In fact, not only a certain cross society, but most of the charitable organizations in the whole country have a big problem, just because of a certain beautiful incident, a certain cross society has become a leading bird. In fact, the reason for this situation is that the state has not effectively supervised the charity industry.

Xu Yongguang, chairman of the Nandu Public Welfare Foundation, used the "five invisible" to describe the opacity of charity: the donors are invisible, the people in the disaster area are invisible, the government of the disaster area is invisible, the charitable organizations in the disaster area are invisible, and the implementation of donations is invisible.

Therefore, the main thing for charitable organizations is to allow everyone to check the flow of donations through the system on the Internet, know where to use them, and what projects to implement.

Jade. After the tree earthquake, Shi Naikang, an overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia, regardless of his health and age, personally drove 48 hours to Yu. Tree. He wanted to go on a field trip and see for himself that the money donated would become a school.

After the Meimei incident, an online survey showed that more than 80% of netizens said they would not donate to a certain cross society. The openness and transparency of charitable organizations is still far from the public's expectations. According to the Ministry of Civil Affairs' 2010 National Report on Information Disclosure by Charitable Organizations, 42% of charitable organizations in the country do not have special information disclosure methods, 37% of charitable organizations do not have a dedicated person responsible for information disclosure, and 90% of the public do not accept the current level and method of disclosure.

The two sides of transparent glass are put together, like a rectangular transparent bag, and in the middle is the 2010 annual audit report of the China Charity Federation, a total of 24 pages. The China Charity Federation finally released the account book to the public through the shape of a "glass pocket" a few days ago.

The donation management information platform of a cross society was launched at the end of July this year. First announced green. Hai Yu. All information such as the source and destination of the tree donation is available for the public to query. Since then, we have been posting donation information one after another. The aim is to create an open and transparent online platform. Everyone can check the flow of donations online through the system and know where to use it. What projects to implement.

Zhao Baige, the newly appointed executive vice president of a cross society in China, pointed out that openness and transparency means scientific and transparent fund management. Social donations are made in strict accordance with the donor's intentions. The budget should be scientific, the implementation should be fair, and the supervision should be open.

Zhu Leader, director of the Legislative Affairs Office of the Supreme People's Court, said that credibility and transparency are very important for philanthropy. NGOs have neither power nor money, they rely on credibility. Credibility is the most valuable soft power of charitable organizations, and it is also the most fragile "soft organization".

A good charity ecological environment cannot tolerate the monopoly of charitable resources, nor can it shelter backward and sick charitable organizations.

Tianhai Clover Children's Rehabilitation Training Center is a non-governmental charity organization dedicated to rehabilitation training for autistic children. In May last year, the center moved to a villa with a garden in the Minhang district of Tianhai City. However, it was only a few days after moving in. A couple from an adjacent villa came to protest many times, believing that the children's voices were too loud and affecting their normal lives. The local neighborhood committee demanded that "Clover" immediately withdraw from the community on the grounds that it was illegally operating and running a school.

According to the regulations, there are three types of organizations registered with the civil affairs department, namely social groups, foundations and private non-enterprise units. Wang Zhenyao, dean of the One Foundation Public Welfare Research Institute of Beijing Normal University, said that like the One Foundation, it is a non-governmental public welfare organization registered with the Ministry of Civil Affairs. At present, there are more than 2,000 non-profit legal persons established in accordance with regulations using assets donated by natural persons, legal persons, or other organizations for the purpose of engaging in public welfare undertakings. The management of these three types of organizations is based on the principle of "dual management system". There must also be a PSU. The professional supervisory unit is generally a government department, and may also be a group organization recognized by a government department. Only after confirmation by the professional supervisory unit can it be registered with the civil affairs department.

"Clover" and other non-governmental public welfare organizations. The PSU cannot be found, and the registration cannot be made. became a "black household". Non-governmental charitable organizations lack public welfare status and find it difficult to obtain funding. Faced with the dilemma of survival, development is restricted.

According to the statistics of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, at the end of 2010, there were 439,000 social organizations of all kinds in the country, including 2,168 foundations, 243,000 social organizations, and 195,000 private non-enterprise units.

