The Great Unification of the Specialty. Imperial power is the existence of the cultural system of power. This cultural system at the institutional level has been continuously improved by successive dynasties. Until the end of the Qing Dynasty, the imperial power was on the verge of collapse. Li Hongzhang and his ilk also believe that China's various systems far surpass those of Western countries. Because Li Hongzhang can be regarded as a very enlightened and changeable political figure at that time. This can also be seen from the reverse side of the feudal dictatorship. The system is complete and stubborn.

In fact, we only need to combine the modern democratic political system with the whole set of imperial power. The essential difference can be seen when comparing the systems and systems. The civil service system established around the imperial power is an ancient bureaucratic system, and it is by no means a civil service system in the modern sense. The imperial examination system is by no means a civil selection in the modern sense. The armed forces system is even more distant from the concept of "national army". There is really no essential difference between being loyal to the emperor and being loyal to the warlord and the bandit leader. The Sixth Department of the Central Committee and the Military Aircraft Department seem to be political. Simplified rights structure. However, it does not affect its incompetence and bureaucratization, and does not affect the emergence of a large number of power brokers at all levels of power. For a large country with a vast territory and a large population. It is not efficient at all, and it is not "small government" in the modern sense! ”

"Power easily corrupts people, but absolute power absolutely corrupts people". Huaguo's specialization. Imperial power is the most complete, extreme, and unsupervised absolute power in the world. The status of the king in the world, the environment of treacherous groups of small supporters, and the unconditional submission to power, recognition and worship formed by the long-term authoritarian rule of the Chinese people; In particular, a series of stylized language, music, and stylized body movements that were completely surrendered to the ground formulated by the uncle and grandson Tongding Chaoyi. All contribute to the formation of a sect. The psychological stereotype of indoctrination. All of them are in the service of establishing absolute power. In addition to the emperor, the officials at all levels below followed a similar pattern, thus establishing absolute power at all levels.

After Xinhai, although the imperial power was overthrown, the official rites of the court were abolished. However, the psychological stereotype of the Chinese nation's cult of power has not been completely eliminated. To this day, many people in the power class of China and a large part of the common people have not completely woken up from the dream of the emperor's imperial power. The position of absolute power and the atmosphere of the environment have not been eliminated. The status, environment, and atmosphere conditions that corrupted the mind of the ruler have not been eliminated. The so-called psychological environment of "as soon as the official spirit enters, the popularity gradually emerges" is still there. As a result, the supreme power of Chinese society and the public power of all levels of government, in order to cater to such mentally imperfect people, the officials below will say a lot of ridiculous things. Do a lot of ridiculous things. This is also the reason why the upper class of Chinese society often has big words, empty words, lies, clichés, evil words, and stupid words.

Plus a decision-making mechanism that is arbitrary to the individual. It is related to the national economy and people's livelihood. In many cases, major domestic and foreign affairs are made emotionally and rashly. The expectation of the "master" of "wise and martial arts" is the eternal complex of Chinese people. This is also the stubborn authoritarian political superstition complex of the Chinese people.

The moral character, ideological sentiment, and psychological factors of the ruler have become the key factors affecting the national economy and people's livelihood. This kind of arbitrary decision-making mechanism is really a dangerous mechanism.

Expert. The existence of a long history of imperial power. It has prompted the Chinese nation to form an obsession with the blind worship of power. and indifference and numbness to the consciousness of one's own rights. This contrast between power and sense of entitlement. It is an important root cause of national servility and inferiority. in self-awareness and people. A strong sense of power in the modern civilized world. This servility, inferiority, forms a strong specialization. The long-term historical existence of imperial power has formed a unified mode of thinking in the Chinese national culture. This mindset leads to the closed nature of society. and an innate rejection of diverse cultures. The autism of an individual natural person is a pathological psychology. And as a country, a nation, modern China often plays a lonely and autistic role in the international community. It is also a social pathology.

Expert. The historical existence of imperial power, and the frequent context of discourse hegemony of "even speakers abandon the market, and slanderers clan" have created a large number of literary injustices. Under the coercion and inducement of this kind of obscenity, out of the deliberate avoidance and distortion of the facts and the truth, a large amount of cultural garbage has been created, and a large amount of intellectual garbage (mainly in the humanities) has been accumulated. This is the reality of Chinese cultural relics!

