sī has a chemical is defined as the business of commerce, services, and small industrial, transportation, and construction enterprises. Large sī has been transformed into a large and medium-sized enterprise, which is mainly realized through the shareholding system. Judging from the main measures of the "shock therapy" reform: 1. The purpose of the reform is to enable enterprises to have an equal market position and free market behavior in the market-oriented economy.
The consequences of shock therapy are well known: as a result, the "phoenix nirvana" was not realized, but the national economy and people's living standards plummeted: the economy grew negatively for seven consecutive years, the cumulative GDP fell by about 40%, and the income of the vast number of wage earners fell sharply. At that time, every Russian was able to receive a 10,000-ruble sī securities, but due to the sharp depreciation of the ruble, this money was later only enough to buy a pair of high-end leather shoes. Inflation for the whole of 1992 was as high as 2,510 percent. The loss suffered by the depreciation of ordinary people's deposits exceeded 500 billion rubles. The standard of living of the Russian people has regressed, and 2 large state-owned enterprises have been consolidated at only 5 percent of the real price, resulting in a large loss of state assets. On the body of the collapse of the Soviet Union, a bunch of new elites rose up to take advantage of the looting, Gaidar was slapped in the face by reality, and finally shock therapy had to be stopped.
Shock therapy did not achieve the desired effect, and Yeltsin was also accused of "breaking the old and creating a new one". Some scholars believe that the social catastrophe in Russia is not simply the result of shock therapy, but mainly due to the accumulation of problems in the Soviet system. The economic system left over from the USSR is a militarized one, 80% of which is a military-industrial economy, which produces only weapons. Under such an economic structure, the liberalization of prices, of course, is not matched by the corresponding production structure. Shock therapy itself only brought the problems of the Soviet system to a more concentrated light, and the situation was not caused by it, it only played the role of a "fuse".
Yeltsin's eyes lit up when he got the "answer", and at the same time he breathed a sigh of relief, the problem that bothered him the most was finally solved, his eyes wandered on the silent Danzer and Milor on the side, looked at Lin Yu and said, "Well, thank you Mr. Lin Yu for your guidance, I want to invite Mr. Danzig to be the general manager and Mr. Milor to be the chairman of the Federal Reserve Council of the Russian Federation, I don't know what you think?" ”
When Lin Yu heard this, he looked at Yeltsin, and the two looked at each other and smiled, "That's great!" ”
After talking with Yeltsin, Lin Yu, accompanied by Danzer and Milor, visited the Kremlin.
As the palace of successive tsars and the oldest building in Moscow, it has always been a symbol of Russia, and the Kremlin is one of the largest buildings in Russia with the Moskva River to the south, Alexandrov Huā Garden to the northwest, and Red Square to the southeast.
Accompanied by an assistant to the Russian president, Lin Yu and others visited many places in the Kremlin, such as the Privy Council building, the Troitsk Tower, and finally came to the Central Church and the Guangchang Church, where the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin, the Church of the Angels, the Ivan the Great Bell Tower and the Polygonal Palace were built from the 15th to the 16th centuries. (!。