Yang Tuan, deputy director of the Social Policy Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, believes that philanthropy needs a clear positioning in the development process. Who is the subject of charity? Is it civil society or government? Whether philanthropy is chosen and implemented by non-governmental organizations in accordance with the law, or whether it is led by the government, intervened by the government, and directly managed. To date, there is no clear consensus.

Xu Yongguang believes that the current system design for the registration of non-governmental non-profit organizations basically excludes non-governmental non-governmental organizations without a government background. The administrative monopoly of charitable resources has inhibited the public's enthusiasm for charity and stifled the vitality of non-governmental charity, which is more than worth the loss.

Promote the establishment of charitable organizations with high transparency and credibility, and clarify the relationship between government responsibility and non-governmental charity, charity and business.

A certain Meimei incident is related to a certain cross society because she claims to have the title of "general manager of a certain cross chamber of commerce". Regardless of whether it is a local organization of a certain cross society, or an organization with a certain cross in its name, such as a certain cross hospital, a certain cross blood center, etc., whether it has anything to do with a certain cross society or not, if something happens, it will be counted in the account of a certain cross society.

The embarrassment of a certain cross society in a certain Meimei incident has exposed the dilemma of China's philanthropic legislation in one aspect. With the transformation of society and the transformation of government functions, the current charity laws and regulations can no longer meet the requirements of reality, and the lack of charity laws hinders the development of philanthropy in China.

However, as an organization transmitted from the United States to China, the supervision in the United States is much greater.

"In the U.S., this happens less often because charities have clear fundraising goals, donors and charities have symmetrical information, timely communication, frequent project evaluations, and donors are actively accountable." Dr. Lijun Ho of Indiana University's School of Philanthropy said.

Whether this is true or not, from a public relations point of view, it is better to have an internally coordinated executive who acts as a spokesperson to give media questions and interviews. In this way, information confusion or even information conflicts are avoided. He Lijun said.

"I worked for the State Society for a year as an assistant manager for large fundraising. Responsible for donor information management and council coordination. He Lijun told reporters that the American Red Cross has three . level architecture. From top to bottom, there are the National Red Cross Society, the State Red Cross Society, and the City and County Red Cross Society, and these branches actually have no subordinate relationship with the General Association, but more of a cooperative relationship. In other words, each of these Red Cross Societies has autonomy to raise funds and carry out disaster relief and community services tailored to local needs.

Therefore, in addition to helping people affected by disasters in China, the Red Cross Society is more engaged in a daily and normalized service. Because they are not government-run charities, they need to serve the local community and raise money from the community. Sustain operations. He Lijun said. These services include disaster prevention and mitigation education for the community, first aid knowledge (they believe that first aid should not only be provided by volunteers, but should be trained by all people), disaster relief, first aid work for some of the larger competitions in the community, communication with the families of military service personnel, condolences to veterans, etc.

He Lijun said that the ultimate goal of all this work is only one, and that is to create all possibilities for the people it serves to understand the organization, see its real impact, and accept and donate to it.

"To improve the credibility of a charitable organization, we should first start from the governance level within the organization." She said the state American Red Cross where she worked had two boards. Executive Council and Advisory Council. The Executive Council is limited in number, mostly composed of elite volunteers with strong and leadership skills in the community, and democratic governance of course includes very ordinary people, who jointly discuss and formulate the structure and strategic direction of the Red Cross Society, and have full authority to manage the Red Cross Society; The Advisory Board is large and representative of the broader community. Diverse representation of the community, including doctors, teachers, students, lawyers, businessmen, etc., mainly to provide assistance and consultation for the work of a cross society. Help feedback community information, listen to the diverse voices of the community, and better serve the community. The law of nonprofit organizations in the United States clearly defines three important obligations of the board of directors: loyalty to the organization, responsibility for the organization's management, and obedience to the mission. If a charitable organization has related party transactions or other acts that violate the organization's mission. The Council's decision-making process and rationale are the first to be blamed.