On the road of integrating into modern civilization, an important task for the Chinese nation is to wake up from historical misunderstandings, from the sacred lies of imperial power, and from the intoxication of the cult of power. Comprehensively clean up and criticize this heavy historical legacy. Only in this way will the Chinese nation have a clear historical sky!

Of course, such an idea is really not easy to decode, after all, this is a culture inherited from historical roots, especially Confucianism.

Confucius as the founder of Confucianism. He was an educator, political thinker, and writer. His system of thought is based on a series of basic concepts. These basic concepts are benevolence, courtesy, righteousness, faithfulness, filial piety, loyalty, forgiveness, moderation, virtue, and Taoism. These concepts start from the love of blood and family affection and extend to "benevolence loves others". It's all humane and humane. At the heart of these concepts are "benevolence" and "propriety". "Benevolence" is a moral concept and quality. And "li" is a social and political system, and it is also an ethical norm. "Benevolence" is the attribute of morality, and "propriety" is the standard of morality. The combination of the two has achieved a high level of national society. This high realm must also be maintained by the ideological qualities of personal cultivation of righteousness, faithfulness, filial piety, loyalty, forgiveness, moderation, morality, and Taoism. In particular, in order to prevent going to extremes, the golden mean of "going too far" is emphasized. This is an ideal social realm.

Mencius was the second founder of Confucianism. On the basis of Confucius's thought, the theory of benevolent government was developed, the people are the foundation of the state, and the people are noble and the monarch is lightly said. He advocated that "the property of the people under the rule of the Ming monarch must be enough to serve his parents, to be worthy of his wife, to be full for life, and to avoid death in a fierce year." It advocates that "the people are precious, the community is secondary, and the monarch is light". And proposed: "Compassion." The end of benevolence, the heart of shame, and the end of righteousness; The heart of resignation, the end of courtesy; The heart of right and wrong, the end of wisdom". He advocated that we should "cultivate my heroic spirit". The so-called "heroic spirit" is actually the spiritual realm of moral cultivation. It is a kind of spiritual realm that regards fame and fortune as dung, and can kill oneself to become benevolent and sacrifice one's life for righteousness. This series of doctrines and propositions is all based on the goodness of human nature.

The Confucian doctrine of Confucius and Mencius has a strong humanized ideal. Confucius's "monarch, minister, father, son" is also an expression of an ideal social order. What we pursue is to keep our own roles and responsibilities. Even in Confucius's people-oriented thought. It has a strong color of serving, serving, and governing the people. But in the historical conditions of the time. It is still a kind of "benevolent government" that acknowledges reality and is reasonable.

In short, the pre-Qin Confucianism, represented by Confucius and Mencius, is the main part of the traditional Chinese culture that represents social justice, fairness, and conscience. China wants to build a humanized ethical and moral system, in addition to freedom, democracy, the rule of law, people. rights outside of these universal human values. Retain the ethical and moral framework with its own national cultural characteristics. Many elements of pre-Qin Confucianism can be carried forward.

Qin Shi Huang with the help of Legalist figures. A unified and highly centralized imperial power system was established. Legalist figures in politics. The design of the power system and the legal system was based on the historical conditions of the time. It's quite complete and comprehensive. In other words, the Legalist figure designed a complete legal system for the traditional imperial power. But. At the level of social ethics and morality, that is, the design of Taoism. But because of the vileness of their personal personalities, they are almost blank. A society that lacks Taoism is a society that cannot withstand ethical scrutiny. The tyrannical rule and short life of the Qin Dynasty were its inevitable consequences. The lack of Taoism is also one of the reasons.

to the Han Dynasty. The supreme ruler, of course, has to learn the lessons of the previous dynasties. Liu Bang implemented a series of Huang Lao's techniques of lightly dispensing with the meager endowment, resting with the people, and governing by nature and inaction. Therefore, although he retained the unified imperial power system, the social contradictions were alleviated and he entered a period of relatively peaceful and stable recovery and development. Liu Bang used Confucian uncle Sun Tong to formulate the court. Shusun Tong is a so-called person who "knows the changes of time". He "has ten lords in all his affairs, and all of them are noble." With such a repeated villain who knows how to change from time to time. The court etiquette he formulated was to make the ministers "not be shocked and respected" in front of the emperor, and "no one who dared to make a noise and be rude". The reason why this kind of court ritual has become a model for later generations is that from the formal system and psychological level, it fixed the subordinate status of the subordinates to the emperor. Through a series of stylized language, music, ceremonial guards, specifications, and body language. Position the emperor in a position that is sacrosanct and must be 100% submissive. The relationship between monarchs and their subjects in the West is far from reaching this level of absoluteness. The kneeling posture of the monarch with one leg bent on the knee is the role of preserving history, that is, preparing a complete set of sects for the establishment of Confucianism in advance. The liturgical system of indoctrination.