One of the keys to the credibility of a Cross Society in the United States, as well as many other charities, is that public trust and donations have a life-or-death right to the general operation of charities. According to the authoritative statistics of Give to America. About 73 percent of the $30 billion in philanthropic contributions in the U.S. each year are from individuals, 14 percent from foundations, 8 percent from legacy giving, and only 5 percent from corporate giving. The tremendous vitality and strength of individual donations have enabled public welfare and charitable organizations in the United States to fully recognize the importance of public trust, and to do their best to enhance public understanding and trust in institutions under normal circumstances, and to obtain general operational support, rather than only making special targeted donations before catastrophic natural disasters.

"However, in some cases, the government also gives money to a certain cross society." He Lijun explained that because the government will only give funding when the government asks the Red Cross to carry out certain aspects of rescue or community services, in fact, this should be more about the government to buy services from the Red Cross, which also shows that the Red Cross and the government are a partnership, and there is no such thing as "reference to civil servant management".

In fact, because the American Red Cross is a non-governmental charitable organization in the strict sense of the word, it directly faces the victims in need of assistance, and does not go through other links in between. Therefore, the American Red Cross can mobilize internal rescue forces to rush to the scene in the fastest time, and can immediately organize donations and mobilize volunteers. As one disaster relief expert put it, they move as quickly as bad news goes.

He Lijun said that a cross in the United States accepts donations, and every time there is a major disaster in the United States, any donor has the right to ask a cross in the United States to provide a detailed account of financial management.

"Even so, a certain American Cross Society has inevitably suffered a crisis of confidence, and more than once." He Lijun said.

For example, after the events of 9/11, Bernardine, then president of a Cross Society, was borne. Dr. Healy sought to divert $200 million from the money raised to start a "Freedom Fund" program to support other projects of a Cross Society. The move was met with an outcry from donors. For this, although not corruption. Bernardine. Healy also had to resign, and a cross also apologized to the public and said. In the future, they will make the financial management of a cross more transparent and fully respect the wishes of donors.

Furthermore. In 2005, a U.S. Society of Cross failed to respond to Hurricane Katrina and was accused of improperly diverting millions of dollars in donations, and donors withdrew their funds. In 2008, a Cross Society was so embarrassed that it had to turn to Congress for help, and Congress allocated $100 million to a Cross Society for disaster relief in the aftermath of several hurricanes.

It is precisely these lessons that have made the supervision of charities in the United States increasingly perfect, and "I am the master of my donation" has become the first principle that the American Red Cross cannot overcome.

The first is the nature of its democratic, voluntarily governed civil society, with a pluralistic and democratic board of directors overcoming the opacity and centralization of organizational decision-making. Its decision-making is not accountable to the government. It is more responsible for the people and donors that the organization serves, and accepts the accountability of the public at all times.

Second, there are active industry self-regulatory bodies and third-party professional assessment regulators. For example, there are many charity supervision and rating agencies in the United States, which regularly collect relevant information about relevant public welfare organizations and rank them, many of which are negative rankings, such as fundraising rebate rate rankings, financial crisis rankings, CEO salary rankings of inferior institutions, and grant hoarding rankings. Once a charity's credibility is questioned, it can be abandoned by the public. Driven by this oversight, charities are increasing the transparency of their operations.

According to the assessment of the most authoritative charity rating website in the United States, "Charity Navigator". A cross in the United States usually accounts for about 8% of the total expenditure because administrative and fundraising expenditures usually have a score of 55.35 out of 70, and a score of 70 out of 70 for accountability and transparency.

Third, public donors are vital to the life of an organization. Due to the civil nature of the American Red Cross. Its day-to-day operations and services are sustained by donations from the wider community and the public, so public contributions and accountability are vital to the life of the organization. Make donors happy. Satisfying the people it serves is the driving force for charitable organizations.

Fourth. Government oversight. The U.S. government supervises charitable organizations in many ways, and charitable organizations report in detail to the IRS every year on the sources and expenditures of their funds for the year, as well as the ins and outs of their activities. In order for the government to check whether the activities of charitable organizations comply with the tax exemption regulations, which are related to the development and even survival of a charity, such supervision becomes an important guarantee to ensure the transparency of charities.

Finally, there is the restriction of the law. In the United States, most states require public interest organizations to file an annual report with the state attorney general, who can also prosecute charities on behalf of the public against charities that violate the public interest; Any U.S. citizen (not just donors) can check accounts with charities.

"In fact, a cross society in the United States can also make money from commercial income, such as through the training of first aid knowledge, the first aid service to undertake commercial competitions, and the income of a cross first aid supplies gift shop, but the key is that the income cannot be distributed to individuals, but is used for the redevelopment of the organization. Otherwise, they will be severely punished by the law. ”

"It is precisely because of these perfect supervision measures that a certain American Cross Society, which is active in the civil society of the United States, has been able to reduce or reduce the occurrence of 'a certain American incident'." He Lijun said.

Of course, this is also related to the economic environment of the United States.

12/24/08, Medium. CCTV morning news broadcast such a news: under the impact of the subprime mortgage crisis, Americans' Christmas consumption has quietly changed.

According to a Gallup survey, the average Christmas budget for Americans this year fell to $639 from $833 last year, the first change. The second point is that gift-giving is the main Christmas event for Americans, however, this year, under the blow of the subprime mortgage crisis, the financial turmoil and the economic downturn, many families only give gifts to their children, and the elderly and other family and friends do not give each other Christmas gifts. The third change is that this year's Christmas gifts are much smaller than in previous years, and more people choose to buy trinkets as gifts. Although merchants have tried their best to extend their business hours and increase their discounts, all kinds of discount tricks seem to have lost their temptation.

According to surveys, this year may be the most "stingy" year for Christmas gift-giving in Americans. According to the latest ABC survey, 57% of respondents said they would reduce their spending on gifts. The change in Christmas consumption is closely related to Americans' pessimistic expectations about the economic outlook.

According to the latest survey by Quinpick University: The majority of Americans believe that the current economic situation is "very bad" or "not very good." However, this is different. There is still persistence in the midst of change. For many Americans, despite a lack of money. However, there are three types of Christmas expenses that must not be saved: Christmas trees, electronic gadgets, and charitable donations. For most Americans, no matter how sluggish the economy, Christmas is not Christmas without a Christmas tree.

Preliminary data shows that this year's Christmas tree sales are the same as last year's, with the only difference being that more people are choosing to buy cheaper small trees this year. Libergott, an economist who studies Americans' spending habits, noted. The preference for electronics is a distinct feature of holiday spending in the United States. Despite the economic downturn, personalized electronics will remain one of the main Christmas gift choices for Americans.

In addition, many Americans still maintain the tradition of making charitable donations at Christmas. According to a Pew survey, 84% of Americans have made charitable donations through various channels this Christmas, adding warmth and warmth to the Christmas holiday spent in the "cold winter" of the financial crisis. After reading this news, I was deeply touched by the changes and unchanged Christmas consumption of Americans. Many people still think about it in the face of a sluggish economy and a declining quality of life. While enjoying your own Christmas dinner, there are still people who need everyone's help, and charity is not just a whim act of kindness, but a habit of life.

This constant, which they maintain or hold. It's like the warm sun in winter, which makes people warm and touching. As a grassroots charity worker, I was deeply moved by the constant charitable giving. I can't help but think of our country: in 2005, the total amount of charitable donations was 3.1 billion yuan. In 2006, it was 10 billion yuan, and in 2007 it was 30.9 billion yuan. Regardless of the single highest donation. Or the scale of spontaneous donations from ordinary people,

In this special year of 2008, a new record was set for philanthropy in China. Has China become a philanthropic powerhouse? What are the points worth reflecting on and summarizing in the philanthropy of China that experienced the "512" earthquake disaster?

"If the Ministry of Civil Affairs held the first Huaguo Charity Conference in 2005 sounded the clarion call for the development of Huaguo's philanthropy, then it can be said that after 2008, Huaguo's philanthropy stood at a new starting point." At the second China Charity Conference on December 5, Wang Zhenyao, director of the Department of Social Welfare and Charity Promotion of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, said.

It is not difficult to see two problems from these figures: First, although China has made great achievements in the development of philanthropy, the development of China's philanthropy is still in its infancy. Although the total donation in 08 reached 100 billion yuan, it accounted for a negligible proportion of China's total economy. As early as 2005, philanthropic donations in the United States reached $260.3 billion, accounting for 2% of GDP that year, and the per capita donation reached $878.