When he arrived at Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Liu Che used Dong Zhongshu to "depose the hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone". Thus began to establish the dominance of Confucianism in the field of Chinese thought.

The Confucian system established by Dong Zhongshu diluted the humanistic ethical family color of Confucian and Mencian Confucianism in the pre-Qin period. Confucianism was transformed into a theological system with the induction of heaven and man as the core and the skeleton of the five elements of yin and yang. The core of this system is to deify the rule of imperial power, standardize the order of imperial power, and emphasize the "divine authority of the monarch". It provided a theological basis for imperial power. The Confucian system became a class sect in his hands. The theologicalization system of the teaching. As a result, Confucianism actually became "Confucianism". This is the essence of Dong Zhongshu's transformation of Confucianism.

The cosmic composition of "Yin and Yang, Five Elements, Four Seasons and Four Directions" and the ethical norms of the Three Principles and Five Constants constitute Dong Zhongshu's interpretive framework for the universe and human society. This is a sect. The teaching system must first establish a framework. Then it is necessary to find an object of worship, and Confucianism requires people to worship an earthly god, the emperor. He is a living natural man. This natural person will be born, old, sick and die. Thus the object of worship is constantly changing. But the divine right of kings, the explanation of the unity of heaven and man, made him deified. This has completely deviated from Confucius's principle of "not saying anything, strange power, and confusion".

Confucian philosophy is the philosophy of accession to the WTO. Teaching philosophy is the philosophy of birth. So the attempt to turn Confucianism into Confucianism has a great congenital flaw, a contradiction that is almost irreconcilable. Therefore, the Confucian system founded by Dong Zhongshu, although it has a sect. All the characteristics of the teachings, we can still only call them quasi-sects. Teach. This kind of class. Religion should play the role of the spiritual home of a nation. There is a huge, irreparable flaw. Thus it led to the Chinese Sect. The lack of religious consciousness and the lack of faith in the spiritual homeland.

Dong Zhongshu constructed a theological ideological system of the unity of heaven and man. diluted the humanistic ethical family affection emphasized by pre-Qin Confucianism; diluted the benevolent government ideas of Confucius and Mencius's "the people are the foundation of the state" and "the people are noble and the monarch is light"; The true connotation of "benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith" has been diluted. and strengthened the imperial rule and feudal order. This process of dilution and intensification completely changed the nature of Confucianism. This kind of conceptual technique of stealing the name to go to the truth. It became the usual method of the rulers of the Chinese kingdom in later generations. Later, the so-called Confucian masters, who were officially respected in successive dynasties, gradually improved and supplemented the Confucian ideological system. It deepened the combination of Confucianism and feudal politics. It's all about using this technique to go farther and farther. Historically, many Confucian schools and Confucian classics have become farther and farther away from the main purpose of Confucius and Mencius. And most of them have become mysterious and mysterious, and they don't know what to do!

Since then, Confucianism has been hijacked by the imperial system as a whole, playing its role as a political ethics. The essence of Confucianism has been diluted, stolen, and erased. Although the Song and Ming Dynasty was the excavation and development of some contents of Confucianism, which contributed to the return of the rational spirit in the imperial system to a certain extent, it could not change the fate of Confucianism being hijacked as a whole and becoming an ideological and spiritual slave of the imperial system.

This kind of sect of Confucianism in China. The education system, as the ideology of the dominant position of the Chinese state, has always been the ideological ruling resource of the feudal rulers of the Chinese state. It doesn't matter if the emperors in history were obsessed with Buddhism or Taoism, or even with some kind of foreign ideology. Or maybe the supreme ruler has become a foreigner? In fact, from the point of view of consolidating the rule of imperial power. They still eat Confucian food. Because the subjects of Huaguo have been educated by Confucianism, even subconsciously, they kowtow when they see the emperor and Bodhisattva, and as long as it is orthodox, they support it.

This kind of class. The political ideology of religion has always had an all-round impact on the Chinese nation. As a result, China has been in a kind of social form of theocracy for more than 2,000 years. Everybody knows. In the history of the world. No matter what kind of nation-state. When it was in the period of theocratic social formation. Without exception, it is in the dark period of its history. Because the period of theocracy is inevitably the most extreme period of rule. In this way, through the ideological rule of Confucianism, Huaguo has long been in a social form of quasi-theocratic integration. In this social formation. The state has full control over the political, economic, cultural, and spiritual life of the people. The inner vitality of society is stifled to the extreme.

It is precisely because of this long-term theocratic social form that there is a foundation. So in individual periods of history, such as the period of the "Cultural Revolution". The role of state power became omnipotent. The level of social integration of the country has reached a level that is unprecedented in the history of the world. An extremely simple pattern of social life regulates the people of a large country with a population of hundreds of millions. So that the whole country is in a kind of sect. Didactic fanaticism. The vast majority of the people, whose material life is poor, have reached the brink of barely sustaining life. This is the extreme form of the Chinese-style theocratic social form!

Our nation should be wary of this kind of theocratic form of rule. Because there are so many disasters it brings. State power and public power should never be mixed up with any one ideological system. Otherwise, it will be difficult to control the vicious expansion of state power. State power will certainly be alienated. The people's right to freedom and democracy can only be empty words!

Because I know that the reputation of Legalist characters is too stinky. Most of the later Chinese rulers followed the political line of practicing law and advocating Confucianism, yang Confucianism and yin law, and Confucianism complementing each other. As for the political theory and institutional design of Legalism, I only do not talk about it. As for the theory of Confucianism, it is only talk but not act. As for a very small number of rulers in history, they openly jumped out to worship the law and demean Confucianism. That's just the shameless madness of his evil nature!

Confucianism and Legalism in the pre-Qin period were originally two ideologies that were completely incompatible in concept. Later, it was forcibly bonded together by the feudal rulers of Huaguo. Gentleness and generosity, with education as the main feature of the pastoral function, by Confucianism. The role of the executioner, who is brutal and harsh, with the main purpose of severe punishment and strict law, is played by the Legalist. Thus completing the specialization. The construction of a super-stable structure of system rule. This combination of Taoism and law is full of contradictions, which is a strange phenomenon in Chinese culture. It is also the source of many contradictions in China. Lao Zhuang responded to the natural idea of governing the country, and Lao Tzu warned that "governing a big country is like cooking a small fresh". For China, where the policy of governing the country with the complementarity of Confucianism and law has become a foregone conclusion, it is tantamount to playing the harp to a cow. From now on. This big country has been tossed over and over again, and it has become a historical mechanism, and there is no longer peace.

Confucianism after Dong Zhongshu continued to build a political, philosophical, ethical, and moral system for the feudal totalitarian system. There are many figures who have contributed to Confucian theory in the history of China, such as Zhou Dunyi, Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Zhu Xi, Wang Yangming, etc. Among them, there are also scholars with outstanding qualities and noble personalities. But because the ideology is to admit a huge theological specialization. system as the basis. Therefore, the result of their ideological efforts must in the final analysis serve the maintenance of this foundation. And the content is also to enhance this theologicalization. The ethical and moral color of the system is the main purpose. The result essentially served to construct a void moral system.

Ethics should be "a science that makes humanity glorious". To make mankind glorious, we must first put people first, and fully embody the humanistic spirit and human care. The feudal Confucianism of the past dynasties constructed an ethical framework. The first order to be established was "Father and Son". It is "the king wants the minister to die, the minister has to die, the father wants the son to die, and the son has to die". It is "starvation is a small matter, and a loss of festival is a big thing". These ethical standards are based on ignoring the value of individual life and erasing the needs of life. It's inherently anti-human, anti-human.

In the moral standards of Confucianism in China. Moral reasons trump reverence. Cherish life. Until now, this concept is still deeply rooted in the subconscious of the Chinese people. Ignoring life and failing to treat life well is still a tradition in the bones of the nation.

The ethics and morality of Confucianism deliberately dilute the human nature and human beings in Confucius and Mencius's thoughts. Right Thoughts. It almost completely obliterates the basic attributes of man as an "economic man" and a "biological man". Materialism becomes a sin. The attribute of "moral man" is elevated to "Heavenly Reason." Destroying human desires".