Second, due to the relatively weak concept of charity, citizens do not pay much attention to charity in their daily life, which affects the rapid development of charity. This is not only the influence of Chinese and Western cultural differences, but also the impact of different security systems and preferential tax systems, and more importantly, the support of a philanthropic concept, so it is necessary to strengthen the construction of citizen philanthropy concept. In the long run, we should strive to create a charitable atmosphere, so that the concept of charity can be deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, the whole people participate in charity, and finally make charity a habit of life, which is exactly what we should strive to do in the development process of Huaguo charity.

When it comes to living habits and lifestyles, I think of Yang Lan, who helped the poor sporadically at the beginning to the establishment of the "Sunshine Culture Foundation" to donate 51% of the rights and interests of Sunshine Media Investment Group to the society free of charge.

As a public figure, people value the appeal of celebrities to charity, but when telling his own story, Yang Lan prefers to understand charity from the emotions of an ordinary person.

"It's my own wishful thinking way of dealing with property. I'm very calm, I think people are not used to this kind of thing, and the public will slowly adjust their attitude towards wealth. ”

Yang Lan mentioned that he and Wu Zheng have always had the idea of donating assets in the past two years, but the idea is not clear, "We always say, 'Donate more property after retirement'." But in 2005, the sudden death of several good friends around them, as well as some other reasons, made their minds change, and Chen Yifei, the visual master, is also their friend. Before his death, he did not give an account of his property, which caused disputes after his death. We decided that sooner or later we had to do something. Why don't you do it now? A friend reminded her: "People will ask, what is your purpose in doing this?" "My idea is that, in a way, it's a very personal decision for us, like I have a beautiful dress that I'm willing to give to a good friend, and I feel happy after sharing it," Yang said.

After the media reported the news, at a friend's dinner, an entrepreneur friend also asked her original intention. Yang Lan said: "Money can be beneficial. You can also create iniquity. In doing so, we give our children a great deal of liberation, we enjoy a lot of joy in our lifetimes, and we can also build good traditions. Some of my friends agreed, while others said, "No matter what, I'm going to leave all the money to my son."

Yang Lan mentioned lightly: "For me, there is no boundary between these ideas, and I don't want to put moral pressure on others, it's just a different way of life." There is an old Chinese saying that says it well. "If you prepare, you will stand, and if you don't prepare, you will be wasted." Among the many entrepreneurs I have met, there are also many people who think this way: "When I retire, when I get old, I will ......."

"What you have to do sooner or later, it's better to do it now!" Do what you can. Even if it's just a little bit.

At a charity dinner at a Texas estate, a little girl named Lucy gave away her entire $30 and 25 cents, saying that "it's not money that's charity." It's the heart. Everyone present was moved. The protagonist of the charity dinner that day was not Annan, the initiator, or Mr. Warren Buffett, who donated $3 million. It was little Lucy, and the theme tagline of the dinner became something like this: "It's not money that is charitable." It's the heart. ”

It is needless to say that philanthropy is of great significance to promoting the all-round progress and sustainable development of society, to the construction of a harmonious socialist society, to the prosperity and long-term peace and stability of the country, to alleviating social contradictions, adjusting the redistribution of interests, and to the people's living and working in peace and contentment. From the various preferential policies introduced by the state in recent years, as well as the adjustment of the functions of the Ministry of Civil Affairs by the State Council this year, the "Department of Social Welfare and Charity Promotion" has been established.

It is not difficult for us to see that the state attaches great importance to philanthropy, and it also fully demonstrates the government's determination to vigorously promote the development of philanthropy. Among them, our charitable organizations at all levels should strive to build a platform so that everyone can participate in this cause, so that charity can become a habit and a way of life. Our media can discover it, disseminate it, amplify it to the greatest extent, and play a role in opening the way for the development of philanthropy. Through various charitable activities, we will publicize the concept of charity, influence all walks of life, and use "things around us to move the people around us", so that more enterprises and citizens can assume their due social responsibilities, and drive more enterprises and citizens to become participants, builders, witnesses and enjoyers of charity. We have reason to believe that charity will eventually gradually move from participating in emergency response to all fields of social construction, and become a way of life for the public. "I am charitable, I am happy" will become a modern concept of life.