And this ethical and moral design. As a result, the majority of members of society do not agree with this moral teaching from the heart. It doesn't really follow it as a moral standard. As a result, the ethics and morality of Huaguo have long been just a pale and nihilistic setting. This historical phenomenon has led to the creation of a history of human nature, human beings. A rights-based ethical and moral system cannot be established. The lack of ethics and morality in line with human nature. Cycles of mental disorientation and moral decay have been produced.

This is also the historical reason why the hypocritical culture of China has become a cultural existence. After the restoration of the feudal imperial system, the new ethical and moral construction of Huaguo still followed the idea of Confucian ethics and morality. Follow the establishment of a "moral person". The idea of erasing the attributes of "economic man" and "biological man". For example, "no self-interest, only for the benefit of others" is a modern version of this standard of "moral person".

This Taoist system of Confucianism is a feudal system. The reason for the rule. The highest reason is "divine authority of kings". Dong Zhongshu has an important discussion in "Spring and Autumn Dew": "The king who is ordained is also given by the will of heaven, so he is called the 'Son of Heaven'." It is advisable to regard the sky as a father, and to do things with filial piety. Those who are called 'princes' should be cautious about the Son of Heaven to whom they are served; those who are called 'doctors' should be faithful and courteous and righteous, so that the righteousness of the good is greater than that of the puppet is enough to be transformed; those who are 'scholars' are also things, and those who are 'people' are also blind and cannot be turned into scholars. but to make the keeper from above". From the above discussion, it can be seen that the different statuses and levels of the king, the subjects, and the people have different requirements. The moral requirements for "Jun" are almost fictitious. Because the "heavens" are empty. And the 'people' are blind, that is, blind, and there is almost no need to think about it. In the minds of successive rulers of China, the common people have never been important. Because they don't have any votes in their hands. The strict ruling system made it so that the common people did not pose a threat to the rule most of the time.

Confucian culture has endowed the emperor with enough divinity as a natural person, no matter who becomes the emperor, he is a saint, that is, omniscient and omnipotent. To this day, many Chinese people still habitually regard the supreme ruler as omniscient and omnipotent.

It is this kind of Confucian culture that makes the supreme rulers of the Chinese dynasties always look at the sect with a condescending eye. Teach. He was very interested in Zong. The promotion of religion is limited, reserved, and utilitarian. Deep down there is a lack of reverence for the gods and gods, let alone enough gratitude.

This state of mind of the supreme ruler's lack of reverence and gratitude for the gods led to the supreme ruler's lack of self-restraint in his psychology, which led to frequent outbreaks of arrogance and tyranny in many emperors.

In particular, Qin Shi Huang's large-scale destruction of history and culture, such as burning books to pit Confucianism, destroying temples in various countries, relocating wealthy households, and melting gold people, brought a bad historical head. As a result, there were many times in the history of China to destroy the Buddha and destroy the Tao. as well as elephant text. Revolutions such large-scale destruction of history and culture often occur

The multiplicity of China's political and moral standards constitutes the multiplicity of personality. The political morality of the emperor and the political morality of his subjects, although Confucianism is regulated. However, "the people are noble and the monarch is light" and "benevolent government" has never been just an illusion. The unspoken and hidden rules of officialdom are always very different from the explicit rules of Confucianism. The emperor's misdeeds of not abiding by political morality will be justified by his subordinates. And they will do everything possible to cover up the great evil consequences caused by their misdeeds. When writing history, he will "hide for His Holiness". Therefore, the history of Huaguo is always clouded and foggy.

In this way, due to the efforts of Confucianism, the Chinese The system has become a system supported by a huge system of myths and lies. It has become a system that is maintained by tyranny and violence. "Heaven and earth are the princes and teachers" is a typical expression of the Confucian ethical hierarchy. Later, it was changed to "Heaven and Earth and the Kingdom of Teachers" is still a typical expression of Confucianism. Among them, the mystery of stealing the concept is not difficult to understand.

Someone said: "Westerners are Sects. Church for Religion. Teaching, the Chinese people are based on culture. Teach". Culture-oriented. The deep-seated meaning of the religion is that the Confucian culture of China for more than 2,000 years is to use the imperial system as a sect. Teach. Worship the emperor as a living idol. Thus constructing a class sect. Teaching system. A quasi-theocratic society was built. For more than 2,000 years, the rulers of China attached great importance to ideological control. This is the lack of a modern sense of the sect in Huaguo. Teach the root cause of resources. Complete sect in the modern sense. Religion should be a sect that has fully completed the separation of church and state. Teach. It has an important force to maintain social morality and order. (Of course.) is not the only force) that plays the role of the spiritual home of humanity. And a sect. Teach a society with poor resources. Just as a social ecosystem with a spiritual home is like a ruin, it is a crippled and sick system. Cultural reconstruction of the Chinese nation and cultivation of a healthy sect. Teaching resources is an important part of the content.

After human society enters the era of civilization, the highest representative of secular power and spiritual power. It was a special object for a long period of history. For example, the "divine right of kings" is the supreme power of the world; For example, Zong. The supreme power of the spiritual religion is given to specific objects such as Jesus, Buddha, Confucius, Muhammad, etc. This phenomenon of selectivity. It is an inevitable phenomenon of a long historical period of human society.

This phenomenon of the preference of the highest representatives of secular and spiritual power. In Europe, changes began during the Renaissance. Spiritual Belief Field, Sect. Religious Reformation is a sect. The process of secularization of religion is also the process of moving from special suffrage to universal suffrage for the supreme representative of spiritual power. Secular power has also gradually made the transition from special suffrage to universal suffrage through the process of comprehensive decentralization of society.

The result of the selection is to lead to mysticism. And the result of universal suffrage is liberal democracy. The philosophical connotation of this is quite clear in today's world.

Politically and ideologically, the entry into the structure of universal suffrage has enabled human society to gain a much broader and freer space for development. This is an extraordinary leap in the development of human society.

And the Chinese society, from the emperor to the sage, that is, the supreme ruler and the object of spiritual worship, has always followed the idea of "being ordered by heaven" and "descending from heaven to the great task", so that the object has become a special choice.

Huaguo is an ancient civilization founded on agriculture. It is also an ancient civilization famous for its water control. The important position of Dayu in ancient history is evidence. The idea of valuing agriculture and suppressing business, and the self-sufficient small-scale peasant economic form ran through the whole feudal society of China. This economic system, which severely restricts circulation, will not lead to the development of an industrial revolution based on the development of science and technology. Nor is it possible to develop capitalism based on a market economy. However, it has been able to develop a traditional totalitarian society based on the patriarchal system that attaches importance to blood relations, emphasizes group consciousness, and advocates collectivism.

Huaguo is a country with a long history of ancestor worship. The legends of the Chao clan, the Suiren clan, the Shennong clan, the Xuanyuan clan and Yao Shunyu in ancient times are clear evidence of this ancestor worship. Blood relations are the physical and psychological basis of ancestor worship. The ancestor worship of the clan era was later materialized into a temple, and later derived from the clan ancestral hall. The theorized and organized ancestral temple system is the basis for the existence and development of the patriarchal system.

Ancestor worship has profoundly influenced the family structure and social structure of China. It also affects social psychology and ideology. The clan system, which developed with a sense of kinship and group consciousness, was gradually developed into a patriarchal system by later feudal rulers. Thus became the social basis for maintaining feudal rule.

After the establishment of the family and family system, ancestor worship within the family. It is different from the clan society. has evolved into strict kinship and orderly genealogical records. The existence of this family system in society has the functions of resisting disasters, protecting the clan, promoting unity, and connecting feelings. It also plays an important role in property inheritance and power transfer.

The core of the patriarchal system of the Zhou Dynasty was the succession law of "receiving the people and receiving the territory" according to the clan bloodline. The Son of Heaven, the princes, the princes, the doctors, and the scholars are both political monarchs and ministers. It is also a large and small clan relationship in blood. Zhou Tianzi's authority was limited, and he was constantly challenged by powerful princes during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Since the unification of Qin, this pattern has been broken. The power of the clan, which is linked by blood, has been greatly weakened. Not only were the temples and shrines of the vassal states destroyed. The families of the wealthy in the homeland of the Six Kingdoms were also moved to Xianyang. The emperor's exclusive royal power, especially the emperor's personal authority, was greatly strengthened. The family and the country are isomorphic, and the color of the country as the home is strengthened. In essence, the degree of totalitarianism has increased considerably. The color of the decentralization and containment of power during the Zhou Dynasty is gone. This kind of monopoly is not allowed by other governments. Pattern of rights. On the contrary, it has greatly weakened the state government. The basis of the right. It can only be maintained by tyrannical means. Therefore, the Qin Dynasty was "beheaded by the second". Soon it collapsed.