Of course, it's not a bad thing that the philanthropic crisis has been exposed.

If the "charity turmoil" has hurt the public's enthusiasm for charity to a certain extent, then this social discussion involving experts, the media, the industry and the public has also gathered a lot of consensus on charity.

For example, transparency and openness are the soul of modern charity, and charities can only be equipped with "glass pockets" to make the public feel at ease. Professionalism and specialization ensure that the funds can be used efficiently, and professionalism and professional ethics are the prerequisites for withdrawing management fees with a clear conscience; Only by breaking the dual management system and liberalizing the rights of public fundraising can we stimulate the charitable power hidden in the society and form a more dynamic "charity market".

The healthy development of philanthropy does not mean that there are no problems at all, but that it can face up to and solve problems. Only by moving from "how to see" to "how to do" can we promote the progress of China's charity industry and the improvement of the level of charity. The "donation information release platform" of a cross society in China was put into trial operation, taking an important first step; In order to standardize information disclosure, the Guidelines for Information Disclosure of Public Welfare and Charitable Donations are open to the public for comments. These can be said to be the consensus formed by the charity turmoil, and they have been implemented step by step in practice.

At the institutional level, deeper explorations are also underway. "One Fund" got out of the identity dilemma and transformed into a public foundation; The Ministry of Civil Affairs may "loosen" public interest organizations, and they can directly register without the need for a professional supervisory unit. These reveal a common signal: the role of the government will shift from "strict approval" to "strict supervision". Diversity will be the future of philanthropy.

Of course, any change has its historical baggage and traditional logic in the way. It is impossible to do it all in one step. This is also the awareness that the public as the main body of charity should have.

In the aftermath of the turmoil, the public needs to deepen their understanding of philanthropy. While we see the inadequacy of charitable organizations, we also see their important role. While accepting their work, they are also recognized as necessary for overhead. More importantly, it is necessary to calm the strong emotions aroused by the "charity turmoil", and actively participate in charity as in the past, so as not to reduce donations, not let blood banks be in an emergency, and not let those in need lose hope in waiting.

In the aftermath of the turmoil, charitable organizations and management departments also need to re-examine the relationship between the media and charity. During this period, as pointed out by a relevant person from the Ministry of Civil Affairs, "charitable donations have fallen to a freezing point". Some people are angry at the "naivety and ignorance" of some people, and some people blame the media for "chasing and beating up". It is true that looking back at the "charity turmoil", there are indeed some organizations that "lie down and get shot"; Looking forward to the restoration of trust after the "charity scars" are revealed, the role of the media as a positive communicator and guide should undoubtedly be strengthened, but complainers also need to realize that problems come first, and news reports come second. The fact that the Ministry of Civil Affairs confirmed that "the total amount of social donations has not dropped significantly" and that "charities have received fewer donations" shows that the public's enthusiasm for charity has always existed and been released, and the decline in the credibility of charities is not caused by media reports.

For charity, this is our vision: legal norms, government supervision, public supervision, organizational good governance, industry self-discipline, social choice, equal competition, survival of the fittest, and win-win cooperation. And this is a beautiful picture. It needs to be drawn by charity practitioners, social managers, the media, and every member of society, including you and me.

As an institutional constraint, both in terms of policy significance and practical value. The impact of the institutional environment on the actual operation and future development of charitable organizations is very special and worthy of attention, and the study of the institutional environment of charitable organizations also has certain practical necessity and progressive significance. From the perspective of the institutional school in organizational sociology, this paper deeply studies the current situation of the "convergence significance" of the organizational structure caused by the external institutional environment of charitable organizations and its internal mechanism. Targeted paths out of the trap of "convergence" are proposed, so that charitable organizations can comply with the constraints of the institutional environment at the same time. Have an efficient organizational structure model, so as to achieve a win-win situation in fairness and efficiency.