Later rulers of the Han dynasty learned the lessons of the Qin. The patriarchal system with the main purpose of maintaining the authority of the emperor and the feudal order was gradually improved. The core of the Gangchang doctrine founded by Dong Zhongshu is the "Three Guidelines". That is, "the king is the minister, the father is the son, and the husband is the wife". thus determined the foundation of the small family in the world to maintain the ethics of the royal family; This also laid a theoretical foundation for later Confucian theorists to improve the politicization of the family and the familialization of the state. "Ruling the world with filial piety" is a typical expression that emphasizes this core. Since then, the family system and the state system have been integrated. The word "country". Take home as the root word. Herein lies its meaning. The social structure of "home-country isomorphism". Both the theory and the organizational form are in it.

Huaguo used to be a family society. A family of "four generations in the same house" and "five generations in the same house" is actually a small family. The emperor had a royal family, and the ancestral family law was the norm followed by the royal family, even in the Qing Dynasty, which was ruled by foreign people. The royal interest is the highest interest. There were officials of all ranks. There are wealthy families among the people. Officials represent the interests of the royal family to the top and the interests of the wealthy to the bottom. In the people, the interests and honor of the family are the most important. If someone in the family commits a royal law such as "rebellion", they may suffer the catastrophe of extermination. And if it is honored for "loyalty, filial piety, and martyrdom", it is the supreme honor of the family. In order to obtain their own safety and order within the family, the people who live in groups must also obey the rules of the clan in addition to the royal law. The so-called "the state has its own laws, and the family has its own rules" is what it means. Don't think that house rules are just understatements, floor spanking. Until modern times, some clans opened ancestral halls, and the patriarch could still decide to impose the death penalty on the children of the clan who committed "serious crimes against morality". In the event of a conflict with other castes, it is still possible to decide on a fight that will result in the death of a large number of lives. Officials won't even pursue it. The reason why the royal family will delegate some of the power of life and death to the clan power is, of course, deeply meaningful.

The imperial power of the past dynasties. The rulers of the system have always retained the punishment of "clan punishment". It is to give power and responsibility to the clan power. Punishment is next to words, "punish its crimes". In the past dynasties, there were not a few people who were punished for writing and speech. Therefore, in order to avoid such a tragic end, all families in the world must also try their best to restrain their clansmen and not violate the royal "heinous" heavenly rule. The core role of the Chinese patriarchal system is to use the suzerainty to maintain the monarchy. Use clan power to consolidate imperial power, and use family law to supplement national law.

In the history of China, the royal family has not only turned state power into the private power of the royal family. It also turned part of the public power into private power and handed it over to the clan power. Apart from this, there is hardly any civil public power (the public power of non-governmental organizations). There is a deep meaning to this configuration. The first implication is that this part of the people's power not only does not threaten the imperial power, but also plays a role in maintaining the imperial power. Of course, if the power of the clan grows to the point of threatening the royal family, the supreme ruler will inevitably weaken it as well. For example, in the period after the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the power of the scholars gradually became stronger politically and economically, and finally developed to the point of pursuing the supreme power militarily. So there was a period of central government in history. The power consciously attacked, contained, and weakened the process of the noble clan.

The imperial power system and the patriarchal system, which are isomorphic to the family and the state, are still linked by blood and group consciousness. The Chinese family is far less independent than the Western family. Ancient Greece and Rome replaced collective collaborative production with individual family production very early. The clan system was liquidated and the clan communes were dismantled. And through large-scale military conquests. A large number of prisoners of war were captured. The supply of slave labor to freeman families established the universal system of slavery. This system was transplanted to the Americas even after Columbus discovered the New World in Europe, which had already entered the feudal period. This proves that the period of slavery in the West was an important stage in the development of society.