Since the reform and opening up. China's market economy reform has made remarkable achievements, which have greatly promoted citizens. The rise of consciousness and the spread of democratic ideas have directly provided a powerful impetus for the development of charitable organizations. At the same time, in the field of public management, with the introduction of the concept of governance, charitable organizations and the government are gradually becoming the main body of joint governance. In this context, the organizational structure of charitable organizations is an important condition for their functioning. As a special kind of social public organization dependent on external resources, the most direct and closely related to it is the external institutional environment in which charitable organizations depend. Summarizing various literatures, we find that the theoretical research on the organizational environment mainly focuses on the organizational environment of for-profit organizations, or the internal organizational environment of public organizations.

Mr. Yu Keping has conducted research on the institutional environment of civil society, and some scholars have also talked about the operation of charitable organizations caused by institutional constraints from the perspective of organizational sociology. However, these studies are still only on the surface of the organization, and no one has yet analyzed the institutional environment to the level of organizational structure design, the constraint mechanism of the institutional environment on charitable organizations to the depth of the organizational structure, and analyzed some shortcomings and problems of charitable organizations from the mechanism of institutional environment on organizational structure design.

Modern charitable organizations refer to non-profit and non-political groups and organizations that are based on fraternity as the moral foundation, backed by social donations, independent of government organizations, and aimed at providing the public with the purpose of helping the poor, disaster relief, orphan relief, and developing education. However, due to the special national background and institutional environment, China's charitable organizations inevitably have the influence of some institutional factors, so they also reflect some unique institutionalized organizational phenomena. In the past 20 years since the mid-to-late 90s of the 20th century, China's philanthropy has made great progress, and an unprecedented prosperity has emerged. By the end of 2004, there were 395 charitable organizations registered with the civil affairs department in the name of "charity", more than 70,000 cross societies, and 28,000 social donation receiving sites. By September 2005, there were 731 charity associations at all levels across the country, including 1 national charity association, 30 provincial-level charity associations, 202 prefecture-level charity associations, and 499 county-level charity associations[4]. In addition, there are a large number of foundations and other charitable organizations. It can be seen from this that the development of charitable organizations in China is quite rapid.

Although compared with international philanthropy, the history of philanthropy in China is relatively short, but the charitable organizations bred in the context of China's special national conditions have extremely obvious Chinese characteristics, and most of them are established with the direct support of the civil affairs departments of governments at all levels, and have extremely close flesh-and-blood ties with the civil affairs departments. Some charitable organizations have just been separated from the civil affairs department, and they are still "one department, two brands" with the civil affairs department; The responsible persons and staff of some charitable organizations come directly from government departments, so that they have an organizational form and operating logic similar to that of the government, resulting in a special phenomenon of organizational convergence, that is, a large number of charitable organizations, whether official or non-governmental, have shown a similar organizational model in terms of organizational operation mechanism and organizational structure. This kind of convergent organizational model is an organizational phenomenon produced under the constraints of China's special institutional environment.

The organizational structure of charity is the contact method and form of interaction between the various constituent elements within the charitable organization, which involves the decentralization and centralization of decision-making, the determination of the scope of management, the establishment of organizational levels and institutions, and the communication of information between the grassroots. In fact, most of the organizational structures of charitable organizations in China are relatively simple, and a comprehensive analysis of the representative organizational structure of charitable organizations in China shows that charitable organizations generally adopt a relatively simple linear system and functional system in the design of departments, while the hierarchical design is biased towards a towering design, with a clear mechanism for the division of labor between superiors and subordinates. The ideal structure of charitable organizations also includes such as general assembly, board of directors, standing council, advisory committee, honorary president, secretariat, and offices under the secretariat. Specifically:

As the core body of charitable organizations, the board of directors is the highest authority and has decision-making power and leadership power. Such as Huaguo Youth Foundation, Huaguo Poverty Alleviation Foundation, Huaguo Women's Development Foundation, etc. Among the organizations with a national congress, the national congress is the highest organ of power, which is convened every five years to decide on the appointment and dismissal of the board of directors and various major decision-making matters. Such as the China Charity Federation, the Chinese Disabled Persons' Federation, a cross in China, etc. This organizational structure is closely related to the nature of charitable organizations in China, and it is precisely because of the dependence of charitable organizations on the government that charitable organizations converge with government organizations in the design of the chain of command of the organizational structure. (To be continued......)