In China, however, there was no universal, historical-significant slavery system. It is debatable to identify the period of slavery before the implementation of the Jingtian system in the Zhou Dynasty of China, which is suspected of copying Western theoretical models. Because the Chinese society entered the era of civilization with the clan system umbilical cord. There has never been a complete liquidation of the clan system. On the contrary, the ancient traditional society of China has always had a strong clan system. There is no evidence that the process of obtaining captives to become slave laborers through large-scale conquest, as in ancient Greece and Rome, has occurred in China. The state of Qin rose in vain. Pit Zhao died 400,000 in Changping. The failure to turn these prisoners into slaves also proves that the idea of using captives as labor force on a large scale is very weak in China. This is because in China, independent family private ownership is not fully developed. As a result, the conditions for the management of the full use of slave labour did not exist. "All over the world. It's not the king's land. The shore of the land. The mindset of "Isn't it a king" has influenced the Chinese people for 3,000 years. This mindset is, first of all, institutionally and psychologically, to attribute all rights to the supreme ruler or government. The rights of the people can only come from the gifts, bestows and concessions of the rulers. Personal rights and personality rights must also be based on dependence and submission to the ruler. This mindset of rights. It still exists strongly in the subconscious of the Chinese people, and in the hearts of the vast number of people in the government and the people. This is widely reflected in the property concept of the Chinese people, whether it is the government or the non-governmental people. It is reflected in the ubiquitous influence of power in the game of interests of the whole society.

Land and labor were not wholly owned by freeman families. Rather, it goes to the monarch. Therefore, China has never had a private property system in the strict sense. The emperor could deprive or give his subjects property at will. Therefore, China has never been able to put forward the slogan of "the sanctity of private property".

In China, the people who had the status of slaves were mainly servants who served their male and female masters. It is not the labor force that carries out productive activities. Even large-scale slave-style labor such as building the Great Wall, repairing the emperor's mausoleum, digging canals, etc. It was also the coercion of peasants who were not slaves in the form of forced labor. Therefore, there was no historical process of large-scale emancipation of slaves in the history of China.

Hua entered the threshold of the civilized era with the umbilical cord of the clan system, thus developing a patriarchal system linked by blood relations and group consciousness. After the Qin Dynasty unified China, this patriarchal system was once fatally impacted by the establishment of a highly centralized imperial power system of great unification. However, later rulers woke up to the important role of the patriarchal system in maintaining their rule and retained it to improve it. As a result, the patriarchal culture has become a culture that runs through the traditional totalitarian society of China. This is a place that is completely different from the West in the history of Chinese cultural development.

The patriarchal social structure of the Chinese state, the self-sufficient agricultural economic model, and the need to strengthen the family power. So that "there are three unfilial pieties, no queen is great", "people are prosperous" has become the mindset of Chinese people. Thus, the period of stability of a dynasty was a period of massive increase in the rural population. The population has multiplied to a certain limit. It also contradicts the carrying capacity of the natural world. The totalitarian power of the dynasty followed a process from prosperity to decline, from enlightenment to extreme corruption. These two opposite trends led to a period of dynastic succession. At the end of a dynasty, it is the peak period of population growth. Large-scale famine and killing caused by natural and man-made disasters. And the main thing is the mass murder caused by man-made disasters, which leads to the massive destruction of the population. At the beginning of a new dynasty, it was a period with a small population base. There will be a new round of light and meager endowments and a period of rest for the people. This cycle is a vicious circle of history, which makes it difficult for Chinese society to have an orderly and gradual historical development space, and leads to a series of evil consequences such as extreme disregard for the destruction of life.

The social structure of the family and the country, which is linked by blood relations, is a conservative social structure in which the old and the new are entangled, and the old ideological system stubbornly holds its ground. The heavy patriarchal tradition first hinders the progress of politics, economy, science and culture on the foundation. People's minds are imprisoned within the framework of clan ethics and politics. Ignoring the exploration of natural sciences also restricts the exploration of political systems and humanistic thoughts.

Mr. Hu Shi once said: "If someone says, give up your personality and freedom and fight for the freedom of the country." I say to you, to fight for your personal freedom is to fight for the freedom of your country. Fight for your own personality. It is a country that fights for the personality of the country, and a country of freedom and equality is not built by a group of slaves. ”

Mr. Hu Shi's remarks must have been inspired by the servility of the Chinese people. In the long-term patriarchal society of China. Because of the worship of power, and the disregard for the basic rights of the individual. A strong and pervasive psychology of attachment due to the historical state of dependence existence. People who seek independent personality and personal freedom become outliers in this society. What a terrible state of society this is!

Patriarchal law, patriarchal law, that is, the law of ancestors. That is, the law of the clan. The systematic law of the total privatization of the public power of the state. The core role of patriarchy is to maintain and consolidate the imperial power of the great unity. It is still the most important social structure and ruling ideological resource of the totalitarian system in China. (To be continued......)